上颌前牵引对单侧完全性唇腭裂术后反患者颅面形态结构特征的影响

本文通过对１０例单侧完全性唇腭裂术后反患者上颌前牵引前后颅面硬组织的头影测量结果进行研究，发现：上颌骨长度明显增加，上颌相对于颅底位置明显前移，上颌后缘位置在治疗中相对稳定；上下颌骨间矢状关系明显改善；上前牙及上磨牙明显前移，下前牙明显后移，前牙反基本改正；颅底、下颌基骨无明显改变。研究结果显示上颌前牵引是改正唇腭裂患者上下颌骨发育不调的一种有效方法。     

前方牵引治疗单侧完全性唇腭裂患者术后前牙反[牙合]畸形的研究

目的探讨前方牵引治疗单侧完全性唇腭裂（UCLP）患者术后前牙反[牙合]畸形的效果。方法进行前瞻性临床研究设计,UCLP术后骨性前牙反[牙合]患者治疗组18例,年龄9．63±1．24岁,观察对照组14例,平均8．71±1．92岁,均处于生长发育高峰前期。使用前方牵引进行治疗,治疗或观察前后拍摄头颅侧位片并测量,进行成组设计和配对设计t检验。结果UCLP治疗组前方牵引后,上颌骨前移;下颌后移合并后下旋转;上下颌间关系和面型改善明显,上颌与下颌改变的比值为1：1．7。对照组上下颌不调、前牙反覆盖、凹面型加重。结论UCLP术后轻中度骨性前牙反[牙合]畸形,前方牵引能够促进上颌骨向前,改善上下颌骨关系和软组织面型,应该早期矫形治疗。     

正畸正颌联合治疗腭裂术后上颌骨严重发育不良症

目的：探讨正畸、正颌联合治疗唇腭裂术后引起的上颌骨严重发育不良症的临床效果。方法:j临床选择腭裂术后患者10例（男6人，女1人）。矫正开始前，先共同进行会 诊确定手术方案和术前正畸的内容。术前正畸包括扩大上颌牙弓，整平咬合曲线并排齐牙齿，为手术做好准备。手术时依据上颌骨发育受限的程度设计单颌手术，或下颌拔除第一牙以便缩小下牙弓与有限前徒的上颌相匹配。手术之后再配合必要的术后正畸以调整牙齿咬合关系。结果：经过正畸、正颌联合矫治10例腭裂术后严重上颌骨发育不良的患者，均取得了十分明显的疗效。患者上下颌骨达到协调，侧面形态得到很大改善，牙弓形态理想，前牙覆He覆盖关系正常。患者对治疗结果均表示满意。结论：正畸、正颌联合矫治腭裂术后严重上颌发育不良症是一种疗效显著、患者满意的治疗方法。     

应用上颌前牵引治疗唇腭裂患者术后上颌发育不足的回顾分析

唇腭裂畸形是人类最常见的先天发育性缺陷之一。目前,唇腭裂手术是治疗畸形的主要手段,但术后患者常出现上颌发育不足,通常表现为面中部发育不足、凹陷,前牙反,严重影响了患者的面容美观和心理健康。上颌前牵引是通过牵引装置作用于上颌牙齿来刺激上颌骨周围4个骨缝的改建,进而促进上颌骨向前移位,抑制下颌骨向前生长,改善凹陷的面型。本文就前方牵引治疗唇腭裂患者术后前牙反的报道作一综述。     

唇腭裂继发上颌骨发育不足牵引成骨后颌骨变化

目的　比较唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨发育不足患者颅外支架式牵引成骨术 (RigidExternalDistraction ,RED)前后上下颌骨前后向和垂直向位置及牙颌关系变化 ,评价RED治疗上颌发育不足效果。方法　唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨发育不足患者 2 2名 ,其中男性 1 4名 ,女性 8名 ,平均年龄为 1 5 3岁。所有患者在改良高位LeFortⅠ型截骨术基础上行颅外支架式上颌骨牵引成骨术。测量RED前后头颅定位侧位片上下颌骨位置及牙颌关系各项指标 ,用配对t检验比较RED术前术后变化。　结果　RED前后SNA角、NA与FH夹角、Ptm至S距离、Ptm至A距离、上中切牙至腭平面距离、上颌第一磨牙至腭平面距离、SNB角、面角、颌凸角、下颌平面角、ANB角、Y轴角、NA与AMe比、覆牙合和覆盖变化具高度显著性差异。　结论　RED用于唇腭裂术后继发上颌骨发育不足患者 ,可有效地延长上颌骨长度和高度并使之前移 ;下颌骨则顺时针旋转 ,上下颌骨间位置和比例更为协调 ,下颌骨的生长发育方向更趋于正常     

前方牵引加舌刺早期矫治伴舌习惯的骨性Ⅲ类高角患者的临床疗效分析

目的研究上颌前方牵引加舌刺矫治替牙期伴舌习惯的高角骨性Ⅲ类错的临床疗效。方法 7例适应证患者接受前牵引加舌刺的矫形治疗,采用X线头影测量技术分析软硬组织矫治前后的改变。结果所有患者前牙建立正常的覆盖,正常或稍浅的覆。上颌骨向前发育,下颌骨后退,下颌平面角无明显增大,上下颌骨间不调改善,鼻唇角减小,面型明显改善。结论使用上颌前方牵引加舌刺能有效治疗替牙期的伴舌习惯的高角骨性Ⅲ类错。     

前方牵引治疗上颌骨发育不足：扩弓组与未扩弓组的疗效比较

目的:比较联合使用前方牵引和上颌快速扩弓与单纯使用前方牵引治疗上颌骨发育不足的临床效果。方法:选择20例9～11岁上颌骨发育不足的儿童,分为2组,A组(10例)在进行前方牵引前快速扩弓1～2周,B组(10例)直接进行前方牵引,两组治疗前及治疗后均拍摄头颅侧位片,以McNamara测量法及传统分析项目进行头影测量分析。结果:(1)两组病例上颌骨及上牙弓前移,前牙反牙合改正,软组织侧貌明显改善。(2)扩弓组下颌骨向后下旋转,侧貌改善更为显著。结论:(1)替牙牙合期进行上颌前方牵引,可有效矫治上颌骨发育不足。(2)上颌前牵引扩弓组产生下颌骨后下旋转,软组织侧貌改善更为显著,对低角病例更为适宜。     

唇腭裂上颌骨发育畸形的早期牵引治疗

目的应用正畸上颌骨前牵引技术对唇腭裂患者在混合牙列早期出现的骨性反进行阻断治疗,研究上颌骨位置的变化情况。方法比较患者治疗前后的头影测量结果,将治疗后的结果与儿童头测量正常值比较,明确上颌骨位置的变化情况。结果治疗后上颌骨的位置前移变化有显著性（P＜0.01）,但与正常值之间也存在一些差异。结论后腭裂患者在混合牙列期,使用正畸方法进行上颌前牵引,可明显促进上颌骨发育.但单纯使用正崎尚不能完全矫正唇腭裂继发的颌骨畸形,必须采用综合治疗。     

单侧完全性唇腭裂术后反(牙合)患者替牙期颅面生长发育的分析研究

目的探讨单侧完全性唇腭裂前牙反(牙合)患者手术后替牙期的纵向颅面生长发育特征.方法对14名男性单侧完全性唇腭裂术后前牙反(牙合)患者的头颅定位侧位片进行回顾性分析,前后两次拍片的间隔时间平均24.2个月,第二张X光片处于生长发育高峰前期,测量分析牙颌面的变化,应用SAS8.0统计软件作配对t检验.结果反映上颌的后部位置和大小的指标Ptm-S(FH)、Ptm'-A'(FH),Ptm'-A'(PP)的变化没有统计学意义;下颌的长度增加明显;反映上下颌矢向关系的ANB、A-NPg减小;上下颌长度的差值增大.两年间U1-SN增大,L1-MP保持不变,覆盖保持不变.鼻唇角明显减小.结论单侧完全性唇腭裂前牙反(牙合)患者手术后替牙期两年间上颌生长不明显,上下颌骨关系和面型有Ⅲ类倾向,上颌切牙有代偿性唇向倾斜的趋势,以维持原有的覆盖关系.     

唇腭裂手术对上颌骨矢状向生长发育影响的研究

目的：研究唇腭裂手术对单侧完全性唇腭裂患者上颌骨矢状向生长发育的影响。方法：混合牙列期单侧完全性唇腭裂仅修复唇裂患者15例,唇腭裂术后患者18例;16岁以上恒牙列期单侧完全性唇腭裂仅修复唇裂患者15例,唇腭裂术后患者15例。所有患者均拍摄头颅定位侧位片,测量分析矢状方向的线距和角度;分别以相应年龄段的非唇腭裂正常者作为对照,采用SPSS11.0软件包对数据进行单因素方差分析（ANOVA）。结果：混合牙列期单侧完全性唇腭裂仅修复唇裂患者表现为上颌长度缩短,而唇腭裂术后患者除上颌长度的缩短外,还存在上颌位置后缩;16岁以上恒牙列单侧完全性唇腭裂仅修复唇裂患者主要表现为上颌位置后缩,存在明显Ⅲ类倾向,术后患者上颌位置后缩外,上颌长度也缩短。结论：唇裂手术及早期腭裂手术对上颌骨矢状向生长可能有干扰作用。     

单侧完全性唇腭裂患者上颌前牵引后软组织的侧貌变化

目的　评价单侧完全性唇腭裂患者经上颌前牵引治疗后的软组织侧貌改变。方法　12例患者接受上颌前牵引治疗,根据X线头颅侧位定位片上软组织的测量标志点,对治疗前后软组织的侧貌改变进行比较分析。结果　上颌骨前牵引治疗后,患者鼻突度有明显改变,软组织上颌突度增加了3.8°(P＜0.01),代表软组织面突度角也有明显改变(P＜0.01)。而下颌软组织突度矢状方向S-Ns-SM角减少1°,无统计学意义。垂直方向,上面高无变化,而全面高度增加显著(P＜0.01)。结论　上颌前牵引后,在矢状方向上软组织突度发生显著变化,主要包括轻度的鼻隆起,下颌及颏部的后缩也有一定改善。     

Orthodontic treatment for a patient with a unilateral cleft lip and palate and congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors and left second premolar

Treatment of a patient with a cleft lip and palate can be challenging. A woman, aged 26 years 8 months, was referred for orthodontic evaluation of her anterior crossbite. She was unhappy with the unesthetic appearance of her maxillary anterior teeth, which were behind her mandibular anterior teeth. She had a unilateral cleft lip and palate and had received primary lip repair and palatoplasty when she was younger, as well as rhinoplasty and a secondary lip repair when she was 15. At the pretreatement evaluation, she had a concave profile with an overjet of -9 mm, a Wits appraisal of -3.8 mm, and a transposed ectopic maxillary right canine. She was treated with orthodontic treatment alone, without orthognathic surgery. The posttreatment records 9 years later showed excellent results with good occlusion, facial balance and harmony, and long-term stability.     

A comparison of growth impairment and orthodontic results in adult patients with clefts of palate and unilateral clefts of lip, palate and alveolus

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the long-term aesthetic and functional results of surgical and orthodontic treatment in patients with cleft palate and unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus. DESIGN: 30 patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus and 30 patients with isolated cleft palate, mean age of 18.9 years, were evaluated by cephalometric and model analysis a mean of 1.5 years after orthodontic treatment. In each group the surgical treatment has been similar. RESULTS: Model analysis: The sum of every mesiodistal tooth diameter in the maxilla and in the mandible was recorded according to the Bolton analysis. Twenty patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate and alveolus had relatively large upper dental arches and nine had relatively large lower dental arches. Twenty-two patients with cleft palates had large upper dental arches and seven had large mandibular arches. Eleven patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus and 18 patients with cleft palate had a negative space supply (the sum of the mesiodistal tooth diameters compared with the sagittal length of the alveolar ridge) in the region of the lateral teeth. All patients had persistent transverse space deficits that were increased on the side of the cleft in patients with cleft lip, palate, and alveolus. These unilateral transversal space deficits were recorded in 22 patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus and in 8 patients with isolated cleft palate. Sagittal measurements were reduced in 26 patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus and in 23 patients with cleft palate alone. The alveolar midline of the maxilla and the mandible were displaced in 25 patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus and in 19 patients with isolated cleft palate. Lateral cephalometric analysis: The lateral cephalograms taken at the same time as the models showed a mean SNA of 76.8 degrees and a NL-NSL angle of 8.7 degrees, indications of a tendency towards maxillary retrognathia in patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus. Patients with cleft palate had a mean SNA of 79.6 degrees and NL-NSL angle of 8.1 degrees. The anterior facial vertical index was within normal limits in patients with cleft lip, palate, and alveolus (44% vs 56%). An anterior facial height index of 42% compared with 58% in patients with isolated cleft palate indicated a slight reduction in midface height with an increase in the lower face as a consequence. CONCLUSION: Orthodontic and surgical treatment can result in satisfactory results on model analysis. However, there is specific growth impairment of the maxilla 1.5 years after termination of orthodontic treatment and this influences the final cephalometric analysis, particularly in patients with cleft lip, palate, and alveolus.     

前方牵引治疗替牙期唇腭裂术后反（牙合）对患者咬合功能的影响

目的 研究前方牵引治疗替牙期唇腭裂术后反（牙合）对患者咬合功能的影响.方法 以15名替牙期单侧完全性唇腭裂术后反（牙合）患者作为研究对象,对其进行前方牵引治疗,并在治疗前后进行咬合功能检查.结果 牙尖交错位（intercuspal position,ICP）习惯咬牙状态（habitual biting）（ICP-HB）时,从最初牙尖接触到最大牙尖交错所需的时间（occlusion time,OT）在治疗前后无明显变化.治疗后咬合接触点增加（P＜0.05）,颞肌前部、咬肌肌电值增加（P＜0.05）,咬合力不对称指数和颞肌前部、咬肌肌电不对称指数无明显变化.牙尖交错位最大力紧咬牙状态（maximal clenching）（ICP-MC）时,治疗后颞肌肌电值增加（P＜0.05）,咬肌肌电值有增加趋势,但无统计学意义.结论 替牙期唇腭裂术后反（牙合）患者在前方牵引治疗后,能在一定程度上改善咬合功能,但仍需要二期系统正畸治疗完善咬合关系的调整.     

单侧完全性唇腭裂术后反前方牵引治疗对上气道的影响

目的 探讨上颌前方牵引治疗对唇腭裂患者上气道的影响.方法 21名上颌发育不足的唇腭裂术后的单侧完全性唇腭裂（unilateral cleft lip and palate,UCLP）患者进行前方牵引治疗,并于治疗前后拍摄头颅侧位片;21名相同年龄分布的暂时不能进行前方牵引治疗的UCLP患者做为对照,分别于首诊及一年后拍摄头颅侧位片.通过21个项目的头影测量比较两组患者经过治疗或观察后颅面形态与上气道的变化,并探讨变化的影响因素.结果 两组患者治疗前年龄、治疗或观察时间无统计学差异.两组患者治疗前颅面形态与上气道宽度均无统计学差异.前方牵引治疗组患者在治疗后SNA、A-TFH、OJ、A-Pg增大,SNB、P-TFH减小、下颌平面角增大,差异有统计学意义.治疗组患者经过前方牵引上气道鼻咽宽度增大（PNS-Ad1,PNS-Ad2,OAW1）分别为（1.79±0.89）mm,（1.76±0.94）mm和（1.79±0.69）mm而上气道中段和下段宽度变化无统计学意义.未发现患者气道的变化与上下颌骨的变化相关.结论 前方牵引治疗后唇腭裂患者上气道上段宽度增加,前方牵引对唇腭裂患者上气道宽度产生影响.     

唇腭裂患者上颌前部牙槽骨厚度及骨开窗、骨开裂的三维评价研究

目的　利用锥形束CT（cone-beam CT,CBCT）评价不同类型唇腭裂患者上颌前部牙槽骨厚度和形态,以及上前牙骨开窗、骨开裂情况。方法　选择016年8月至019年10月间在南京医科大学附属口腔医院就诊拟行口腔正畸治疗的唇腭裂患者85例（男51例,女34例,平均年龄（14.65±4.95）岁）,其中单侧唇裂伴牙槽突裂（unilateral cleft lip and alveolus,UCLA）患者19例,单侧完全性唇腭裂（unilateral complete cleft lip and palate,UCLP）患者5例,双侧完全性唇腭裂（bilateral complete cleft lip and palate,BCLP）患者14例。在正畸治疗开始前均予以拍摄颌面部CBCT,应用Image J软件测量其上前牙唇腭侧牙槽骨厚度（alveolar bone thickness,ABT）,计算骨开窗、骨开裂发生率,并比较不同唇腭裂类型患者上颌前部ABT及上前牙骨开窗、骨开裂发生率的差异。结果　UCLP、UCLA患侧上前牙骨开裂发生率（34.9%、4.9%）显著高于其健侧（10.7%、11.1%）,但骨开窗发生率无统计学差异。UCLP健侧上中切牙（5.9%）、侧切牙（9.7%）骨开裂发生率低于UCLA。UCLA、UCLP、BCLP三组间患侧上前牙骨开裂及骨开窗发生率均无统计学差异。UCLP、UCLA患侧上前牙ABT在多部位小于其健侧。除UCLP/UCLA患侧侧切牙外,UCLA、UCLP、BCLP各类型上前牙唇侧平均ABT均小于腭侧。UCLA、UCLP、BCLP三组间患侧上前牙唇腭侧平均ABT无统计学差异。UCLP患侧上侧切牙、尖牙分别在唇侧和腭侧根颈处ABT大于UCLA。结论　单侧唇腭裂患者患侧上前牙骨开裂发生率高于健侧,ABT则在多部位小于其健侧;而三种类型患者上前牙唇侧ABT均小于其腭侧。单侧唇裂伴牙槽突裂与单侧完全性唇腭裂患者健侧上中切牙、侧切牙骨开裂发生率及患侧侧切牙、尖牙根颈处牙槽骨厚度存在差异;单侧与双侧完全性唇腭裂间上前牙骨开窗、骨开裂发生率及牙槽骨厚度则无差异。     

Bone-anchored maxillary protraction long-term outcomes in UCLP:: A case report

This case report presents a 12-year-old boy with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate and severe maxillary retrusion treated with bone-anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) therapy followed by fixed appliances. The follow-up period extended until the end of growth. Initially, the patient demonstrated a Goslon 4 interarch relationship with an overjet of −3.5 mm and a Wits appraisal of −7.9 mm. Six months after the secondary alveolar bone graft, Bollard miniplates were fixed bilaterally at the infrazygomatic region in the maxilla and between the canines and lateral incisors in the mandible. Class III elastics were used bilaterally full time for 12 months. After treatment, the overjet increased 5.9 mm. Significant maxillary advancement (SNA +3.2°) and skeletal convexity improvement (NA-APo +12.4°) were observed. Retrusion of the anteroposterior position of the mandible was observed (SNB –2.1°). Comprehensive orthodontic treatment was performed after BAMP therapy with nighttime bone-anchored Class III elastics as active retention until the end of growth. Occlusion and facial esthetics were satisfactory at the end of orthodontic treatment and growth. Le Fort I surgery for maxillary advancement was not required. BAMP therapy demonstrated an adequate orthopedic outcome, preventing the need for orthognathic surgery in unilateral complete cleft lip and palate.     

上颌前牵引联合扩弓对唇腭裂植骨患者上颌骨影响的有限元分析

目的:探讨唇腭裂患者牙槽突裂植骨前、后上颌对前牵引联合扩弓的生物力学变化特点,研究植骨前、后上颌前牵引联合扩弓对唇腭裂颅上颌复合体的影响,为临床上应用前牵引治疗唇腭裂患者上颌发育不足提供理论依据。方法:采用三维有限元方法,在已建立的完全性唇腭裂上颌复合体有限元模型中模拟植骨,用Ansys12.0软件,分别对植骨前后的模型在双侧上颌尖牙牙槽骨处施加与平面成30°的力,大小为5N/侧。同时,在双侧上颌第一前磨牙和第一磨牙上各加载5mm的横向水平位移,模拟临床上上颌前牵引方式以及扩弓器的作用对其进行前牵引联合扩弓,分析其生物力学变化。结果:在相同前牵引力作用下,植骨后,上颌复合体患侧、健侧的位移分布较植骨前均匀。无论是植骨前还是植骨后,在前牵引联合扩弓的作用下,患侧健侧各标志点的位移值较不扩弓时均增大,各骨缝的应力值显著大于前牵引力单独作用下骨缝的应力值。结论:对完全性唇腭裂患者而言,上颌前牵引联合上颌扩弓治疗,有利于获得更好的前牵引效果。若配合植骨术,则可使上颌前牵引矫治力分布趋于均匀。     

腭裂引起反的前牵引与下颌髁突位置关系的初步研究

目的　评价应用口外弓加面具对唇腭裂继发骨性反牙合畸形进行早期阻断性治疗后 ,下颌骨髁突位置的变化。方法　对 8例患者治疗前和治疗 6个月的薛氏位片进行分析 ,比较颞下颌关节 (TMJ)前、上、后间隙的宽度。结果　治疗前后双侧TMJ的 3个间隙均无明显改变 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　应用口外弓加面具作上颌骨前牵引后 ,未发现髁突位置的明显改变。