Ad hoc网络技术讲座第1讲Ad hoc网络的体系结构和信道接入协议

本文首先介绍Ad hoc网络的概貌，然后分析Ad hoc网络的体系结构。在介绍了信道接入协议的地位和作用后，对Ad hoc网络特有的信道共享方式。隐终端和暴露终端问题进行了介绍和分析。文章把Ad hoc网络的信道接入协议划分成基于单信道、双信道和多信道三类，最后给出了Ad hoc网络信道接入协议的发展动向。     

基于双忙音的无冲突多址接入协议

在Ad Hoc网络中,隐终端和暴露终端的存在严重影响了网络的通信能力.文中详细讨论了隐终端和暴露终端问题.在此基础上,介绍一种新的可完全避免分组冲突的MAC层协议--双忙音多址接入(DBTMA)协议.该协议采用RTS/CTS对话机制来预约信道,通过引入两个窄带带外忙音信号来避免分组间冲突,彻底解决了隐终端和暴露终端问题,提高了网络的吞吐量.     

Ad Hoc网络信道接入协议

文章首先介绍了AdHoc网络特有的隐终端和暴露终端问题 ,并对可能的解决方法进行了分析。在总结了前人工作的基础上 ,将AdHoc网络信道接入协议划分成基于单信道、双信道和多信道三类。文章还介绍了几种具有代表性的单信道接入协议 ,并给出了AdHoc网络信道接入协议的发展动向     

Ad hoc网络技术讲座第1讲 Ad hoc网络的体系结构和信道接入协议

本文首先介绍Adhoc网络的概貌,然后分析Adhoc网络的体系结构。在介绍了信道接入协议的地位和作用后,对Adhoc网络特有的信道共享方式、隐终端和暴露终端问题进行了介绍和分析。文章把Adhoc网络的信道接入协议划分成基于单信道、双信道和多信道三类,最后给出了Adhoc网络信道接入协议的发展动向。     

移动Ad hoc网络中的信道接入协议

Ad hoc网络中的信道接入是一个比较复杂的问题。本文介绍了 Ad hoc的概念 ,分析了 Ad hoc网络中实施信道接入的各种困难 ,详细讨论了隐终端和暴露终端问题。在此基础上 ,对目前提出的几种 Ad hoc环境下的信道接入协议进行了比较分析 ,并给出结论和研究方向     

移动Ad HOc网络中的公平按需多址接入协议

基于快速、有效竞争预约接入、无冲突轮询传输的思想和带冲突预防的冲突分解策略,本文提出了适于移动Ad Hoc网络的公平按需多址接入(FODA)协议.该协议在分群结构的基础上,利用公平冲突预防算法预约信道资源获得轮询服务,从而完全消除了载波侦听方式下多跳无线网络业务传输中的隐藏终端和暴露终端问题.另外,公平冲突预防算法解决了节点竞争接入时的冲突问题和不公平现象.最后,仿真结果表明,与带冲突避免的载波侦听多址接入(CSMA/CA)和轮询协议相比,FODA协议可以提供较高的信道吞吐量、较低的平均消息丢弃率和平均消息时延.     

Ad Hoc网络基于簇的多信道MAC协议研究

介绍了一种适用于Ad Hoc网络的基于簇的多信道媒体接入控制协议。在该协议中,整个网络被划分成使用不同频道的若干个簇,每个节点配置有3个独立的无线收发信机,由簇首节点负责簇的维持功能,由簇首和簇成员节点通过共同执行信道重配置算法来完成信道分配工作。仿真结果表明,该协议可以很好地适应网络拓扑结构的频繁变化,在充分利用多信道优势工作的同时,解决了普遍存在于多跳无线移动网络中的隐藏终端和暴露终端问题。     

无线数据通信网中的信道接入协议研究

信道接入协议（MAC）是无线数据通信协议的重要组成部分。由于无线信道是一个开放、共享的信道，网络节点在通信过程中存在隐终端和暴露终端问题。基于目前无线通信常用的MAC协议存在的问题，着重分析了基于扩频码的信道接入协议，该协议利用扩频码的正变特性，使得网络中各节点可以同时占用信道而互不干扰，较好地解决了信道争用问题，提高了系统效率。同时指出，在选择MAC协议时，应根据无线网络的拓扑结构及特点灵活选择，以提高网络性能。     

基于双忙音的多址接入协议的研究

在Ad Hoc网络中．隐藏终端和暴露终端的存在严重影响了网络的通信能力。双忙音多址接入（DBTMA）协议是采用RTS／CTS对话机制来预约信道，通过引入两个窄带带外忙音信号来避免分组间冲突，解决了隐藏终端和暴露终端问题。本文在两个方面进一步对DBTMA进行改进：第一，使用一个控制分组RTS来预约信道，通过目的节点所发接收忙音来响应RTS分组；第二，采用时隙ALOHA协议对RTS分组进行传输，通过改进，提高了控制分组成功传输的概率，经仿真研究分析表明，提高了网络的吞吐量，增强了网络性能。     

移动Ad Hoc网中的定向信道接入协议

为了提高移动Ad Hoc网信道利用率和吞吐量、克服隐藏终端问题，使用定向天线的信道接入(MAC)协议已被提出。本文介绍了基于移动Ad Hoc网的定向MAC协议，分类描述了四种定向MAC协议(全向RTS-全向CTS协议、定向RTS-全向CTS协议、定向RTS一定向CTS协议以及多跳RTS协议)，比较分析了其特点并指出了现有协议中存在的一些问题及今后可能的研究方向。     

Dual busy tone multiple access (DBTMA)-a multiple access controlscheme for ad hoc networks

In ad hoc networks, the hidden- and the exposed-terminal problems can severely reduce the network capacity on the MAC layer. To address these problems, the ready-to-send and clear-to-send (RTS/CTS) dialogue has been proposed in the literature. However, MAC schemes using only the RTS/CTS dialogue cannot completely solve the hidden and the exposed terminal problems, as pure "packet sensing" MAC schemes are not safe even in fully connected networks. We propose a new MAC protocol, termed the dual busy tone multiple access (DBTMA) scheme. The operation of the DBTMA protocol is based on the RTS packet and two narrow-bandwidth, out-of-band busy tones. With the use of the RTS packet and the receive busy tone, which is set up by the receiver, our scheme completely solves the hidden- and the exposed-terminal problems. The busy tone, which is set up by the transmitter, provides protection for the RTS packets, increasing the probability of successful RTS reception and, consequently, increasing the throughput. This paper outlines the operation rules of the DBTMA scheme and analyzes its performance. Simulation results are also provided to support the analytical results. It is concluded that the DBTMA protocol is superior to other schemes that rely on the RTS/CTS dialogue on a single channel or to those that rely on a single busy tone. As a point of reference, the DBTMA scheme out-performs FAMA-NCS by 20-40% in our simulations using the network topologies borrowed from the FAMA-NCS paper. In an ad hoc network with a large coverage area, DBTMA achieves performance gain of 140% over FAMA-NCS and performance gain of 20% over RI-BTMA     

Performance Evaluation of Improved Directional Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET’s) popularly uses ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol. Past research has identified certain limitations on performance on AODV. This work discusses the results of a new protocol, improved directional AODV (ID-AODV) routing protocol; that has succeeded in improving the performance of MANET’s for energy, delay, packet delivery ratio and overheads as compared with networks using AODV. In ID-AODV, improvements are carried out in both network layer, and data link layer. The directionality is introduced based on hop count of its position from the source. The dual sensing directional media access control protocol is used to eliminate the hidden terminal, exposed terminal, and deafness issue. Participation of nodes in forming route is decided by checking remaining energy level of the node and also checking its load. A modified algorithm is used to reduce the delay. This algorithm reduces the delay by changing the time to live, wait time, and using expanded ring search technique. The simulation results show that the ID-AODV offers improved performance on average Energy consumption in the range of 17–20%, average end to end delay is lower by 61 to 95%, Overheads improved in the range of 10–13%, Jitter 6–21%, link break 43–52%, packet delivery ratio is 6–21% lower as compared to MANETS deploying AODV.     

Collision reduction mechanism for masked node problem in ad hoc networks

IEEE 802.11 MAC uses RTS/CTS mechanism to avoid DATA packet collisions. RTS/CTS mechanism has been introduced to solve the problems of carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) in ad hoc networks such as hidden/exposed node problem. However, it creates a new problem called masked node problem. In this paper, a collision reduction mechanism named RTS/CTS/TTM with resume is introduced. This mechanism aims to minimize the probability of DATA packet collisions due to the masked nodes in an ad hoc network. We develop a new control packet called time-to-mask (TTM), which contains the time that the node will be masked. The proposed mechanism has been evaluated with a mathematical analysis and a simulation on a small IEEE 802.11 ad hoc network. The numerical results indicate that the RTS/CTS/TTM with resume reduces the probability of DATA packet collision.     

双忙音多址接入-Ad Hoc网络中的多址接入控制机制的研究

在Ad Hoc网络中,隐藏终端和暴露终端的存在,严重影响了网络的通信能力。但是通常只采用RTS／CTS对话的MAC层机制不能完全解决隐藏终端和暴露终端的影响,正如单纯的分组侦听的MAC机制在全连通的网络中并不安全一样。为了解决这些问题,介绍一种新的MAC层协议——双忙音多址接入(DBTMA)机制。他的运行借助2个窄带带外忙音。通过使用RTS分组和接收端的接收忙音完全解决了隐藏终端的影响,接收端的CTS分组和接收忙音解决了暴露终端的影响。发送端建立的忙音保护了RTS分组,提高了接收RTS成功的概率,因此也就提高了吞吐量。     

Ad Hoc网络拓扑与隐藏终端/暴露终端的研究

文中介绍了ad hoc网的概念,分析了其信道共享方式.从而,引出由于ad hoc信道共享方式的不同而导致的隐藏终端和暴露终端的问题.文章通过对网络拓扑的研究,列出了三种基本的网络拓扑结构:全连接、星型和线性结构.并且通过矩阵可以表示这些拓扑结构特征.对于三种不同的拓扑结构,不同的拓扑结构结合相应的技术可以更好地解决隐藏终端和暴露终端带来的问题.     

基于干扰图的无线自组织网络MAC协议

由于IEEE802．11MAC协议采用了简单的干扰模型，因此产生了隐藏终端和暴露终端这两个严重影响无线自组织网络性能的问题。文章提出了一种新的基于干扰图（Conflict Graph）的MAC协议——CG-MAC来提高无线自组织网络的吞吐量。通过仿真实验，该协议能够同时解决隐藏终端和暴露终端问题．很大程度地提高了网络性能。     

Enhanced binary exponential backoff algorithm for fair channel access in the ieee 802.11 medium access control protocol

The medium access control protocol determines system throughput in wireless mobile ad hoc networks following the ieee 802.11 standard. Under this standard, asynchronous data transmissions have a defined distributed coordination function that allows stations to contend for channel usage in a distributed manner via the carrier sensing multiple access with collision avoidance protocol. In distributed coordination function, a slotted binary exponential backoff (BEB) algorithm resolves collisions of packets transmitted simultaneously by different stations. The BEB algorithm prevents packet collisions during simultaneous access by randomizing moments at stations attempting to access the wireless channels. However, this randomization does not eliminate packet collisions entirely, leading to reduced system throughput and increased packet delay and drop. In addition, the BEB algorithm results in unfair channel access among stations. In this paper, we propose an enhanced binary exponential backoff algorithm to improve channel access fairness by adjusting the manner of increasing or decreasing the contention window based on the number of the successfully sent frames. We propose several configurations and use the NS2 simulator to analyze network performance. The enhanced binary exponential backoff algorithm improves channel access fairness, significantly increases network throughput capacity, and reduces packet delay and drop. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CROMA – An Enhanced Slotted MAC Protocol for MANETs

TDMA based MAC protocols can provide a very good utilization of the shared radio resources, especially at high input loads, in synchronized mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Global positioning systems like GPS or GALLILEO should provide a very good timing accuracy for synchronization of nodes. This paper presents a new medium access protocol for mobile ad hoc networks, called CROMA. CROMA is collision-free and receiver-oriented. It operates in a slotted environment, in a dynamic and distributed way. In this protocol, receivers act as local base stations and can manage one or several communications on a single slot. Thus, sophisticated functions are allowed at higher layers. Moreover, the hidden terminal as well as the exposed terminal problems are handled by CROMA. A theoretical analysis and extensive simulations show that CROMA can reach very high throughputs.