空心胶合木柱轴心受压性能研究

【目的】节能环保理念越来越受关注,木材作为绿色环保的可再生建筑材料可应用在工程中,目前国内木建筑中应用的木柱主要局限于原木圆柱,为了提高木材利用率,同时降低成本,改善受力性能,满足工程需要,提出一种新型的空心胶合木柱,并进行试验研究分析。【方法】使用相同尺寸拱形锯材作为骨架,利用环氧树脂胶粘剂进行胶合,制作3根空心胶合木柱试件进行轴心加载受压试验,研究空心胶合木柱的轴压力学性能,在试验过程中通过仪器记录应变、应力和位移等数据,主要分析木柱的竖向与横向应变、竖向与侧向位移、稳定承载力等特性,并利用ABAQUS有限元软件进行建模对比分析,探讨木柱最终破坏特征。【结果】空心胶合木柱破坏形态主要是整体压屈破坏,达到极限荷载80%左右时,承载能力快速下降,侧向位移随荷载增加而迅速增大,加载过程中存在多个增长台阶;与同截面积原木圆柱比较,理论承载力提高了4.3%,计算得承载能力稳定系数为0.9,材料缺陷对轴心承载力有影响;通过有限元建模分析,材料在弹性阶段理论值与试验值吻合程度较好。【结论】空心胶合木柱应用在实际工程中是可行的,能够满足工程使用需求,充分利用小型锯材,提高了木材利用率,降低了成本,相较于原木圆柱受力性能更好。     

落叶松胶合木顺纹受压应力-应变关系研究

为探讨落叶松胶合木柱顺纹受压性能,对两组不同尺寸的落叶松胶合木柱单轴受压试验研究,分析了胶合木柱轴心受压的破坏形态和破坏机理,得到该批落叶松胶合木抗压弹性模量为14.01 GPa,抗压强度为45.98 MPa,比例极限强度为(0.55~0.70)σL,并给出了应力-应变关系本构方程及相关经验参数。     

胶合木及其在工程中的应用

木材是唯一可再生的四大建筑材料之一。在工程中应用的胶合木对木材的生长周期要求不高。在应用中,可将不同强度的干燥木材进行组合,达到最优强度,提高木材的使用效率。胶合木结构构件的设计不但要满足强度以及稳定性的要求,尤其还要对构造要求加以重视。胶合木在公共建筑以及公路桥梁上的应用在我国有一定的发展空间,需要政府、企业的大力支持。     

不同国家和地区胶合木标准对比与分析

胶合木力学性能可靠、尺寸稳定性好,一般作为承重构件被广泛应用于现代木结构建筑,对木结构安全有重要影响。欧洲、日本等木结构产业发达国家和地区对胶合木的原材料、组坯方式、产品性能等都有明确的规定,通过对比不同国家和地区胶合木标准中的关键项目要求,分析我国胶合木标准的优势和不足,以期为进一步完善我国胶合木相关标准提供一定的参考。     

高温热处理木材胶合性能的研究

笔者研究了桦木、落叶松和樟子松高温热处理材的胶合性能,并与常规干燥材进行了对比。测试结果表明木材的胶合剪切强度与所用的胶黏剂有关,聚氨酯胶合的三个树种木材的剪切强度普遍大于白乳胶胶合的木材。无论是室内用的白乳胶或室外木结构用的聚氨酯胶都能与三个树种的高温热处理材很好地胶合,胶合试件的浸渍剥离率或煮沸剥离率皆为零。木材经高温热处理后,其剪切强度均有不同程度的降低,阔叶材桦木下降幅度最大,针叶材落叶松下降幅度最小。     

胶合木拱桥静力性能全桥模型试验与数值分析研究

落叶松胶合木是我国自产加工的工程材,开展了一座落叶松胶合木人行拱桥的静力模型试验与有限元数值分析。模型比例1/3,模拟跨径38.07 m的实际木结构拱桥。模型拱肋、横撑、拱上框架及桥面板等主要构件均采用落叶松胶合木及钢板螺栓连接,连接件与支座采用Q235钢。对制作模型桥木材,进行了顺纹拉、压试验和抗弯弹性模量与泊松比试验。考虑结构配重、人群荷载及拱肋控制截面最不利受力,分9个工况加载,测试拱肋的应变与位移。采用有限元软件,针对木拱桥模型,建立有限元模型进行数值分析。试验与分析结果表明,落叶松胶合木拱桥的强度与刚度满足我国木结构设计规范要求,证明了落叶松胶合木可以用于实际工程。     

开槽沉头自攻螺钉增强轻型木结构剪力墙抗侧性能研究

轻型木结构剪力墙在水平荷载作用下常发生墙骨柱上拔破坏,从而削弱剪力墙的抗侧性能。本研究提出采用自攻螺钉连接边墙骨柱与底梁板的轻型木结构剪力墙,并以骨架钉种类、自攻螺钉直径和长度为变量,对传统轻型木结构剪力墙和自攻螺钉增强轻型木结构剪力墙进行单调加载对比试验。结果表明：剪力墙破坏时,其边墙骨柱弯曲且上拔较小,覆面板与墙骨柱间破坏较轻。与普通剪力墙相比,自攻螺钉增强剪力墙抗剪强度提高16%～33%,弹性抗侧刚度提高27%～111%,延性系数提高1.7%～31.7%,耗能提高2%～18.8%。因此,采用自攻螺钉连接边墙骨柱与底梁板可以有效提高剪力墙抗侧性能。     

边界骨柱对石膏面板轻木剪力墙抗剪性能的影响研究北大核心

采用木基结构板材的轻型木结构,其剪力墙的抗剪强度和抗剪刚度由面板和面板钉构造情况决定。当采用石膏面板时,剪力墙的失效主要由面板钉节点破坏导致,在受力后期木骨架将承担一定的墙体剪力,因此应考虑木骨架特别是边界骨柱对剪力墙抗剪性能的影响。通过对石膏面板轻型木结构剪力墙的单调加载试验,分别研究了有无墙面板、边界单骨柱和边界双骨柱对墙体剪力分配比例、抗剪强度和抗剪刚度等的影响。结果表明:边界骨柱对石膏面板轻型木结构剪力墙墙体抗剪承载力影响不大,但可提高抗剪刚度;采用边界双骨柱时可提高骨架剪力分配比例,延缓面板钉连接破坏,从而提升剪力墙抗剪性能;可采用本文提出的抗剪刚度提高系数计算边界双骨柱时墙体的抗剪刚度。     

MEC温哥华总部大楼——旧施工技术重焕生机

山地装备公司(MEC)温哥华总部大楼斩获加拿大木材协会2015年度木建筑设计大奖!虽然它看上去和百年前的上百栋木建筑一般相差无几,都是同样的木梁和木柱风格.这是因为行业正被高层木结构建筑和引人瞩目的高科技正交胶合木(CLT)所吸引.那么MEC总部大楼究竟有何新颖之处?     

国产胶合木柱生产碳排放量测算及碳减排研究

碳排放量是评估胶合木生产环境影响的重要指标,现有碳排放数据多引用国外和基于理想模型测算,难以真实反映我国当下生产条件碳排放水平。以赤松(Pinus densiflora)胶合木柱为研究对象,基于现场调研分析胶合木柱生产工艺过程的碳排放源,从辅料、能源两个方面建立碳排放边界模型和物料清单,计算产品碳排放量,并分析生产过程碳排放特征,从生产工艺角度提出减碳方式。结果表明：胶合木柱的碳排放量为330.16 kgCO₂e/m³;锯材生产阶段、胶合木及木柱制作阶段的碳排放量分别占总量的78.5%和21.5%;窑干、接长、施胶、搬运经优化后,可实现碳减排44.3%,优化效果显著。     

Development of LVL frame structures using glued metal plate joints II: strength properties and failure behavior under lateral loading

In past years high priority was given to developing a seismic design for wood structures, including research on the response of wood structures to earthquakes. In this study a new type of portal frame with relatively large span was developed for the traditional Japanese wooden houses with large openings at the front to strengthen the structure. Stainless steel plates coated with zinc and glued with epoxy adhesives on laminated veneer lumber (LVL) members, composed of Douglas fir veneer and bonded with phenolformaldehyde resin, were used. The connection between the frame's beam and columns and between the columns and groundsills was mechanical, with bolts. The subject of this research was to analyze strength properties and failure behavior of glued LVL metal joints used as structural components and to evaluate the response of LVL portal frames under cyclic lateral loading. The results show that portal frames using glued LVL metal plates have a good multiplier for the shear walls and may be applied to traditional Japanese structures. The equivalent viscous damping provided good energy dissipation in the frames. The joints displayed good mechanical behavior during tests; moreover, the structures demonstrated high strength, stiffness, and ductility, which are necessary for a seismic design.Part of this paper was presented at the 47th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kouchi, April 1997; and at the 5th world conference on timber engineering. Montreux, Switzerland, August 1998     

Development of wooden portal frame structures with improved columns

In Japan, the lifetime cycle of most housing lasts around 20–30 years. A governing factor in this respect is poor durability due to old-fashioned use of the house. As a solution of this problem, houses can be built with a skeleton structure that allows free partition of spaces by future owners. To develop the skeleton structure effectively, multistory frames with spans of 6 to 10 m are required. For this reason, attention has been focused on the behavior of multistory timber frame structures. In this article, two types of wooden portal frame structures are proposed. Both structures have improved vertical columns with short horizontal members glued in. The aim of this study was to investigate structurally effective solutions with these types of columns. The first type of the new structure changed the location of the moment-transmitting ductile connection with the improved columns. The second type of structure used an extended panel zone. Nine portal frame specimens were tested. The stiffness values were improved by around 1.7 and 3.5 times when compared with the control, and the strength was improved by around 1.25 and 1.45 times.     

Effect of end connections on mid-span load capacity of laminated particleboard bookshelves

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of joints on the mid-span load capacity of bookshelves made from laminated particleboard. Twenty types of joints were selected based on their popularity in the cabinet-making industry. Results showed that highest mid-span load capacities were obtained with glued groove joints that included glued wooden dowels. Overall, highest mid-span load capacities were obtained with fixed shelf-joint constructions, whereas lower capacities were obtained with adjustable constructions. Based on its high-load capacity and ease of construction, the spline joint appears best-suited for use by most craftsmen. Statistical lower tolerance limits were used to take capacity variability into account for design purposes. The 75% confidence|75% proportion limits for the glued wood spline and glued fiberboard spline joints were 94% and 93% of average, respectively.     

Plywood frame corner joints with glued-in hardwood dowels

This paper presents research on plywood frame corners jointed to glulam beams and columns by means of glued-in hardwood dowels. The frame corner was made of a solid block of ordinary plywood of the same width as the glulam beams and with plies parallel to the plane of the frame to avoid splitting due to stress perpendicular to the grain. Hardwood dowels with a diameter of 12mm and a maximum glued-in length of 120mm were glued into drilled holes in the plywood corner and glulam beam ends parallel to the grain direction of the beams to form a momentresisting joint. Static bending tests were conducted of frame corners with 100 X 200mm² and 120 X 420mm² beam cross sections. Bending capacities of the joints corresponding to a modulus of rupture of the jointed glulam beams of about 30MPa were obtained for both closing and opening moments for the small cross sections, and about 22MPa was obtained for the large cross sections. Simple design models for calculation of joint strength and rotational stiffness are also presented.     

结构用竹集成材物理力学性能研究

测定结构用竹集成材及其竹指接集成材的主要物理力学性能,并将测试结果与几种人工林单板层积材以及常见建筑用材种的相关性能进行比较.结果表明:竹集成材的水平剪切强度、静曲强度以及弹性模量等力学性能非常优越,浸渍剥离性能较差.     

板木家具实木化设计方法研究

概述了板木家具实木化结构分类;介绍了板木家具通过材料以及结构形态设计表现实木质感的形式,从结构形态和材料两个维度,以及零部件实木化和结构组合实木化两个层面,探讨了提升板木家具实木质感的设计方法。阐述了该设计方法在板木桌类、椅类、床类、柜类家具设计中的具体应用。该设计方法可以减少优质木材资源的利用,有效增强板木家具的实木质感。     

木结构工字梁的优化设计研究

对木结构工字梁结构进行优化设计,并对木结构工字梁的规格尺寸及主要技术指标进行测试。研究结果表明:经优化设计后,木结构工字梁具有卓越的物理力学性能,能够满足使用相关性能的要求;木结构工字梁作为替代实木梁的木建筑构件,具有其突出的自身优势,木结构工字梁比实木梁具有更高的强度、刚度、尺寸稳定性,具有更大的跨度能力以及更小发生几率的翘曲、扭曲和劈裂,有更低的伸缩率。     

Withdrawal capacity of washers in bolted timber connections

Abstract

The European yield model (EYM) has been accepted to determine the load-carrying capacity of structural timber connections. However, experiments of bolted connections are still not in agreement with the EYM unless the additional bearing capacity offered by the washers is taken into account. This bearing capacity is depending on the compressive strength perpendicular to grain of the structural timber. Tests results carried out with M16 and M24 washers on solid and glued laminated timber are used to verify the reliability of three strength capacity predicting models, one of which is an analytical model while the other two are empirical. It was concluded that the analytical model is the superior one. This model should be incorporated in all new structural timber design code revisions.     

基于拆装式结构的定制木楼梯扶手结构研究

通过对定制木楼梯扶手特点的分析,明确了可拆装定制木楼梯扶手设计的关键在于扶手部件接合方式的设计,并结合木楼梯在定制家具生产过程中存在的局限性,总结出基于拆装式结构的定制木楼梯扶手结构的设计原则。通过实际案例,对可拆装结构的定制木楼梯扶手设计进行具体分析。将可拆装的理念与定制木楼梯扶手结构相结合,以期满足现代家具定制化生产需求,同时克服了现有木楼梯接合方式安全性和美观性不强的缺陷,为现代家具结构设计与定制生产提供新思路。