超临界锅炉过热器炉内外壁温对比试验及分析

在600 MW超临界锅炉机组上进行了过热器炉内外壁温测量对比试验,目的是为了全面掌握超临界锅炉过热器炉内壁温状况。试验中实时采集了炉内壁温及炉外壁温的实时数据,并将采集的各种数据分析对比,从而对过热器的炉内壁温分布、炉内外壁温关联规律等进行了分析研究,得到了600 MW超临界锅炉过热器炉内外温度特性即炉外与炉内的管壁温度波动趋势、过热器炉内外负荷、水煤比、主汽温度的波动与炉内外管壁温差波动趋势相同的规律,对于研究600 MW超临界锅炉过热器管壁壁温监测以及寿命诊断具有重要的意义。     

基于燃烧与水动力耦合模型的锅炉蒸汽管超温特性研究

提出一种基于燃烧与水动力耦合模型的锅炉蒸汽管壁温度数值模拟方法,对某660 MW超临界切圆燃烧锅炉壁温进行了计算分析。以均匀外壁温为边界条件,利用Fluent软件模拟了煤粉气固流动、燃烧和辐射等过程,获得了炉内不同位置受热管的传热热流。再以热流分布为边界,采用MATLAB软件建立了工质流动及气-壁-汽换热方程组,Fluent软件重新计算的壁温边界。通过编写模型间的网格映射函数,实现壁温的耦合计算。研究表明:壁温计算值与实测值的最大相对误差在2%以内;炉膛出口残余旋转使水平烟道左侧和右上方热流较大,高温再热器和末级过热器的外壁温沿炉宽方向呈双峰分布;高温再热器整级受热管出口壁温的峰谷差值远高于末级过热器,实际运行中应特别注意高温再热器靠烟道左侧管屏外圈管子向火侧弯头处的超温。     

黄台电厂6号锅炉汽温偏低的理论分析及改造实践

黄台电厂６号锅炉汽温偏低的原因在于炉膛吸热量偏大，过热器吸热量不足。由于低温过热器在过热器中逆传热模式，所以增加其换热面积可有效地增加过热器吸热量，提高锅炉汽温。汽温改造实践证明，该炉增加低温过热器受热面积３２７ｍ＾２，提高汽温２０℃，达到了预期的汽温改造目的。     

超超临界锅炉的汽温偏差探析

根据实际运行数据研究了超超临界锅炉的汽温偏差变化规律和影响汽温偏差的特殊因素。指出特殊因素为:在湿态向干态转变和跨越临界点时工质热物理特性变化大;过热器系统的蒸汽流程延长、汽温偏差的累积效应增大;水煤比变化等;必须注意单侧减温水量过大,将加剧流量偏差,甚至引发临界流,进而扩大汽温偏差。实例反映的汽温偏差变化趋势为:超临界锅炉在低负荷运行阶段汽温偏差最大;在临界压力附近,汽温偏差被放大;在90%负荷以上过热器出口汽温偏差可以控制在低于5℃的设计值。对于制造、安装和焊接等工艺质量引起的超温爆管或流量偏差更要高度重视。     

燃用非设计煤种链条炉排锅炉过热蒸汽超温改造

DHL 35—450/3.82—AⅡ型链条炉排锅炉因燃用非设计煤种,导致炉内燃烧恶化,炉膛出口出现大量炽热粒子冲刷过热器,使得过热蒸汽超温,锅炉出力下降。针对上述问题,提出了评价粒子流冲刷过热器所引起的传热影响的计算方法和炉拱改造方案,并采用CFD技术,对炉拱改造前后的炉内流场进行了模拟与对比。研究结果表明,通过改造炉拱,改善了炉内燃烧工况,炉内火焰充满度高,形成了"α"火焰,消除粒子流,使锅炉性能得到优化。     

高温过热器壁温测试及计算

过热器超温爆管是造成火电机组非计划停机的重要原因之一。为全面掌握过热器壁温状况,在410t/h超高压锅炉上实时采集了炉内壁温及炉外壁温的变化情况。在考虑炉膛出口三维烟温,烟速分布的情况下,建立了过热器炉内壁温分布的计算模型,编写了基于MATLAB语言的三维可视化计算程序。可通过此程序计算得到对流过热器各个管排各部位管壁温度分布,并以图形的方式显示烟温、烟速、及过热器管壁温度的立体分布,将理论计算结果与试验进行了比较,符合较好。     

电站锅炉省煤器出口水温升高对过热器吸热的影响

讨论了某台200 MW燃煤自然循环锅炉省煤器改造后出口水温升高而造成的屏式过热器超温,根据锅炉锅筒欠焓计算与水冷壁产汽量计算,并结合炉膛换热及出口烟温计算,分析了省煤器出口水温与屏式过热器吸热量之间的内在联系。现行锅炉热力计算方法未考虑省煤器出口水温与炉膛内蒸发受热面产汽量的依赖关系,不能体现省煤器出口水温较大幅度变化对炉膛吸热量的影响。     

1000MW超超临界塔式锅炉过热器、再热器管壁壁温超温分析与试验研究

某厂1号锅炉1 000 MW超超临界塔式锅炉,在投产后一直存在高温过热器和高温再热器局部管壁超温的问题,严重限制了主再热蒸汽温度的提高,使主蒸汽温度较设计值偏低约10℃,再热蒸汽温度偏低约25℃。针对该问题,通过优化运行氧量和SOFA风的配风方式,使主蒸汽温度提高了10℃,达到设计值要求,再热蒸汽温度提高了约15℃,同时高温过热器和高温再热器局部超温问题得到有效控制;受高温再热器受热面的布置和积灰等因素的影响,再热蒸汽温度较设计值仍偏低约10℃,这需要进一步分析研究。     

用模化试验结果推算锅炉水平烟道宽度方向汽温偏差的方法

烟道内空气动力场的严重偏斜会引起对流受热面沿烟道宽度各片的出口汽温产生很大偏差,并可能导致受热面的局部超温爆管.本文提出了用炉内模化试验结果推算对流过热器和对流再热器沿烟造宽度各片出口汽温偏差的一种方法.图5参4     

永济热电厂5号炉低温过热器超温原因分析及技术对策

介绍了永济热电厂5号炉低温过热器超温特征，分析了造成低温过热器超温的原因，提出技术对策，执行后效果明显。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。