啶虫脒和仲丁威在水稻、土壤及田水中的残留消解动态

在天津、浙江和山东三地开展了两年田间试验研究,建立了一种同时测定水稻、土壤及田水中啶虫脒和仲丁威残留量的分析方法.结果表明,在0.005—0.5 mg.kg-1添加水平范围内,啶虫脒在水稻、土壤和田水中的添加平均回收率为74.21%—106.5%,变异系数为5.6%—14.2%;仲丁威在水稻、土壤和田水中的添加平均回收率为81.12%—108.6%,变异系数为2.31%—10.9%.啶虫脒和仲丁威的最小检出量分别为3.8×10-11g和2.3×10-11g;在稻米、稻壳、植株和土壤中的最低检出浓度为0.01 mg.kg-1,在田水中的最低检出浓度为0.005 mg.kg-1.田间试验结果表明,啶虫脒和仲丁威在水稻植株、土壤和田水中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,啶虫脒在水稻植株、土壤和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为7.0—20.4 d、2.8—7.62d和6.7—15.0 d;仲丁威在水稻植株、土壤和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为5.7—10.0 d、10.8—15.2 d和2.6—9.5 d.以推荐施药剂量60 g/亩和1.5倍推荐施药剂量90 g/亩,在水稻灌浆期开始第1次施药,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药21 d时,啶虫脒和仲丁威在稻米中的最高残留量分别为0.42 mg.kg-1和0.054 mg.kg-1,低于我国农业行业标准规定的小麦中啶虫脒最大残留限量0.5 mg.kg-1和我国国家标准规定的糙米中仲丁威最大残留限量0.5 mg.kg-1.     

烯啶虫胺在棉花和土壤中的残留及消解动态

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定烯啶虫胺在棉花和土壤中的残留.烯啶虫胺在棉叶中的平均回收率为99.41%-101.54%,变异系数为2.88%-5.76%;棉籽中烯啶虫胺的平均回收率为79.42%-94.19%,变异系数为1.06%-6.30%;在土壤中的平均回收率为96.68%-105.58%,变异系数为1.40%-4.81%.烯啶虫胺在棉花和土壤中的消解动态以及最终残留结果表明,烯啶虫胺消解较快,在山东省和河南省两地棉叶中的消解半衰期分别为5.75d和5.58d,土壤中的消解半衰期为1.45d和1.35d.在棉花上使用10%的烯啶虫胺水剂,按照最高推荐剂量和最高推荐剂量的1.5倍,施药3次,收获期距最后一次施药21d,烯啶虫胺在棉花和土壤中最终残留量均小于0.006mg·kg-1.     

氯虫苯甲酰胺在甘蓝和土壤中的残留及消解动态

参照《农药残留试验准则》,采用田间试验方法,研究了济南和杭州两年两地的氯虫苯甲酰胺在甘蓝和土壤中的消解动态和最终残留。结果表明,氯虫苯甲酰胺最终残留在甘蓝、土壤中的质量分数分别是〈0.297 mg.kg-1,〈0.097 mg.kg-1;在甘蓝、土壤中的降解均符合一级动力学方程,降解半衰期分别为7.2～8.9 d和6.9～10.7 d;统计分析表明,两地区甘蓝中的残留消解行为无显著性差异,土壤中的残留消解行为差异性显著,土壤性质的不同是影响消解过程的主要因素。文章为制定该农药在甘蓝上最大残留限量标准和合理使用准则以及风险评估提供了科学依据。     

三种剂型烯啶虫胺在水稻上的消解动态和残留规律

于2012—2013年在湖南长沙进行了50%烯啶虫胺可溶性粉剂(SP)、50%烯啶虫胺可湿性粉剂(WP)、5%烯啶虫胺超低容量液剂(ULV)在水稻植株上的消解动态和稻米中的最终残留试验研究.结果表明,50%SP、50%WP、5%ULV在植株上的半衰期分别为2.1—2.9 d、1.5—2.3 d、0.8—1.2 d,其消解速率为:5%ULV50%WP50%SP,说明烯啶虫胺属于易降解农药,且ULV在水稻植株上消解最快;用3种剂型烯啶虫胺按推荐施药剂量和高剂量对水稻植株最多施药3次(或4次)后,收获的稻米中烯啶虫胺残留量均为未检出(0.05 mg·kg~(-1)).因此,建议我国可暂且以0.5 mg·kg~(-1)为大米中烯啶虫胺的最大允许残留限量.     

几种水溶性化合物对啶虫脒光解的影响

对不同物质在中压汞灯光照下降解水中啶虫脒进行研究,结果表明,啶虫脒的光解可能是直接光解,且符合一级反应动力学,Fe3 对啶虫脒的光解有抑制作用,其抑制作用随着添加浓度的增加而增强,而且Fe3 的添加浓度与啶虫脒的光解半衰期具有显著的正相关关系;NO3-对啶虫脒光解的抑制率在添加浓度为1 mg·l-1时即达到了25.74%,而后随着添加浓度的增加其抑制率稳定在37.62%-41.58%;腐殖酸对啶虫脒光解抑制作用的趋势与Fe3 相似,抑制作用随着添加浓度的增加而增强.这些物质对啶虫脒光解的抑制是由于对光辐射的竞争性吸收引起的.     

烯肟菌酯在苹果及土壤中的残留动态研究

对烯肟菌酯在苹果和土壤中的残留消解规律和最终残留进行分析,结果表明,烯肟菌酯的最小检出量为4.10×10-13 g,对苹果和土壤中烯肟菌酯的最小检出浓度分别为0.002 mg·kg-1和0.003mg·kg-1,苹果中烯肟菌酯的平均回收率为92.19%-97.69%,变异系数为4.78%-10.71%;土壤中烯肟菌酯平均回收率为100.43%-107.84%,变异系数为2.21%-4.61%.烯肟菌酯在苹果中的消解动态以及最终残留试验显示,烯肟菌酯消解较快,在天津市和合肥市两地苹果中降解的半衰期分别为7.74d和2.91d,土壤中降解的半衰期分别为8.85d和11.09d.在苹果树上按推荐剂量的2倍使用18%氟环唑·烯肟菌酯悬浮剂施药3次,距最后一次施药21d,烯肟菌酯在苹果和土壤中的残留量分别为0.0247mg·kg-1-0.0843mg·kg-1和0.1013mg·kg-1-0.1480mg·kg-1,苹果收获时烯肟菌酯的消解率在90%以上.     

草酸青霉菌Penicillium oxalicum IM-3对氯代吡啶烟碱类杀虫剂的代谢作用

从土壤中分离出1株可降解氯代吡啶烟碱类杀虫剂啶虫脒(AAP)的丝状真菌菌株IM-3,经形态观察和18S rDNA序列比对,IM-3菌株被鉴定为草酸青霉菌(Penicillium oxalicum).培养14 d,P. oxalicum IM-3在矿物盐培养基中可降解41.6%的啶虫脒、14.1%的吡虫啉(IMI),但不降解噻虫啉(THI)和烯啶虫胺(NIT).HPLC和LC-MS/MS分析显示,啶虫脒降解途径为N-脱甲基生成IM 2-1和氧化断裂氰基亚胺基生成IM 1-3.     

代森锰锌及其代谢物乙撑硫脲在马铃薯和土壤中的残留动态

采用田间试验方法研究代森锰锌及其代谢物乙撑硫脲(ETU)在马铃薯和土壤中的残留动态.气相色谱法定量分析,本方法马铃薯中代森锰锌和ETU的平均回收率分别为85.41%-95.47%和87.71%-92.19%;土壤中代森锰锌和ETU的平均回收率分别为85.61%-103.09%和91.08%-94.46%.结果表明:代森锰锌和ETU在马铃薯茎叶中消解较快,在合肥市和天津市两地其消解半衰期分别为6.41-7.89d和6.16-7.15d;在土壤中的消解半衰期分别为5.26-7.71d和9.80-10.16d.在马铃薯上使用了72%锰锌·霜脲可湿性粉剂,按照推荐剂量的2倍(3240gai·ha-1)最多施药4次,采收期距最后一次施药7d,马铃薯中代森锰锌残留量小于1.0mg·kg-1,ETU小于0.05mg·kg-1.说明该药为低残留、易消解农药.     

茚虫威对映体在土壤中的选择性降解

研究了茚虫威在4种不同类型的农田土壤中的降解动态和选择性降解行为.结果表明,添加水平在0.1—5.0 mg.kg-1的条件下,茚虫威对映体在土壤中添加回收率在(78.56±3.16)%—(108.16±5.32)%之间,最低检测限为0.01 mg.kg-1,定量限为0.05 mg.kg-1.茚虫威在土壤中的消解符合一级动力学规律,消解过程受土壤pH值、有机质含量等因素的影响.茚虫威对映体在1#—4#土壤中的降解速率存在明显的差异性,E1的半衰期分别为15.33 d、19.09 d、10.61 d、11.40 d,E2的半衰期分别为15.44 d、15.61 d、8.58 d、11.13 d,降解快慢顺序为:3#>4#>1#>2#,表明茚虫威在偏碱性的土壤中的降解速率要快于在酸性土壤中,且对映体的半衰期差异在有机质含量较高的土壤中表现得更加明显;对映体分数EF值(enantiomer fraction)表明茚虫威对映体在4种供试土壤中除了1#土壤外均存在明显的立体选择性降解.     

60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂中吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄和土壤中的残留分析

建立了一种固相萃取-反相高效液相色谱检测60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂中吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄和土壤中的残留方法.方法的回收率为80.4%-98.4%,变异系数为1.8%-3.8%.最小检出量为2×10-10g,最低检测浓度为0.01 mg·kg-1.消解动态研究表明,吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄和土壤中消解较快,其半衰期分别为3.7-3.8d和8.7-10.2d.最终残留试验表明,60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂900mg(a.i.)·kg-1喷雾,4次药后7d,吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄和土壤中的最终残留量分别为0.1585-0.1886mg·kg-1和0.6935-0.7245 mg·kg-1,低于CAC规定吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄中的最高允许残留量(MRL值)2.0 mg·k-1.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.