浮游植物的化感作用

生物化感作用研究是近年来兴起的交叉学科,是化学生态学研究的重要领域。研究水域浮游植物化感作用对了解浮游植物之间、浮游植物与其他生物之间的相互作用及作用机理具有重要意义,对了解赤潮和水华的发生机制及其生态控制等具有非常重要的作用。综述了海洋和湖泊浮游植物化感作用和化感物质的内涵,讨论了水体浮游植物化感作用的特点、研究化感作用的基本方法、化感物质的种类以及影响化感物质作用的生物和非生物因素,详细介绍了浮游植物化感物质的作用机理以及逃避和拈抗化感作用的方式,同时对目前研究的热点问题及未来研究的方向做了简要概述。     

番茄（Lycopersicon）的化感作用研究

采用室内生测、室外盆栽和水培相结合的研究方法,以多种受体品种来探讨番茄 的化感作用．结果表明,番茄植物不仅具有自毒作用,番茄植株的水提液对黄瓜、萝卜、生 菜、白菜、包心菜的幼苗生长均有显著的抑制作用;番茄植株的挥发物对黄瓜的生长具有 明显的抑制作用,但对绿豆、白菜、生菜及番茄自身的幼苗生长则无明显的影响;番茄移苗 后４０ ｄ之内,其根分泌物对黄瓜生长有明显抑制作用,但对生菜作用不明显认为自毒作 用是造成番茄连作障碍的原因之一,指出番茄种植应采用轮作方式,水培或大棚种植番茄 时,应避免与黄瓜间种．     

豚草的化感作用研究

本文研究了在我国东北地区广泛蔓延的菊科杂草－－豚草对大豆、玉米、小麦、水稻的化感作用,实验针对豚草的挥发物、茎叶和根的淋溶物、根区土壤水浸液等的化感活性进行了研究,研究发现豚草的挥发物对大豆和玉米的种子萌发有一定抑制作用,根区土壤对农作物无明显的作用;茎叶部分的水浸液对几种农作物的种子萌发和幼苗的幼根伸长有明显的抑制作用,同时使根系形态发生较大的变化,根系的水浸液对作物的幼芽伸长有一定的促进作用。     

小麦化感作用研究进展

小麦是世界第一大粮食作物,在农业生产中占有重要地位.然而,由于人们为保证小麦产量往往施用大量的除草剂和杀菌剂,对环境造成了极大的危害.小麦化感作用是利用小麦活体或残体向环境中释放次生代谢物质对自身或其他生物产生作用,它克服了除草剂和杀菌剂等引起的环境污染问题,具有抑制杂草控制病害的潜力.本文对已有的小麦化感作用的研究进展情况进行了综合评述.其中小麦对杂草、虫害及病害产生防御功能的主要化感物质为异羟肟酸和酚酸类物质.小麦化感物质活性的发挥除了取决于化感物质的种类外,还由小麦自身的遗传因素、环境因素和生物因素的共同作用所决定.小麦化感物质在根际土壤中的滞留、迁移和转化过程、小麦化感作用与土壤生物的关系以及相关的作用机理是小麦化感作用研究的薄弱环节,其研究方法还需进一步探索改进.小麦化感作用在植物保护、环境保护以及作物育种等方面具有广泛的应用前景,促进了小麦抗逆性的增强以及产量和品质的提高.     

黑荆（Acacia mearnsii）对几种林下植物种子萌发的化感作用

研究了入侵植物黑荆（Acacia mearnsii De Willd.）不同地上器官、不同浓度水浸提液对杜虹花（Callicarpa formosana Rolfe.）、紫薇（Lagerstroemia indica Linn.）、白花败酱（Patrinia villosa Juss.）、田麻（Corchoropsis tomentosa(Thunb.) Makino）4种植物种子的化感作用。结果表明黑荆茎、叶和豆荚水浸提液对4种植物的种子萌发均有不同程度的抑制作用。（1）黑荆不同地上器官对杜虹花、白花败酱、田麻的化感作用强度为叶>茎>豆荚,对紫薇的化感效应与浸提液的浓度有关,低浓度时茎>叶>豆荚,高浓度时豆荚>茎>叶。（2）同一器官的水浸提液对各植物化感效应不同,豆荚水浸提液对杜虹花、白花败酱、紫薇的种子萌发表现为较强的抑制作用,而对田麻则影响不显著。（3）高浓度茎水浸提液对种子萌发抑制作用的强度表现为田麻>杜虹花>紫薇>白花败酱。（4）随着浓度的增加,黑荆不同地上器官的水浸提液对杜虹花、白花败酱和田麻种子萌发的影响都呈现抑制作用增强的趋势。（5）黑荆的入侵可能通过化感作用抑制林下植物种子的萌发而对森林物种多样产生负面影响。     

菊科植物化感作用研究进展

对菊科植物化感作用的研究进展进行了综述。菊科植物中至少有 39个属存在化感作用 ,特别是一枝黄花属、向日葵属、胜红蓟属、银胶菊属、蒿属植物等有较多的研究报道。鉴定出的化感物质多为萜类、聚乙炔类、酚类、有机酸类等 ,这些化感物质对多种受体植物表现出程度不同的抑制或促进的效应。其化感作用机理表现在破坏受体膜系统的稳定性及水分平衡关系、抑制氧化磷酸化、促进或阻滞叶绿素的合成、影响矿质元素的吸收利用等。并对菊科植物化感物质在植物生长调节剂、天然除草剂和生物杀虫剂 ,或人工合成除草剂和杀虫剂上应用的前景进行了探讨。本文显示菊科植物的化感作用将在控制外来恶性杂草及维护生态平衡上扮演重要的角色。在当前菊科植物化感作用研究的基础上 ,提出了进一步研究的 6个方向 :(1)化感物质的生物合成途径与关键酶的特性研究 ;(2 )具化感潜势物种资源的调查评价及利用研究 ;(3)化感作用在自然生态系统中的演变规律 ;(4 )菊科重要作物自毒的生化机制及克服途径 ;(5 )具应用前景的菊科植物化感关键酶的基因克隆和转基因 ,并对受体植物基因的表达与调控进行研究 ;(6 )化感作用在可持续发展农业应用上的研究与开发 ,特别是作为天然除草剂及杀虫剂     

浮游藻类的化感作用研究进展

化感作用由于在水产上有着巨大的潜力,成为近年来各国的研究热点。本文综述了藻类化感作用的定义、研究方法、化感物质的作用机制、影响因素、化感作用的应用等,并对今后研究方向以及应用前景进行了展望。     

苜蓿化感作用研究进展

苜蓿是一种优良的多年生豆科牧草 ,具有多重生态功能 ,在世界范围内广泛种植。苜蓿在第 2～ 4年后产量逐渐下降 ,而且种过苜蓿的土壤 ,间隔较短时间再种苜蓿 ,很难建植成功。许多研究表明 ,苜蓿体内含有的一些水溶性化学物质不仅能够对其产生自毒作用 ,而且也能对其他植物具有化感作用。本文综述了苜蓿化感作用研究进展 ,包括苜蓿中主要的化感物质、影响苜蓿化感作用的因素、苜蓿化感作用的应用三个方面。同时就苜蓿化感作用今后的研究重点提出一些看法和展望。     

胜红蓟化感作用研究I.水溶物的化感作用及其化感物质分离鉴定

研究了胜红蓟水溶物对植物的化感作用,结果表明,胜红蓟水溶物溶液浓度在０．２５ｇＦＷ．ｍｌ＾－１时对所有供试植物的萌发和幼苗生长均有显著的抑制作用,浓度降至０．１０ｇＦＷ．ｍｌ＾－１时其抑制作用基本消失,胜红蓟不同器官,不同生育期水溶物的化感作用是有差异的,特别是不同生境条件下生长的胜红蓟水物化感作用有显著差异,表明在恶劣生境下胜红蓟的化感作用更为强烈,对胜红蓟水溶物中的化感活性物质进行了分离和分子     

带有饱和接触率和垂直传染的两病株病原体的共存性（英文）

讨论了带有饱和接触率和垂直传染的两病株病原体的共存性,获得了共存性存在的充要条件R_2（N_2~＊）〈R_1（N_2~＊）,R_1（N_1~＊）〈R_2（N_1~＊）,并且在共存平衡点存在的条件下证明得到其局部稳定.     

The coevolution of two phytoplankton species on a single resource: Allelopathy as a pseudo-mixotrophy

Without the top-down effects and the external/physical forcing, a stable coexistence of two phytoplankton species under a single resource is impossible — a result well known from the principle of competitive exclusion. Here I demonstrate by analysis of a mathematical model that such a stable coexistence in a homogeneous media without any external factor would be possible, at least theoretically, provided (i) one of the two species is toxin producing thereby has an allelopathic effect on the other, and (ii) the allelopathic effect exceeds a critical level. The threshold level of allelopathy required for the coexistence has been derived analytically in terms of the parameters associated with the resource competition and the nutrient recycling. That the extra mortality of a competitor driven by allelopathy of a toxic species gives a positive feed back to the algal growth process through the recycling is explained. And that this positive feed back plays a pivotal role in reducing competition pressures and helping species succession in the two-species model is demonstrated. Based on these specific coexistence results, I introduce and explain theoretically the allelopathic effect of a toxic species as a ‘pseudo-mixotrophy’—a mechanism of ‘if you cannot beat them or eat them, just kill them by chemical weapons’. The impact of this mechanism of species succession by pseudo-mixotrophy in the form of alleopathy is discussed in the context of current understanding on straight mixotrophy and resource-species relationship among phytoplankton species.     

Spatial Interaction Among Nontoxic Phytoplankton, Toxic Phytoplankton, and Zooplankton: Emergence in Space and Time

In homogeneous environments, by overturning the possibility of competitive exclusion among phytoplankton species, and by regulating the dynamics of overall plankton population, toxin-producing phytoplankton (TPP) potentially help in maintaining plankton diversity—a result shown recently. Here, I explore the competitive effects of TPP on phytoplankton and zooplankton species undergoing spatial movements in the subsurface water. The spatial interactions among the species are represented in the form of reaction-diffusion equations. Suitable parametric conditions under which Turing patterns may or may not evolve are investigated. Spatiotemporal distributions of species biomass are simulated using the diffusivity assumptions realistic for natural planktonic systems. The study demonstrates that spatial movements of planktonic systems in the presence of TPP generate and maintain inhomogeneous biomass distribution of competing phytoplankton, as well as grazer zooplankton, thereby ensuring the persistence of multiple species in space and time. The overall results may potentially explain the sustainability of biodiversity and the spatiotemporal emergence of phytoplankton and zooplankton species under the influence of TPP combined with their physical movement in the subsurface water.     

有害赤潮藻对浮游动物影响的研究进展

有害赤潮藻对浮游动物的影响在赤潮危害的研究中越来越受到关注,本文综述了有害赤潮藻对浮游动物的毒害作用,主要表现为影响浮游动物的存活和生长,降低母体的产卵力、卵的受精率或受精卵的孵化率以及减慢胚胎发育或造成畸形,影响幼体的正常发育,抑制浮游动物的摄食和改变其正常行为等;这些毒害作用主要是由赤潮藻产生的藻毒素或其它一些胞外渗出物通过降低浮游动物对食物的利用率、造成生理损伤、破坏细胞膜、降低亲体产生的配子质量、抑制有丝分裂和胚胎发育等造成的．某些赤潮藻营养成分单一如缺乏多不饱和脂肪酸,也会对浮游动物的生长繁殖产生影响．     

加拿大一枝黄花和一枝黄花化感作用比较研究

比较研究了入侵物种加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensisL.）与本地物种一枝黄花（S.decurrens Lour.）开花期水浸提溶液对6种受试植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：两种一枝黄花的水浸提溶液对受试植物均有化感作用,但是加拿大一枝黄花地下部分的化感作用比其地上部分强,而本地一枝黄花则相反。两种植物相比较,加拿大一枝黄花地下部分的化感作用比一枝黄花强,而地上部分则相反。本研究表明,加拿大一枝黄花地下部分具有较强的化感作用,通过化感作用对本地植物产生较强的抑制作用,从而形成单一优势群落。化感作用是其成功入侵的重要机制之一。豆科植物对加拿大一枝黄花的化感作用不敏感,因此它们可以作为生物替代控制中优先选择的物种。     

假臭草等12种植物对白花鬼针草幼苗的化感作用

用具有化感作用或潜在抑草活性的12种植物的叶片水浸液对白花鬼针草(Bidens alba)幼苗进行处理,对其幼苗的生长 进行研究,以期筛选出对白花鬼针草生长有较强抑制作用的植物种类。结果表明,12种供体植物叶片水浸液(0.05 g DW mL^-1) 均能显著抑制白花鬼针草幼苗的生长(P<0.05),综合化感效应(SE)均为负值(≤-0.2),抑制强度依次为假臭草(Eupatorium catarium)>胜红蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)>海芋(Alocasia macrorrhiza)>水茄(Solanum torvum)>马缨丹(Lantana camara)>薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)>构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)>南美蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata)>三裂叶薯(Ipomoea triloba)>葛藤(Pueraria lobata)>鸡矢藤(Paederia scandens)>五爪金龙(Ipomoea cairica),其中假臭草叶水浸液浓度仅为0.04 g DW mL^-1时就可以使白花鬼针草死亡。假臭草和胜红蓟的茎水浸液也可以显著抑制白花鬼针草的生长(P<0.05),抑制效果略低于叶水浸液。回归分析表明,假臭草叶水浸液浓度与白花鬼针草的生物量等指标之间有线性回归关系(R²>0.85, P<0.001),随着水浸液浓度的增加,白花鬼针草的生物量等指标下降。防除白花鬼针草时使用假臭草和胜红蓟的茎、叶水浸液, 其有效浓度低且资源丰富,可作为白花鬼针草天然除草剂的主要资源植物。     

Resource Ratios and Phytoplankton Species Composition in a Strongly Stratified Lake

The epilimnetic phytoplankton and its relations to nutrient content in Lake Verevi through the whole vegetation period in 2000 were studied. Lake Verevi (surface 12.6 ha, mean depth 3.6 m, maximum depth 11 m) is a hypertrophic hard-water lake, where the so-called spring meromixis occurs due to an extremely warm spring. Most dissolved nutrients in the epilimnion were low already in spring, and their concentrations were quite stable during the study period. The concentration of total silicon was very low in spring but increased rapidly in summer. Total phosphorus followed the pattern for stratified eutrophic lakes, and total nitrogen was quite high. The stoichiometric N:P ratio fluctuated between 25 and 81. The dynamics of phytoplankton biomass with a spring peak from April to May and a late summer peak from July to August is typical of Estonian eutrophic lakes. Green algae and chrysophytes occurred in the phytoplankton throughout the vegetation period. The spring peak was dominated by diatoms (Synedra ulna and Synedra acus var. angustissima) and the summer peak was caused by Aphanizomenon klebahnii and Ceratium hirundinella. The study showed that in physically stratified systems, the total concentration of limiting resources and plain physical factors (light and temperature) may be more important in the determination of phytoplankton dominants than different resource ratios. A combination of light and temperature optimum, along with nutrient utilization and transport capacity, effectively segregates phytoplankton species and can be used for the explanation of seasonal succession pattern.     

一个离散单种群动力系统的超临界Flip分支和Hoph分支(英文)

文中考虑一个非线性的具有年龄阶段结构的单种群离散模型,致力于揭示该系统的动力学行为,说明了系统在分支阈值附近会出现超临界Flip分支和Hoph分支.与一些文献不同的是文中用数学工具给出证明过程而不是用数值模拟的结果说明.     

Allelopathic effects of Microcystis aeruginosa on green algae and a diatom: Evidence from exudates addition and co-culturing

Allelopathic interactions among phytoplankton species are regarded as one of the important factors contributing to phytoplankton species competition and succession. The role and extent of allelopathic effects of blooming freshwater cyanobacteria on other phytoplankton species in eutrophied waters, however, are still unknown. We examined the allelopathic effect of Microcystis aeruginosa on two common green algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda, Chlorella pyrenoidosa) and a diatom (Cyclotella meneghiniana) by adding exudates from different growth phases and in co-culture tests. Exudates of M. aeruginosa from the exponential growth phase and the stationary phase significantly inhibited the growth of S. quadricauda, C. pyrenoidosa and C. meneghiniana, whereas those from the decline phase increased their growth. The presence of M. aeruginosa extremely inhibited the growth of all tested species in co-cultures within 24 h. Our results indicate that under the tested environmental conditions (25 °C, light 80 μmol quanta m⁻² s⁻¹, manual shaking twice a day), allelopathic effects of M. aeruginosa on other phytoplankton species can significantly contribute to their competitive success.     

Allelopathy of diterpenoids on three species of soil ciliates

Allelopathy of diterpenoids extracted from plants of the genus Robdosia on three common species of soil ciliates, Colpoda inflata, Colpoda cucullus and Euplotes muscicola, was studied by acute toxicity test, sub-lethal effect test and morphological observation. Acute toxicity test showed that there was remarkable toxicity of the diterpenoids on the individuals of the three soil ciliate species, and there was close correlation between toxicity and concentration of the diterpenoids. 12 h-LC₅₀ values of the diterpenoids on the individuals of C. inflata, C. cucullus and E. muscicola were 161.40 mg L^?1, 94.80 mg L^?1 and 83.70 mg L^?1 respectively, and 24 h-LC₅₀ values were 114.90 mg L^?1, 92.30 mg L^?1and 65.80 mg L^?1 separately. Sub-lethal effect test of soil ciliates suggested that there existed significant inhibition of the diterpenoids on population growth of the three ciliates with dose-dependant relationships, population density and growth rate of the test group was obviously lower than that of the control group. Morphological observation indicated that diterpenoids affected the body shapes of the three ciliates and made them shorter and thicker, and the higher the concentration of diterpenoids, the greater the affection. The results are of great significance for understanding the functions of ciliates and their relationships to other organisms, and for the application of allelopathy in biological pest control in the soil ecosystems.     

Allelopathy of diterpenoids on three species of soil ciliates

Allelopathy of diterpenoids extracted from plants of the genus Robdosia on three common species of soil ciliates, Colpoda inflata, Colpoda cucullus and Euplotes muscicola, was studied by acute toxicity test, sub-lethal effect test and morphological observation. Acute toxicity test showed that there was remarkable toxicity of the diterpenoids on the individuals of the three soil ciliate species, and there was close correlation between toxicity and concentration of the diterpenoids. 12 h-LC₅₀ values of the diterpenoids on the individuals of C. inflata, C. cucullus and E. muscicola were 161.40 mg L^?1, 94.80 mg L^?1 and 83.70 mg L^?1 respectively, and 24 h-LC₅₀ values were 114.90 mg L^?1, 92.30 mg L^?1and 65.80 mg L^?1 separately. Sub-lethal effect test of soil ciliates suggested that there existed significant inhibition of the diterpenoids on population growth of the three ciliates with dose-dependant relationships, population density and growth rate of the test group was obviously lower than that of the control group. Morphological observation indicated that diterpenoids affected the body shapes of the three ciliates and made them shorter and thicker, and the higher the concentration of diterpenoids, the greater the affection. The results are of great significance for understanding the functions of ciliates and their relationships to other organisms, and for the application of allelopathy in biological pest control in the soil ecosystems.