海岛地区海水淡化的开发和应用

海水淡化技术是解决海岛普遍存在的淡水资源短缺问题的重要手段。该文介绍了传统海水淡化技术和可再生能源海水淡化技术在我国海岛上的应用情况;以5 m^3/d海岛海水淡化装置作为应用实例进行了分析研究;研究了海岛海水淡化的工艺选择和可再生能源的不稳定性问题;概括了海岛海水淡化的发展趋势;最后提出了海岛海水淡化发展过程中存在的问题及对策建议。     

集中式电控系统设计及其应用

针对传统用电管理中存在的问题，开发了用电集中式控制系统，为用电管理现代化提供了技术平台。详细介绍了该电控系统的构架、硬件控制系统、软件系统功能设计、数据库设计等。该系统采用三层体系结构、模块化设计方法、组件技术等技术，实行全程自动管理，极大地提高了管理效率，基本满足了公寓用电管理的要求。     

海岛反渗透海水淡化技术发展现状与研究前景

我国海岛开发利用程度较低,维权形势十分严峻。反渗透海水淡化技术具有淡化效率高、能耗低、投资低等优点,可以解决海岛供水问题。本文通过介绍反渗透膜、预处理和能量回收三项技术发展现状,指出我国海岛反渗透海水淡化具有广阔发展前景。     

针织用海岛纤维纺、织、染技术关键

着重介绍了针织用海岛纤维纺、织、染生产过程中的一些技术关键,对海岛纤维开发中尚存的问题及应用前景提出了自己的见解。     

亿祥染整托起PU革产业的太阳

“亿祥染整”托起PU革产业的太阳。海岛超细纤维皮革的性能和市场价格超于真皮之上，是引领革服、皮鞋的高档材料。一味强调真皮鞋服不可取，尤其是服装、鞋业生产厂家，欧美发达家动物保护主义倾向化扩大，真皮幅度有限，是选择真皮还是选择海岛PU革，不明而喻。在海岛材料如日中天之时，其染色难关在越马横刀，要达到国际标准要求，     

小型海岛海水淡化解决方案

利用海岛富有的风能、太阳能、波浪能等可再生能源进行海水淡化解决海岛淡水资源问题已经成为目前国内外研究的热点,文章对国内外结合可再生能源进行海水淡化的现状及各种技术方案进行了介绍。     

电力供应：突破瓶颈增后劲

电力供应和电价问题是崇左打造中国“绿色锰都”无法绕过的“弯子”。撤地设市之初，随着锰业迅猛发展，崇左用电负荷陡增，电力供求矛盾突出，用电缺口率达45％以上，崇左成为广西电力缺口率最大的市。     

浅谈化工厂区10 kV及以下电缆设计常见问题

近年来，我国电力行业发展迅速，发用电量逐年增高，工业用电占比高达70%以上，这无疑又对电力输送电缆设计等提出了更高的要求。尤其在大型化工厂区，用电负荷大，各类用电设备多，10 kV以下电缆敷设量大，所以科学合理的电缆设计成为了化工厂区电气设计中尤为重要的问题。这不仅关乎输用电系统的安全性和企业经济效益还对电力系统电气节能等方面具有重大意义。基于以上，本文结合实际设计经验，就化工厂区10 kV及以下电缆设计中的常见问题进行简单的分析和总结。     

水溶性聚酯纺制海岛纤维的结构与性能研究

通过熔融纺丝制得以水溶性聚酯为海组分的海岛纤维,并研究了海岛纤维的断裂强度、拉伸、取向、结晶等性能,还用扫描电镜观察不同海岛比例、不同纺丝温度海岛纤维的截面情况。     

海岛及临海油品储罐的腐蚀与防护

本篇文章主要基于海岛与临海海洋环境的特点和目前储罐存在的腐蚀问题以及发生的主要部位,分析其形成的原因,考量其存在的安全隐患,从而有针对性地提出几种有效的储罐防腐方法,这对海岛及临海油品储罐的长远发展有着重要的积极意义。     

Changes in the Properties of Synthetic Fibres in Thermal Aging

Thermal aging of complex lavsan, nitron, and anid fibres and lavsan and nitron yarn was investigated in the temperature region above the glass transition temperature (120, 150, 180°C) in the free state and with shrinkage for up to 300 h. It was shown that thermal aging of chemical fibres in the general case includes periods of structural and thermochemical aging. The kinetic characteristics of thermal shrinkage of chemical fibres and yarn in the first period of thermal aging were investigated. An exponential curve of shrinkage in time was obtained and can be used to predict the behavior of fibres and yarn in the first period of aging in the free state. The kinetics of the change in the strength and relative elongation at break was investigated in prolonged thermal aging of chemical fibres and yarn in the free (with shrinkage) and fixed (without shrinkage) states. The exponential dependence of the change in the fibre breaking characteristics on the duration of heat treatment was demonstrated. The change in the properties in prolonged thermal aging in the free and fixed states in the first stage of aging takes place differently. With shrinkage, the strength decreases and the deformability increases as a result of relaxation phenomena in the first stage, followed by a symbatic decrease in the strength and deformability as a result of thermal degradation processes in the second stage. In heat treatment in the fixed state, the change in the mechanical properties in the first stage is slight, while the strength and deformability simultaneously decrease in time as a result of thermal aging in the second stage. The quantitative characteristics found can be used to predict the change in the mechanical properties of chemical fibres and yarn in conditions of prolonged exposure to heat.     

污泥生物炭中氮硫行为及环境效应研究进展

污泥生物炭中氮硫元素含量高,其氮硫行为和环境效应对全球气候变化的影响不容忽视。以往的研究中,研究者往往以富碳生物炭作为主要研究对象,关注碳对全球气候变化的行为和功效,而对氮硫元素的作用关注不够。本文从原始污泥基本性质到其热解过程,再到生物炭的老化,逐步对污泥生物炭整个生命周期内氮硫的行为及其环境效应研究进行综述,并对未来应注重开展的研究方向进行展望,为生物炭中氮硫元素固定、释放及与之关联的环境效应和温室气体排放控制研究提供理论基础。分析表明,污泥中氮元素含量普遍高于硫元素,且热解过程中氮比硫更容易转移至气相产物。氮硫元素随热解温度的增加,在三相产物中的分配都是炭中持续减少,油中先增后减,气中一直增加。高温（＞800℃）条件下,气相中的氮含量高于固相,而硫元素则仍然主要存在于固相中。污泥生物炭老化及其环境效应研究表明,污泥生物炭氮硫元素与土壤的相互作用及其温室效应问题在今后的研究中应引起重视。     

Differential Distribution of RBPMS in Pig,Rat, and Human Retina after Damage

RNA binding protein with multiple splicing (RBPMS) is expressed exclusively in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina and can label all RGCs in normal retinas of mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, and monkeys, but its function in these cells is not known. As a result of the limited knowledge regarding RBPMS, we analyzed the expression of RBPMS in the retina of different mammalian species (humans, pigs, and rats), in various stages of development (neonatal and adult) and with different levels of injury (control, hypoxia, and organotypic culture or explants). In control conditions, RBPMS was localized in the RGCs somas in the ganglion cell layer, whereas in hypoxic conditions, it was localized in the RGCs dendrites in the inner plexiform layer. Such differential distributions of RBPMS occurred in all analyzed species, and in adult and neonatal retinas. Furthermore, we demonstrate RBPMS localization in the degenerating RGCs axons in the nerve fiber layer of retinal explants. This is the first evidence regarding the possible transport of RBPMS in response to physiological damage in a mammalian retina. Therefore, RBPMS should be further investigated in relation to its role in axonal and dendritic degeneration.     

Distribution of cholesterol sulfate and its anabolic and catabolic enzymes in various rabbit tissues

Cholesterol sulfate (CS) recently has been shown to be involved in signal transduction pathway. To evaluate its functional significance, we determined the concentration of CS, and the specific activities of cholesterol sulfotransferase and CS sulfatase in various tissues of rabbit, and compared them with the concentration of sulfoglycolipids in rabbit tissues. CS was present in the epithelia and mucosa, but not in the tunica muscularis, of the digestive tract, trachea, uterine endometrium and uterine cervix. It was also present in lung, spleen, kidney, prostate, skin, hair, and nail at relatively high concentrations. Its concentration in the uterine endometrium was nine times higher in pseudopregnant rabbits than in nonpregnant rabbits because of activation of cholesterol sulfotransferase and inhibition of CS sulfatase in the pseudopregnant rabbits. Sulfoglycolipids were not detected in the uterine endometria of either nonpregnant-or pseudopregnant rabbits. However, sulfoglycolipids were detected at relatively high concentrations in the cerebrum, cerebellum, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, testis, and kidney of rabbits and thus the tissues in which both sulfolipids were detected were the gastrointestinal tract and kidney. In the digestive tract, the concentration of CS decreased in the order esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and jejunum, but that of sulfatide increased in the same order, indicating distribution of CS in the squamous epithelium. In addition, both CS and sulfatide were detected in the serum. On the other hand, CS sulfatase activity was detected in all tissues examined, even in hair, from which the enzyme was liberated by brief sonication, and its highest specific activity was deteted in the liver. The specific activity of cholesterol sulfotransferase varied among the tissues examined and was found to be significantly high in the esophageal epithelium and the uterine endometrium of pseudopregnant rabbit, indicating involvement of cholesterol sulfation in the formation of epithelium.     

Increased Glyceride–Glycerol Synthesis in Liver and Brown Adipose Tissue of Rat: In-Vivo Contribution of Glycolysis and Glyceroneogenesis

We have previously shown that a high-protein, carbohydrate-free diet can decrease the production of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) from glucose and increase glyceroneogenesis in both brown (BAT) and epididymal (EAT) adipose tissue. Here, we utilized an in-vivo approach to examine the hypothesis that there is reciprocal regulation in the G3P synthesis from glucose (via glycolysis) and glyceroneogenesis in BAT, EAT and liver of fasted rats and cafeteria diet-fed rats. Glyceroneogenesis played a prominent role in the generation of G3P in the liver (~70 %) as well as in BAT and EAT (~80 %) in controls rats. The cafeteria diet induced an increase in the total glyceride-glycerol synthesis and G3P synthesis from glucose and a decrease in glyceroneogenesis in BAT; this diet did not affect either the total glyceride-glycerol synthesis or G3P generation from glyceroneogenesis or glycolysis in the liver or EAT. Fasting induced an increase in total glyceride-glycerol synthesis and glyceroneogenesis and a decrease in G3P synthesis from glucose in the liver but did not affect either the total glyceride-glycerol synthesis or G3P synthesis from glyceroneogenesis in BAT and EAT, despite a reduction in glycolysis in these tissues. These data demonstrate that reciprocal changes in the G3P generation from glucose and from glyceroneogenesis in the rat liver and BAT occur only when the synthesis of glycerides–glycerol is increased. Further, our data suggest that this increase may be essential for the systemic recycling of fatty acids by the liver from fasted rats and for the maintenance of the thermogenic capacity of BAT from cafeteria diet-fed rats.     

Prospects of the exploitation of advanced energy resources in water production in the middle east

The utilization of oil and natural gas in water production and in supplying steam for desalination plants is progressing with a remarkable rate in the Middle East and especially in the oil producing countries. Nevertheless, some of the available economically feasible energy sources are yet to be exploited. Available hot brine and steam fields in the Red Sea Deeps and in other locations in the Middle East are a valuable source of useful energy for desalination. The rapidly growing geothermal technology can be utilized in supplying fresh water to the Red Sea coasts for both of the western cities of Saudi Arabia and the new settlements on the eastern Egyptian coast. An assessment is made of the geothermal fields in the area and their characteristics with special consideration of their utility in water desalination projects. Other energy sources are also considered; such as the future exploitation of heavy water and heavy hydrogen isotopes obtained from the Red Sea in energy sources for desalination. In addition, the potential use of natural depressions in the production of power and water is discussed. A comparison is made between these advanced systems and contemporary alternates in a longterm plan for agricultural and industrial expansion.     

Stress and strain state of concrete during freezing and thawing cycles

The objective of this work is to calculate the pressures, stresses, and strains induced into moist concrete during freezing and thawing. The applied theory is based on thermodynamics and the linear theory of elasticity. If no additional salts are dissolved in the pore water the inputs needed in the theory are relative humidity and temperature measured in the sample chamber and inside concrete and evaporable water amount in the pore structure. Theoretical results were compared with the test results made with two concretes cured under water or at 96% relative humidity. One of the concretes was air entrained and in the comparison concrete no air-entraining agents were used. In the test cylinders cured under water the largest tensional stresses in freezing occurred on the surface of the test cylinders both in the axial and tangential direction. The largest tensional stress was 2.2 MPa, both in air-entrained and in non air-entrained concretes. The largest tensional stresses in the warming phase took place at the end of the thawing period when the chamber temperature was around +5 °C. Then the maximum tension occurred in the middle of the concrete cylinder in the axial direction of the cylinder. This maximum tensional stress was over 2.5 MPa in the air-entrained concrete cured in the relative humidity of 96%. The thermodynamic pumping effect at the end of the thawing phase in every cycle can increase the pore water amount remarkably if free water or moisture is available on the surface of the structure or in the environment vapor. The thermodynamic pumping effect seems to be remarkably greater and more dangerous in air-entrained concretes.     

亚临界燃煤电厂的用能分析

燃煤发电是我国的主要电力方式,分析燃煤电厂的能量利用情况对节能减排有重要作用。本文以国际典型亚临界燃煤电厂和我国西南地区某亚临界燃煤电厂为计算实例,结合Aspen Plus软件和有效能分析法,对其整个热力过程进行系统模拟计算和能量分析,得出每个设备的有效能损失。结果表明,热力过程中有效能损失最大的部位在锅炉;锅炉中有效能损失最大的是煤的燃烧过程,其次为锅炉受热面的换热过程。通过对国内外两个电厂的比较,发现国内亚临界燃煤电厂有效能效率较国外低约6个百分点。     

Interplay of Ferritin Accumulation and Ferroportin Loss in Ageing Brain: Implication for Protein Aggregation in Down Syndrome Dementia,Alzheimer’s,and Parkinson’s Diseases

Iron accumulates in the ageing brain and in brains with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and Down syndrome (DS) dementia. However, the mechanisms of iron deposition and regional selectivity in the brain are ill-understood. The identification of several proteins that are involved in iron homeostasis, transport, and regulation suggests avenues to explore their function in neurodegenerative diseases. To uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying this association, we investigated the distribution and expression of these key iron proteins in brain tissues of patients with AD, DS, PD, and compared them with age-matched controls. Ferritin is an iron storage protein that is deposited in senile plaques in the AD and DS brain, as well as in neuromelanin-containing neurons in the Lewy bodies in PD brain. The transporter of ferrous iron, Divalent metal protein 1 (DMT1), was observed solely in the capillary endothelium and in astrocytes close to the ventricles with unchanged expression in PD. The principal iron transporter, ferroportin, is strikingly reduced in the AD brain compared to age-matched controls. Extensive blood vessel damage in the basal ganglia and deposition of punctate ferritin heavy chain (FTH) and hepcidin were found in the caudate and putamen within striosomes/matrix in both PD and DS brains. We suggest that downregulation of ferroportin could be a key reason for iron mismanagement through disruption of cellular entry and exit pathways of the endothelium. Membrane damage and subsequent impairment of ferroportin and hepcidin causes oxidative stress that contributes to neurodegeneration seen in DS, AD, and in PD subjects. We further propose that a lack of ferritin contributes to neurodegeneration as a consequence of failure to export toxic metals from the cortex in AD/DS and from the substantia nigra and caudate/putamen in PD brain.     

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of degradability and biocompatibility of poly(p-dioxanone) hemostatic clips for laparoscopic surgery

For the clinical application of biodegradable hemostatic surgical clips in laparoscopic surgery, it is necessary to determine their degradability and biocompatibility. Herein, in vitro and in vivo studies were undertaken to evaluate the degradability and biocompatibility of bioabsorbable clips made of poly(p-dioxanone). Changes in weight loss, pull-off force, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the poly(p-dioxanone) clips were determined after they were degraded in deionized water and phosphate buffer saline for the in vitro experiment and in laparoscopic models of bile duct ligation(BDL) and right gastroepiploic artery ligation(GEAL) using New Zealand white rabbits for the in vivo experiment. Changes in weight loss and pull-off force were greater in the in vivo experiment than the in vitro experiment. DSC showed the greatest variation in the degree of crystallinity of the clips degraded in deionized water. Stark differences in SEM were observed after 4 weeks of degradation both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the cytocompatibility of the clips was considered satisfactory because the L929 cells could adhere to the clips and proliferate adequately in the presence of the clip extract. Biocompatibility was inferred based on the histological analysis of BDL and GEAL, no significant inflammatory responses were observed after 4 weeks of ligation.