基于灰色关联分析法的林甸县污水泡中重金属和毒性元素污染情况评价

为了探讨人类活动对水体重金属和毒性元素含量的影响,测量了污水泡8个样点的Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb等重金属和As、Se等毒性元素质量浓度。在综合考虑各种水质评价方法的基础上,采用灰色关联分析方法对水中重金属和毒性元素污染情况进行了评价。结果显示,水中重金属和毒性元素污染并不严重,8个采样点中有7个样点符合Ⅰ类水体标准,1个样点为Ⅱ类水体。其原因是污水泡附近没有工业区,排出的污水属生活污水,污染并非重金属和毒性元素造成。     

古运河镇江城区段沉积物重金属分布特征及危险评价

对古运河镇江电力路桥段和南水桥段沉积物进行柱状采样,通过电感耦合等离子质谱法测定沉积物柱状样中Cu、As、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr等重金属元素的含量,并对各污染物的污染水平、潜在生态危害和溯源进行系统分析.结果表明:①电力路桥段沉积物重金属污染主要为Pb、Cd,平均值分别为263、20 mg/kg;南水桥段沉积物重金属污染则主要为Cd、As,平均值分别为17、132 mg/kg.②对两个采样点沉积物重金属元素的单项潜在生态危害指数计算显示,其重金属生态分享程度大小顺序为Cd＞ As＞ Pb＞ Cu＞ Cr＞ Zn.③经底泥沉积物重金属相关性溯源分析,表明电力路桥段底泥中Pb、Cd、As的污染主要来自于人为排放,且来自于同一污染源;南水桥段底泥中Cu、Pb、As的污染主要来自于人为污染,且来自于同一污染源.     

云南个旧多金属矿区农田土壤-作物系统重金属污染现状——以乍甸镇为例

对云南个旧市乍甸镇农田土壤和农作物重金属污染现状进行了野外调查及评价。结果表明:农田土壤Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、As质量比均超出GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准,Hg未检出,该地区农田呈现以As、Cd为主多种重金属复合污染。Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、As土壤有效态质量比与土壤全量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。农作物中Cu、As质量比与土壤有效态Cu、As质量比无显著相关,Zn质量比与土壤有效态Zn呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),Cd、Pb质量比与土壤有效态Cd、Pb呈显著正相关(p<0.05)。89%的农作物As超标,油菜籽(Brassica napusL.)As质量比最高,均值达(23.04±14.33)mg/kg(鲜重,下同)。Pb超标率达72%,油菜籽Pb质量比最高,平均为(5.55±2.53)mg/kg。Zn、Cd超标率均为11.11%,超标最严重的油菜籽Zn质量比为(46.65±13.61)mg/kg,Cd质量比为(0.24±0.10)mg/kg。Cu超标率为5.55%,油菜籽Cu质量比最高,达(16.02±2.75)mg/kg。油菜籽对As、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的转移系数(农作物可食部分重金属质量比(鲜重)与土壤重金属质量比的比值)远高于其他作物。农作物对Pb、Zn、Cd、As的转移顺序依次为果实类、叶菜类、根茎类,对Cu的转移顺序为果实类、根茎类、叶菜类。农作物以As、Pb污染为主,总体属重度污染。聚类分析得出:油菜籽、青蒜(Allium ampeloprasumL.)和生菜(Lactuca sativaL.var.ramosaHort.)重金属污染严重,不适合在该地区继续种植和食用。     

蚌埠地区主要谷物重金属含量及健康风险评价

测定了蚌埠地区主要谷物(稻米、小麦和玉米)中重金属的质量比,分别采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法及健康风险指数法对重金属污染程度和健康风险性进行了评价。结果表明,谷物中Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Cd、As、Hg的平均质量比分别为21.233 7 mg/kg、4.7819 mg/kg、0.265 1 mg/kg、0.251 3 mg/kg、0.182 4 mg/kg、0.081 0 mg/kg、0.006 7 mg/kg。除Cd、Pb质量比高于国家食品安全标准外,其他5种重金属元素平均质量比均低于标准。谷物中Cd、Pb为轻污染,Zn、Cu、Cr、As、Hg为清洁水平。稻米和小麦为轻污染等级,玉米处于警戒线水平。谷物中Cd、Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn会对儿童引起健康风险;Cd会对成人引起健康风险,其他各元素每日摄入量均低于美国环保局的参考暴露剂量,安全性较好。食用本地产谷物,稻米和小麦中的重金属对儿童及成人均存在健康风险;玉米对儿童存在健康风险,而对成人健康风险不明显。     

东平湖底泥重金属形态分析及污染现状评价

采集了东平湖13个主要监测点的底泥,测定、分析了东平湖底泥中的部分重金属质量比及形态分布,并对底泥重金属污染现状进行评价.结果显示,底泥中4种重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd的质量比分别为84.55～161.82 mg/kg、12.77～30.68 mg/kg、30.64～69.26mg/kg、3.51～16.98mg/kg.运用潜在生态危害评价对底泥中重金属的质量比进行评价,结果表明,Cd污染最严重,13个采样点的潜在生态危害系数均高于320,属于极强生态危害;Cu、Zn、Pb的潜在生态危害系数均低于40,属于轻微生态危害.4种金属污染由大到小的顺序为Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn.东平湖底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb的形态以残渣态为主,因而重金属在底泥中的稳定性高,Cd酸溶态含量较高,容易释放到水体,造成二次污染.     

保定城市土壤重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价

为了解保定城市土壤重金属污染状况及潜在生态危害,以保定城市土壤为研究对象,采用单因子指数法、尼梅罗综合指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对保定城市土壤重金属污染特征及潜在生态危害进行评价。结果表明,保定城市土壤As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni的平均值分别为9. 75 mg/kg、0. 18 mg/kg、0. 21 mg/kg、38. 99 mg/kg、66. 30 mg/kg、29. 10mg/kg、122. 36 mg/kg、28. 05 mg/kg。保定城市土壤中重金属元素平均值(除As、Ni、Cr外)均高于河北省土壤背景值,其中Hg、Pb、Zn元素的平均值较大,分别是河北省土壤背景值的5. 28倍、1. 74倍、1. 75倍,表明这些元素受到人为因素及工业活动的影响。保定城市土壤重金属污染程度从大到小依次为Zn、Pb、Hg、Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、As,其中Cd、Pb、Cu以清洁状态为主,Hg以安全状态为主,As、Cr、Ni元素处于完全清洁状态,Zn元素出现污染,面积达到研究区面积的2. 08%。整体而言,保定城市土壤环境良好,局部污染,清洁、安全、警戒土壤面积比例分别为64. 58%、33. 33%、2. 08%,主要出现在保定市北部地区,其形成可能与工业生产及人类活动有关。保定城市土壤重金属潜在危害程度由大到小依次为Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni。各重金属元素中,产生潜在生态危害的重金属主要是Hg,已达到很强潜在生态危害水平,其余重金属均为轻度潜在生态危害;综合潜在生态危害指数(RI)达到中等生态危害程度,达到强生态危害和很强生态危害程度的面积之和占研究区总面积的35. 41%,其形成可能与工业生产有关。     

芜湖市区地表灰尘中重金属空间分布特征及来源分析

为初步探讨芜湖市区地表灰尘重金属空间分布特征及主要来源,于2008年4月采集了芜湖市高新技术开发区、中心城区、经济技术开发区地表灰尘样品,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定了9种重金属质量比.结果表明,Zn、Cd、Pb、Co、Ni、Mn、Cr、V和Cu的质量比分别为313.53 mg/kg、1.95 mg/kg、138.61 mg/kg、8.19 mg/kg、21.38 mg/kg、589.87 mg/kg、110.31 mg/kg、55.19 mg/kg和135.42 mg/kg.主要污染元素依次为Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn,其质量比超出背景值4倍以上.重金属总体上由南向北呈逐渐增加的趋势.Co、Cu、Cr和Ni具有相似的分布规律,最高值均出现在经济技术开发区;V和Mn主要富集在研究区东南角和东北角,往西逐渐下降;Zn和Pb的最高值出现在中心城区和研究区的最东北角;Cd则出现多个高污染中心,且整个研究区质量比较高,污染较为严重.空间分布及统计分析表明,芜湖市区地表灰尘中重金属主要有两个来源:1)工业排放,特征元素为Co、Ni、Cu、V、Mn;2)城市交通活动,特征元素为Zn、Cd、Cr、Pb.     

河北黄骅近岸海域表层海水重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

为了对重金属污染进行防控,于2018年10月在河北黄骅近岸海域采集32个站位的表层海水样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr的含量,采用原子荧光法测定重金属Hg和As的含量,并利用算数均值型多因子指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对重金属污染和潜在生态风险进行评估。结果表明,河北黄骅近岸海域表层海水重金属Cu、Cd、Cr、As和Hg的平均质量浓度分别为2. 715μg/L、0. 045 0μg/L、0. 380μg/L、0. 036μg/L和0. 794μg/L,符合GB 3097—1997中第一类海水水质标准;重金属Zn和Pb的平均质量浓度分别为24. 905μg/L和1. 178μg/L,符合GB 3097—1997中第二类海水水质标准。算数均值型多因子指数(I=0. 528)表明,按照第一类海水水质标准进行重金属污染评价,河北黄骅近岸海域表层海水处于轻污染水平。潜在生态危害系数由大到小为Hg、Pb、Cu、Cd、Zn、As、Cr;综合潜在生态风险指数(RI=40. 34)表明,河北黄骅近岸海域重金属处于低度生态风险水平。通过重金属间Pearson相关性分析可知,河北黄骅近岸海域表层海水中重金属Cu和Zn的来源相似。     

典型炼锌废渣堆场重金属环境影响特征分析

以贵州省毕节市岳家海子为研究对象,采用原子吸收光谱仪测试了炼锌废渣堆场内和附近的渣、土壤、地表水、水体沉积物及孔隙水中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的含量,并采用内梅罗指数和潜在生态危害指数(RI)对地表水、土壤及表层沉积物的重金属污染进行了评价。结果表明:废渣与其浸出液重金属含量之间没有正相关关系,废渣浸出毒性与其重金属质量比没有直接关系;北片区溪流水重金属质量浓度沿水流方向大体上不断降低,沉积物(除Pb外)和孔隙水重金属含量沿水流方向先降低后升高,表明进入水体的重金属不断向沉积物迁移,且由于"静水区"作用,重金属主要累积在水池和池塘沉积物中;表层0~20 cm土壤受Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd污染,0~200 cm土壤Cu、Zn质量比均较高,Pb在40 cm以下、Cd在60 cm以下质量比低;地表水内梅罗指数达到严重污染级别;堆场内及周边土壤的RI属于轻微~中等潜在生态危害,水体沉积物属于强~很强潜在生态危害,Cd的潜在危害风险系数(Eir)明显大于其他重金属,表明炼锌废渣堆更易对水体环境造成危害,其中Cd是最主要的污染因子。     

闽江口湿地重金属污染现状评价

研究闽江口主要湿地重金属污染现状并对其评价.选取186个闽江口湿地的土壤样本,用HNO3-HF-HClO4处理后,用原子吸收分光光度计(AAS)测定Cu和Zn的全量,用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度计(GFAAS)测定Pb和Cd的全量,用地累积指数和潜在生态危害指数进行评价.结果表明:1)闽江口湿地重金属Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu的质量比显著高于福建省重金属质量比背景值,与国内外一些河口湿地相比,Pb和Zn的质量比较高;2)从各采样点的地累积指数评价分析,闽江口湿地主要受Cd和Zn的污染,不同重金属污染情况大致排序为Cd大于Zn大于Pb大于Cu;3)闽江口湿地的RI平均值为247.0±154.0,属于中等生态危害.闽江口的主要潜在生态危害重金属为Cd,其次为Pb、Cu和Zn.各个主要采样区域的潜在生态危害指数排列次序为塔礁洲大于蝙蝠洲大于鳝鱼滩大于洋中村.     

Gender differences in DUI offenders in treatment in Texas

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

Violence in the workplaces in Finland

The aim of this study was to describe violence in Finnish workplaces by comparing it with leisure-time violence. The data were derived from 13,762 interviews made from a representative sample of the Finnish population in 1988. The subjects were asked to report all the violent incidents they had encountered during the previous 12 months. There were 394 victims of violence in workplaces, that is, 40.6 victims per 1,000 workers. The rate of occupational violence was almost identical for males (40.6) and females (40.5). The most hazardous occupations were prison guard, police officer, and mental health nurse. The main reasons for violence at work were related to refusal of an authority's order to go away or to the relationship between doctor or nurse and patient. A typical assailant was an unaccompanied man who was under the influence of alcohol.     

Trends in occupational hygiene in Finland

The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

九月北京，国际盛会

第二届中国国际安全生产论坛于9月2日在人民大会堂开幕,国务委员、国务院秘书长华建敏,国家局局长王显政,国际劳工组织东亚地区局局长克里斯廷等领导参加开幕式     

在回顾中思考 在创新中发展

2008年,是中国的奥运之年,也是中国林科院建院50周年、哈尔滨林机所建所50周年、<林业劳动安全>杂志创刊20周年. <林业劳动安全>的诞生,为林业安全文化建设开辟了一片广袤的园地,为加强学术交流打开了一洞明亮的牕牖,为行业安全的发展提供了一块方正的铺路石……