烟草流行监测方法进展

烟草使用是全球过早死亡和疾病的主要可预防因素。烟草流行监测在控烟工作中具有重要作用, WHO《烟草控制框架公约》和MPOWER控烟策略均将烟草监测作为控烟的重要内容之一。本文综述了国内外烟草流行监测的方法, 主要有面对面调查、电话访问调查、网络问卷调查、数据共享、模型估计、戒烟服务以及多种方法联合等, 并对监测方法进行优缺点分析。梳理不同国家和地区烟草流行监测方法, 为我国烟草流行监测提供参考。     

我国控烟工作呼唤政策支持

烟草的广泛流行是一个对公众健康具有严重后果的全球性公共卫生问题。2003年世界卫生组织（WHO）经成员国全票通过了《烟草控制框架公约》（以下简称《公约》）这是控烟运动史上重要里程碑。我国政府签署了《公约》并经全国人大常委会批准生效。但由于我国在控烟工作中存在一些法律盲区和实施细则的缺位以及面对“强大”的烟草工业的强烈抵制,造成控烟工作步履艰辛,如果没有政府的强势推动,我国的控烟工作将是一场漫长的斗争历程。     

《烟草控制框架公约》与MPOWER控烟综合战略

2003年5月，第56届世界卫生大会通过了《烟草控制框架公约》，这是联合国系统第一部具有法律约束力的医药卫生多边条约。2008年2月，世界卫生组织发布了（2008年全球烟草流行报告》，总结了179个成员国控烟履约的现状和经验，提出了控制烟草流行的MPOWER综合战略。《烟草控制框架公约》和MPOWER综合战略是世界控烟实践与经验的最新总结。本文结合我国实际情况，根据《烟草控制框架公约》和MPOWER战略的主要内容，以及作者本人2000年以来参与公约谈判与履约全过程的经验与体会，简要介绍对控烟履约的基本认识、《公约》发展的简要历程、控烟履约的主要内容和国内外进展情况等三方面内容，供同行参考。     

中美无烟环境保护的比较研究

烟草使用所引起的疾病死亡人数逐年攀升，已经成为中美两国重大的公共卫生问题。通过对美国和中国在《WHO 烟草控制框架公约》下所开展的公共场所控烟政策比较研究，分析当前两国控烟政策的异同，以及其未来的防控重点。     

商丘市城市居民烟草相关知识调查分析

目的了解商丘市城市居民与烟草相关知识、态度和行为及当地政府制定的控烟政策,在控制烟草方面所做的工作,为控烟法规、政策的制定提供科学依据。方法采取流行病学问卷、专题随访的调查方法,对社区居民、非卫生系统事业单位在职职工、市级医院医务人员、相关政府部门的有关人员共422人进行调查。结果社区居民组吸烟率51.5%,国际戒烟竞赛知晓率34.5%,《烟草控制框架公约》知晓率11.5%。医务人员组吸烟率35.2%,国际戒烟竞赛知晓率58.4%,《烟草控制框架公约》知晓率48%。非卫生系统事业单位在职职工组,吸烟率54.4%,国际戒烟竞赛知晓率40%,《烟草控制框架公约》知晓率20%。结论相关政府部门有关人员的随访组大部分人认为在控烟方面做了一些工作,但还很不够,今后要加强社会舆论宣传,使群众认识到吸烟有害健康。     

全面无烟是全民健康的保障

WHO《烟草控制框架公约》生效11年后,在全球和中国都取得了进展,控烟政策的制定和实施是控烟取得进步的保障。本文介绍不同控烟政策在不同国家的效果以及中国公共场所禁烟的进展和面临的挑战。在中国只有全面无烟才能实现全民健康。     

健康中国必将是无烟中国

<正>中国烟草流行趋势仍然严峻,烟草使用每年给我国造成了巨大的社会负担。自《烟草控制框架公约》(以下简称《公约》)在中国生效以来,我国政府制定了系列控烟政策,推动了控烟工作的进程。但与其他控烟较好的国家相比,我国在无烟环境的创建、戒烟服务提供、烟盒包装警示、禁止烟草广告赞助和促销、烟草危害的     

开展多种形式干预活动 切实做好控烟项目工作

自2006年1月《烟草控制框架公约》在我国正式生效以来．我国卷烟的生产量和销售量不仅没有下降,反而分别增加了近20％。据有关资料显示．现阶段我国归因于烟草所致疾病消耗掉的医疗费用高达485．9亿元．医院和医生基本没有加入到控烟的行列,控烟工作任重道远。     

济南市小学生被动吸烟现状及影响因素分析

吸烟与被动吸烟均有害健康,小学生正处于生长发育阶段,各器官、系统发育还不完全,被动吸烟会对现在和将来的健康造成不利影响[1-3].2007年卫生部发布的"中国控制吸烟报告"指出,目前我国15岁以下儿童被动吸烟人数有1.8亿[4].中国加入了WHO的"烟草控制框架公约",烟草控制的内容之一是保护儿童青少年不再成为新的吸烟者[5].为了解济南市小学生被动吸烟现状及影响因素,开展小学生控烟工作提供参考依据,笔者对济南市小学生被动吸烟现状及影响因素开展了相关调查,结果报道如下.     

我国履行《烟草控制框架公约》进入实质阶段

卫生部有关负责人在5月29日举行的有关新闻发布会上透露：目前，国家发改委、卫生部、外交部、工商总局等各有关成员部门组成并沿用了履行WHO《烟草控制框架公约》协调机构工作机制，启动了中国履行公约的进程。卫生部将促进立法建设，研究起草公共场所禁烟法规，保护人们在公共场所、公共交通工具和室内工作场所避免接触烟草烟雾，并优先考虑在教育机构、卫生机构和向儿童提供服务的场所采取控烟措施。     

从消极控烟国到积极控烟国——关于"十二五"时期全面控烟的建议

从2006年1月起世界卫生组织<烟草控制框架公约>在中国正式生效,"十一五"时期中国为履行该<公约>采取了一系列控烟行动,但是吸烟人数和烟草消费量仍在上升,烟草行业仍在不断"上水平",实际控烟效果甚微.烟草已成为威胁中国人群健康的最大"杀手",烟草业是中国最大的健康危害型产业.维护公众健康安全是中国政府履行公共安全服务...     

医务人员在控烟中的作用

吸烟是人类健康所面临的最大且又可以预防的行为危险因素,世界卫生组织《烟草控制框架公约》充分强调医务人员对于烟草控制的特殊贡献与其重要性。医务工作者可通过带头禁烟、提供戒烟服务以及组织宣传,推进控烟立法等全面参与控烟工作。     

Translating the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC): can we use tobacco control as a model for other non-communicable disease control?

Tobacco use is the single most preventable cause of death in the world today. Unchecked, tobacco-related deaths will increase to more than eight million per year by 2030. Galvanized by the seriousness of the threat, the Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) negotiated the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), which entered into force in 2005. The treaty has enjoyed tremendous global success, with more than 170 Parties, and is often called the most powerful tool in the fight against tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. As the world undergoes the long-predicted transition from communicable to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) posing the greater health burden, seminal ideas, processes, and outcomes like the WHO FCTC can be used to inform decision-making and policy-making. To help begin such knowledge transfer, this paper first examines how tobacco control evolved to become a reasonable, politically feasible topic for treating in the highly globalized context of public health and NCDs. Next, some of the key achievements and challenges that have occurred over the past six years of WHO FCTC implementation are discussed. Finally, a consideration of how some of the successes and lessons learned in tobacco control appear in other NCD contexts is presented.     

我国烟草控制投入不足及对策

中国烟草危害严重,控烟投入与《烟草控制框架公约》要求存在差距,与实际需求不匹配,远低于其他国家和地区的控烟投入,低于我国其他公共卫生问题的防控投入,从而导致控烟能力不足,控烟成效不理想。建议健全国家烟草控制筹资机制、深入开展国际合作、加强科研、控烟队伍能力建设、支持戒烟门诊的建设。     

What hinders implementation of the WHO FCTC Article 5.3? – The case of South Korea

The aims of this study are to identify what hinders implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Article 5.3 in Korea, and to provide suggestions for the implementation of Article 5.3. Official governmental documents on tobacco control were reviewed. We also searched news articles for data triangulation. There were three factors that hindered the implementation of Article 5.3 in Korea. Firstly, there has been legal conflict between two tobacco-related laws, one of which is designed to promote the tobacco industry. The other is designed to promote public health. Secondly, the government has had economic interests in the tobacco industry, and its lack of action to effectively regulate the tobacco industry's corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices has hindered the implementation of Article 5.3. Thirdly, the tobacco industry's lobby and active interference in the policy-making process has been a barrier. To fully implement Article 5.3, this study suggests: defusing legal conflict between tobacco-related laws; not considering tobacco industry as a stakeholder; regulating tobacco industry's CSR activities; raising awareness of tobacco industry interference; securing transparency between the government and tobacco industry; and establishing a core group or a committee under the government to implement Article 5.3.     

Civil society and the negotiation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

Abstract

Tobacco control civil society organisations mobilised to influence countries during the negotiation of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) between 1999 and 2003. Tobacco control civil society organisations and coalitions around the world embraced the idea of an international tobacco control treaty and came together as the Framework Convention Alliance (FCA), becoming an important non-state actor within the international system of tobacco control. Archival documents and interviews demonstrate that the FCA successfully used strategies, including publication of a newsletter, shaming symbolism and media advocacy to influence policy positions of countries during the FCTC negotiation. The FCA became influential in the negotiation process, by mobilising tobacco control civil society organisations and resources with the help of the Internet, and framing the tobacco control discussion around global public health.     

The Status and Future Challenges of Tobacco Control Policy in Korea

Tobacco use is the most important preventable risk factor for premature death. The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the first international public health treaty, came into force in 2005. This paper reviews the present status of tobacco control policies in Korea according to the WHO FCTC recommendations. In Korea, cigarette use is high among adult males (48.2% in 2010), and cigarette prices are the lowest among the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries with no tax increases since 2004. Smoke-free policies have shown incremental progress since 1995, but smoking is still permitted in many indoor public places. More than 30% of non-smoking adults and adolescents are exposed to second-hand smoke. Public education on the harmful effects of tobacco is currently insufficient and the current policies have not been adequately evaluated. There is no comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, promotion, or sponsorship in Korea. Cigarette packages have text health warnings on only 30% of the main packaging area, and misleading terms such as "mild" and "light" are permitted. There are nationwide smoking cessation clinics and a Quitline service, but cessation services are not covered by public insurance schemes and there are no national treatment guidelines. The sale of tobacco to minors is prohibited by law, but is poorly enforced. The socioeconomic inequality of smoking prevalence has widened, although the government considers inequality reduction to be a national goal. The tobacco control policies in Korea have faltered recently and priority should be given to the development of comprehensive tobacco control policies.     

对《广告法（征求意见稿）》禁止烟草广告有关条款的评议及修订建议

有效遏制现有的直接或间接烟草广告,贯彻世界卫生组织《烟草控制框架公约》第13条及其实施准则是修订《广告法》的基本原则。本文通过《广告法》（征求意见稿）与原《广告法》、《烟草广告管理暂行办法》和《公约》第13条及实施准则进行比较,发现《广告法》（修订意见稿）未能全面禁止所有的烟草广告,对变相烟草广告没有做明确的界定,对虚假烟草广告的限制规定不明确,对涉及烟草的促销和赞助也没有进行限制,因此无法遏制在中国大势泛滥的烟草广告、促销和赞助活动,无法满足我国履行《公约》的要求,也不能履行负责任大国对国际社会的庄严承诺。本文将对《广告法》（征求意见稿）提出具体修改建议,以实现全面禁止烟草广告、促销和赞助的目标。     

Tobacco industry attempts to counter the World Bank report Curbing the Epidemic and obstruct the WHO framework convention on tobacco control

In 1999 the World Bank published a landmark study on the economics of tobacco control, Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control (CTE), which concluded that tobacco control brings unprecedented health benefits without harming economies, threatening the transnational tobacco companies' ability to use economic arguments to dissuade governments from enacting tobacco control policies and supporting the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). We used tobacco industry documents to analyze how tobacco companies worked to discredit CTE. They hired public relations firms, had academics critique CTE, hired consultants to produce "independent" estimates of the importance of tobacco to national economies, and worked through front groups, particularly the International Tobacco Growers' Association, to question CTE's findings. These efforts failed, and the report remains an authoritative economic analysis of global tobacco control during the ongoing FCTC negotiations. The industry's failure suggests that the World Bank should continue their analytic work on the economics of tobacco control and make tobacco control part of its development agenda.