肝门部胆管癌肝胆联合根治切除7例

目的　 探讨肝胆联合手术门静脉骨骼化及肝叶切除治疗肝门部胆管癌的效果。方法　采用肝外胆管切除 ,门静脉骨骼化联合肝叶切除治疗肝门部胆管癌 7例 ,其中联合中肝及胰十二指切除 1例 ,肝左三叶切除 1例 ,右后叶及方叶部分切除 1例 ,左半肝切除 4例。 1例中肝及胰十二指肠切除后实施Child式消化道重建 ,6例实施左或右肝内胆管空肠Roux en Y型胆肠吻合术。结果　无手术死亡 ,7例切除标本切缘均无癌细胞。 5例现生存时间分别为 3 8,2 2 ,17,13和 9个月 ,2例术后 2 0 ,2 3个月死亡。结论　门静脉骨骼化切除联合受累肝叶切除是治疗肝门部胆管癌最有效的手术方法之一 ,有利于达到临床根治 ,可提高病人的生存率和生存质量。     

肝右动脉横跨肝总管的术中处理五例报道

自 2 0 0 0年 9月以来 ,回顾性分析 5例术中发现的肝右动脉横跨肝总管变异。其中 2例胰十二指肠切除术 ,2例肝门部胆管癌根治术 ,1例胆肠吻合术。在术前检查中 ,3例ERCP ,胆道显影时可见肝右动脉横跨肝总管处有一条压迹样显影变淡区 (术中对照符合 )。 2例胰十二指肠切除术中 ,肝右动脉横跨肝总管位置处于胆肠吻合口处 ,术中将肝右动脉游离置于肝总管后方 ,再行胆肠吻合。 2例肝门部胆管癌根治术 ,胆肠吻合口位置高于横跨处 ,其中 1例因受肿瘤侵润将肝右动脉一并切除 ,另外 1例游离后保留。 1例胆肠吻合术 ,胆肠吻合口位置明显低于横跨处 …     

肝门部胆管癌根治性切除术中血管切除和重建15例报告

目的探讨侵犯肝动脉和(或)门静脉的肝门部胆管癌在行根治性切除时肝动脉、门静脉切除重建的方法及安全性。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2009年12月15例行肝门部胆管癌联合半肝或肝三叶根治性切除同时行肝动脉和(或)门静脉切除重建的临床资料。结果本组行肝动脉切除重建7例。其中,肝右动脉与肝右动脉对端吻合4例,肝固有动脉与肝右动脉吻合1例,肝左动脉与肝右后动脉吻合1例,胃十二指肠动脉与肝右动脉吻合1例。门静脉切除重建8例。其中,门静脉主干与门静脉左支吻合5例,门静脉主干与门静脉右支吻合2例,颈内静脉架桥1例。其中联合肝动脉和门静脉切除重建1例。本组R0切除12例,R1切除3例。术后发生腹腔出血1例,胆漏1例,腹腔感染1例,均经保守治疗痊愈。无围手术期手术死亡病例。结论对侵犯肝动脉和(或)门静脉的肝门部胆管癌联合受累血管切除重建能提高肿瘤的根治切除率。严格的术前评估流程,精细的术中操作和完善的术后管理能保证手术的安全性。     

肝动脉切除重建在肝门部胆管癌根治术中的应用

目的 探讨肝动脉切除显微外科重建在肝门部胆管癌根治术中的治疗经验和应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2008年8月至2012年3月采用左半肝切除+右肝动脉切除重建伴或不伴门静脉切除重建治疗肝门部胆管癌的7例临床资料.结果 左肝动脉与右肝动脉吻合1例,右肝动脉与右肝动脉对端吻合1例,胃十二指肠动脉与右肝动脉吻合1例,肝固有动脉与右肝动脉吻合4例,伴门静脉切除重建2例.术后病理学检查:中-低分化腺癌2例,低分化腺癌3例,乳头状腺癌2例.手术:R0切除6例,R1切除1例.术后无肝功能衰竭、肝坏死、肝脓肿、胆肠吻合口瘘等并发症及围手术期死亡发生.结论 肝动脉切除显微外科重建提高了进展期肝门部胆管癌的根治切除率,有效控制了术后并发症,安全可行.     

半肝切除联合血管切除和重建治疗肝门部胆管癌

目的 探讨半肝切除联合血管切除和重建治疗肝门部胆管癌的疗效.方法 本组10例患者分属Ⅲa、Ⅲb、Ⅳ型的肝门部胆管癌,施行右半肝切除+胰十二指肠切除+门静脉右支起始部切除重建1例;右半肝切除+门静脉右支起始部切除重建5例;左半肝切除+尾状叶左侧切除+门静脉左支起始部切除重建+肝动脉切除1例及左半肝切除+尾状叶左侧切除+门静脉左支起始部切除重建3例.结果 10例Ⅲa、Ⅲb、Ⅳ型的肝门部胆管癌患者行半肝切除联合血管切除重建根治联合性手术,无术后死亡.10例患者术后均获随访,1、2、3年生存率分别为50%、30%、20%.结论 采用半肝切除血管切除重建能提高肝门部胆管癌根治性切除率.     

门静脉主干低温灌注下切除侵犯门静脉的胰头癌及胆管癌

胰头癌及肝外胆管癌由于易侵犯门静脉或肠系膜上静脉主干，导致手术难度大、切除率不高。传统胰十二指肠切除率仅为20％；联合侵犯血管切除重建的胰十二指肠切除率达46％。由于肝脏对缺血、缺氧较为敏感，尤其对严重淤胆的患者，常温下阻断肝门时间更为受限。为提高胰头癌及肝外胆管癌根治性切除率，我们创用了低温灌注门静脉延长阻断门静脉主干时间，切除肿瘤侵犯的部分门静脉、肠系膜上静脉和脾静脉，并进行人造血管架桥重建获得成功。现报告如下。     

肝门部胆管癌行全胰腺十二指肠联合肝脏切除、异体肝移植术1例报告并文献复习（附视频）

背景与目的：肝门部胆管癌是指发生在左右肝管、汇合部以及肝总管上段,起源于胆管上皮细胞的一种恶性肿瘤。由于肝门区结构复杂,肿瘤与门静脉、肝动脉等紧邻,故肝门部胆管癌容易出现血管、神经侵犯以及淋巴结转移;加之位置隐匿,早期缺乏特异性症状,患者往往因出现黄疸等晚期症状才会就诊。目前手术切除仍是改善预后的主要有效治疗方式,但对肝胆外科医生而言,肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗仍然是最为困难的挑战之一。笔者报告1例肝门部胆管癌侵犯胃、十二指肠、胰腺的患者施行全胰腺十二指肠联合全肝脏切除、异体肝移植术的治疗经过,以为该病的诊疗提供更多的参考依据。方法：回顾分析中国人民解放军火箭军特色医学中心与河北医科大学第三附属医院共同完成治疗的1例肝门部胆管癌病例的临床资料,并复习相关文献,总结相关的经验教训。结果：患者为51岁男性,有乙型肝炎病史,因腹腔积液就诊。剖腹探查（肿块为涉及肝脏、胰头、肝十二指肠韧带的一个完整无法分离的区域）与PET/CT检查（肝右叶稍低密度伴FDG代谢增高,伴门静脉主干及右支累及可能,未见明显远处转移）均考虑恶性肿瘤,但术前穿刺活检未能诊断。经讨论后对患者实施了全胰腺十二指肠联合肝脏切除与异...     

肝胰十二指肠切除术治疗肝门部胆管癌:附11例

目的 总结肝胰十二指肠切除术(HPD)治疗肝门部胆管癌的经验.方法 回顾性分析2000年6月至2008年1月11例HPD治疗肝门部胆管癌的临床资料.结果 全组11例肝门部胆管癌按Bismush-corline分型,Ⅲ型8例,Ⅳ型3例.肝方叶切除+胰十二指肠切除术2例,肝尾叶切除+胰十二指肠切除术5例.右半肝+尾状叶+门静脉部分切除重建+胰十二指肠切除术1例,左半肝+胰十二指肠切除术3例,无死亡.胆漏3例,胰漏1例,肺部感染2例,肝功能衰竭1例,随访8例,最长者63个月.结论 对肝门部胆管癌累及胰十二指肠区域者,HPD可提高其生存质量,是安全可行的.     

左半肝联合肝右动脉、门静脉整块切除治疗Bismuth Ⅲb型肝门部胆管癌

肝门部胆管癌约占肝外胆管癌的50%～75%,大多数胆管癌为腺癌.沿肝外胆管的淋巴分布及流向转移,并沿肝十二指肠韧带内神经鞘浸润是肝门部胆管癌转移的特点;由于肝门区的神经纤维主要是分布在肝动脉周围,肝门部胆管癌常累及肝动脉和门静脉.在肝门部胆管癌的手术中,联合切除肝门部血管并予以重建,增加了肿瘤的切除率和根治率,保护了剩余肝脏的功能,降低了手术并发症发生率、病死率.笔者报道1例Bismuth Ⅲb型肝门部胆管癌,肿瘤侵犯肝右动脉、门静脉分叉部;采用左半肝联合肝右动脉、门静脉整块切除的方法治疗该病人,取得满意的效果.     

腹腔镜上段胆管癌根治切除术

目的探讨腹腔镜上段胆管癌根治切除术的可行性。方法分别于脐部、右侧上、下腹部及剑突下放置trocar,左上腹部3cm切口用于空肠端侧吻合。切除胆囊及肝左内叶下段的肝组织,切除中上段胆管,肝侧胆管距肿瘤1cm切断。清除肝固有动脉、门静脉周围的纤维脂肪组织及淋巴结。左、右肝管盆式成形,胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合。结果4例胆管肿瘤上端均已达到肝管分叉部,肿瘤直径1～1.5cm。左内叶下段肝组织、中上段胆管的切除及肝门区淋巴结清扫顺利。4例腹腔镜上段胆管癌根治切除手术均获成功。手术时间分别为270、255、270、230min;术中出血量分别为500、400、300、400ml。4例术后病理均为高分化腺癌。例2、3术后出现胆漏,分别于术后20、15d治愈。4例黄疸于术后完全消退,食欲恢复正常,体重分别增加3、3.5、2.2kg。结论应用腹腔镜微创技术可以完成上段胆管癌根治切除时所需切除的胆管肿瘤,部分肝组织,清扫肝门区纤维脂肪组织及淋巴结,腹腔镜下完成胆道重建。腹腔镜上段胆管癌根治切除术是可行的。     

Combined resection of aberrant right hepatic artery without anastomosis in panceaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic head cancer: A case report

IntroductionThis case report is intended to inform pancreas surgeons of our experience in operative management of aberrant pancreatic artery.Presentation of caseA 63-year-old woman was admitted to our institute’s Department of Surgery with obstructive jaundice, and the pancreas head tumor was found. To improve liver dysfunction, an endoscopic retrograde nasogastric biliary drainage tube was placed in the bile duct. Endoscopic fine-needle aspiration showed a pancreas head carcinoma invading the common bile duct, the aberrant right hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery, and the portal vein. Enhanced computed tomography showed the communicating artery between the right and left hepatic artery via the hepatic hilar plate. By way of imaging preoperative examination, a pancreaticoduodenectomy combined resection of the aberrant right hepatic artery and portal vein was conducted without arterial anastomosis. Hepatic arterial flow was confirmed by intraoperative Doppler ultrasonography, and R0 resection without tumor exposure at the dissected plane was achieved. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful.DiscussionIn this case report, perioperative detail examination by imaging diagnosis with respect to hepatic arterial communication to achieve curative resection in a pancreas head cancer was necessary. Non-anastomosis of hepatic artery was achieved, and the necessity of R0 resection was stressed by such management.ConclusionBy the preoperative and intraoperative imaging managements conducted, combined resection of the aberrant right hepatic artery without anastomosis was achieved by pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreas head cancer. However, improvements in imaging diagnosis and careful management of R0 resection are important.     

Guidelines for the management of biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas: surgical treatment

The only curative treatment in biliary tract cancer is surgical treatment. Therefore, the suitability of curative resection should be investigated in the first place. In the presence of metastasis to the liver, lung, peritoneum, or distant lymph nodes, curative resection is not suitable. No definite consensus has been reached on local extension factors and curability. Measures of hepatic functional reserve in the jaundiced liver include future liver remnant volume and the indocyanine green (ICG) clearance test. Preoperative portal vein embolization may be considered in patients in whom right hepatectomy or more, or hepatectomy with a resection rate exceeding 50%–60% is planned. Postoperative complications and surgery-related mortality may be reduced with the use of portal vein embolization. Although hepatectomy and/or pancreaticoduodenectomy are preferable for the curative resection of bile duct cancer, extrahepatic bile duct resection alone is also considered in patients for whom it is judged that curative resection would be achieved after a strict diagnosis of its local extension. Also, combined caudate lobe resection is recommended for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Because the prognosis of patients treated with combined portal vein resection is significantly better than that of unresected patients, combined portal vein resection may be carried out. Prognostic factors after resection for bile duct cancer include positive surgical margins, especially in the ductal stump; lymph node metastasis; perineural invasion; and combined vascular resection due to portal vein and/or hepatic artery invasion. For patients with suspected gallbladder cancer, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is not recommended, and open cholecystectomy should be performed as a rule. When gallbladder cancer invading the subserosal layer or deeper has been detected after simple cholecystectomy, additional resection should be considered. Prognostic factors after resection for gallbladder cancer include the depth of mural invasion; lymph node metastasis; extramural extension, especially into the hepatoduodenal ligament; perineural invasion; and the degree of curability. Pancreaticoduodenectomy is indicated for ampullary carcinoma, and limited operation is also indicated for carcinoma in adenoma. The prognostic factors after resection for ampullary carcinoma include lymph node metastasis, pancreatic invasion, and perineural invasion.     

Carcinoma of the distal and middle bile duct: surgical results, prognostic factors, and long-term follow-up

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Carcinoma of the distal bile duct is associated with poor prognosis. Surgical resection remains the only potentially curative treatment. We conducted a retrospective study to identify prognostic factors determining longterm survival. METHODS: From 1990 to 2006, 95 patients with distal and/or middle bile duct carcinoma had resections. Fifty-four patients underwent pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (57%) and 41 patients underwent standard Kausch-Whipple pancreaticoduodenectomy (43%). Nine patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy including portal vein resection (9%). RESULTS: Overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 60%, 36%, and 29%, respectively. Five-year survival after R0 resection was 34%, and after R1 resection it was 0%. Four patients died during their hospital stay (4%). Multivariate analysis showed negative resection margins (P = 0.040), lymphatic vessel invasion (P = 0.036), and portal vein infiltration (P = 0.027) as strong predictors for survival, whereas the location of the tumor (distal bile duct vs middle bile duct) and lymph node status were not identified as independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Five-year survival depends strongly on negative resection margins, independent of nodal status. Portal vein resections in patients with portal vein involvement fail to ameliorate long-term survival. Primary tumor site--middle bile duct or distal bile duct--did not determine prognosis.     

Combined vascular resection in operative resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: does it work or not?

BACKGROUND: It is still not clear how combined vascular resection affects the outcome of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Our aim was to evaluate implications of combined vascular resection in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma by analyzing the outcomes of all patients who underwent operative resection. METHODS: A total of 161 of 228 consecutive patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma underwent bile duct resection with various types of hepatectomy (88%) and pancreaticoduodenectomy (4%). Combined vascular resection was carried out in 43 patients. Thirty-four patients had portal vein resection alone, 7 patients had both portal vein and hepatic artery resection, and 2 patients had right hepatic artery resection only. The outcomes were compared between the 3 groups: the portal vein resection alone (34), hepatic artery resection (9), and non-vascular resection (118). RESULTS: Histologically-positive tumor invasion to the portal vein beyond the adventitia was present in 80% of 44 patients undergoing combined portal vein resection. Operative mortality occurred in 11 (7%) patients. The survival rates of the non-vascular resection group were better than that of the portal vein resection alone and the hepatic artery resection groups: 1, 3, and 5 years after curative resection, 72%, 52%, and 41% versus 47%, 31%, and 25% (P < .05), and 17%, 0%, and 0% (P < .0001), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed 4 independent prognostic factors of adverse effect on survival after operation; operative curability, lymph node metastases, portal vein resection, and hepatic artery resection. CONCLUSIONS: Although both portal vein and hepatic artery resection are independent poor prognostic factors after curative operative resection of locally advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma, portal vein resection is acceptable from an operative risk perspective and might improve the prognosis in the selected patients, however, combined hepatic artery resection can not be justified.     

Mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus and bile duct tumor thrombus: A case report

IntroductionWe report the first case of mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) and bile duct tumor thrombus (BDTT), where the extrahepatic bile duct was preserved with thrombectomy.Presentation of caseA 70-year-old male. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the tumor extending from the hepatic hilum to the left hepatic duct with complete obstruction of the left hepatic duct and a defect at the left portal vein. We planned to perform extended left lobectomy, lymph node dissection, extra hepatic bile duct resection and reconstruction based on the diagnosis of mass-forming ICC with left portal vein and left hepatic duct infiltration (cT3N0M0 Stage III). Intraoperative cholangiography revealed a crab claw-like filling defect at the left hepatic duct, which suggested tumor thrombus. Accordingly, we performed thrombectomy. The margin of the left hepatic duct was tumor negative, so we performed extended left lobectomy, lymph node dissection and thrombectomy. Pathologically, the tumor was diagnosed as ICC (pT4N0M0 Stage IVA, vp3, b3). Tumors in the left hepatic duct and left portal vein proved to be tumor thrombus. The postoperative course was uneventful. He is doing well without recurrence.DiscussionThrombectomy is performed for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with tumor thrombus. Furthermore, extrahepatic bile duct resection and reconstruction are recommended for ICC. In this case, intraoperative cholangiography was effective for precisely diagnosing. Thrombectomy could reduce surgical stress and prevent complications.ConclusionsThrombectomy can be a valid option for ICC with tumor thrombus, as well as for HCC.     

Surgery of the portal vein in resection of cancer of the hepatic hilus

Resectability of cancer that has invaded the hepatic hilus is still very low, mainly because of the invasion of the cancer to the confluence of the portal veins. Resection of the tumor with right hepatic trisegmentectomy accompanied by resection of the portal vein invaded by the tumor was performed on three patients suffering from cancer of the intrahepatic bile duct, two with cancer of the upper bile duct and three with cancer of the gallbladder. Reconstruction of the portal vein was achieved by end-to-end anastomosis between the left hepatic branch and the trunk, except in one patient in whom an autovein was grafted. There was one postoperative death. There were no unpleasant symptoms caused by portal vein reconstruction in the remaining patients and there was one case of long survival (55 months). Although the significance of this surgery for patient survival is not yet clear, the procedure may elevate the rate of resectability of advanced cancer invading the hepatic hilus. The indication and special technical points of the procedure are described.     

Resection of metastatic liver cancer in a patient with a left-sided gallbladder and intrahepatic portal vein and bile duct anomalies: A case report

INTRODUCTIONThe presence of left-sided gallbladder is closely associated with multiple combined anomalies of the portal vein, hepatic vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct. This requires special attention for preoperative evaluation for the purpose of preventing postoperative complications.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 70-year-old woman with metastatic liver cancer and intrahepatic portal vein, biliary system and hepatic artery anomalies with left-sided gallbladder is reported. On computed tomography (CT), a solitary low density mass occupied from the right anterior to the posterior segment of the liver. The gallbladder bed was on the left of the hepatic fissure. On drip-infusion-cholangiography (DIC) CT three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, the left medial bile duct arose from the right umbilical portion after arising from the left lateral bile duct. Following a right hepatectomy and lymph node dissection of the hepatoduodenal ligament, hepaticojejunostomy was conducted separately to the left medial and left lateral bile duct.DISCUSSIONThe left-sided gallbladder accompanies with several anomalies of hepatic vascular and bile duct anomalies in a frequent manner. A safe hepatectomy needs accurate operative plans to ascertain the range of hepatectomy, because it often has the diversity of a combined anomaly.CONCLUSIONPreoperative DIC-CT 3D reconstruction was extremely useful because it provided an important information that could not be obtained with 2D-DIC-CT. 3D imaging has the ability to demonstrate complex anatomical relationships, this devise is a effective new tool for making appropriate preoperative strategy.     

Splenic artery transposition for hepatic arterial reconstruction in conversion surgery of an initially unresectable,locally advanced pancreatic cancer after gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel: A case report

Introduction and importanceRecent advances in chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy allow performance of conversion surgery by improving tumor shrinkage in select patients with initially unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC), thereby providing curative potential. The number of conversion surgeries requiring arterial reconstruction for select patients with initially unresectable LAPC following favorable responses is expected to increase, so providing effective options for safe arterial reconstruction is critical.Case presentationHerein we report a case of successful conversion surgery for initially unresectable LAPC with splenic artery transposition for hepatic arterial reconstruction after gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel (GnP). A 71-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for evaluation of a pancreatic head mass after developing diabetes. She was diagnosed with unresectable LAPC, which was in wide contact with the common hepatic artery (CHA), proper hepatic artery (PHA), and splenic artery (SA). She received GnP, and after 6 cycles, durations of disease control and normalization of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) exceeded 7 months. She underwent radical subtotal stomach-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy with CHA-PHA and portal vein (PV) resection (SA-right hepatic artery anastomosis/PV-superior mesenteric vein direct end-to-end anastomosis). Histopathological examination revealed R0 resection with a histological response of Evans grade IIB. No signs of tumor recurrence have been observed for 14 months postoperatively.Clinical discussionNo consensus has been reached regarding the optimal treatment regimen, duration, or criteria for conversion surgery in patients with LAPC, especially in cases requiring arterial resection. SA transposition for hepatic arterial reconstruction is generally very consistent, easily accessible, and offers adequate length and diameter for successful arterial anastomosis.ConclusionEven for a SA initially in contact with the tumor, SA transposition for hepatic artery reconstruction is a safe and effective option when tumor contact disappears due to chemotherapy.     

Rapid recurrence of spindle cell type undifferentiated carcinoma early after radical surgery in a bile duct cancer patient – A case report

IntroductionSpindle cell type undifferentiated carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct is extremely rare and has a poor prognosis. However, its pathology is not fully known, yet.Case presentation76-year-old man with abdominal pain and dark-colored urine was referred to our department. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed an enhanced tumor at the junction of the cystic duct and direct invasion of the portal vein. He was diagnosed as having resectable biliary cancer and underwent a subtotal stomach-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy with a reconstruction of the portal vein. Histopathological findings demonstrated undifferentiated spindle cell carcinoma. Forty-two days post-surgery, he presented with peritoneal dissemination and local recurrence with ascites, and died sixty-five days after his operation.Clinical discussionSpindle cell type undifferentiated carcinoma has highly metastatic potentials and also easily invade adjacent organs. Therefore, the prognosis of an undifferentiated, spindle cell type cholangiocarcinoma was poor. Although only surgery ensures cure, multidisciplinary treatment, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy is required.ConclusionAlthough surgery for spindle cell type undifferentiated carcinoma may provide a cure, we must consider the induction of multidisciplinary treatment.