多环芳烃厌氧降解菌的筛选与鉴定

[目的]筛选并鉴定多环芳烃厌氧降解菌.[方法]通过富集,在厌氧条件下从受焦油长期污染的土壤中筛选出多环芳烃的高效厌氧降解菌,并对其进行了生理生化试验和16S rDNA鉴定.[结果]从受焦油长期污染的土壤中分离出2株多环芳烃降解菌W2和Y3,经综合表征和16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定菌株W2为鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomo sp.),菌株Y3为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.).[结论]为多环芳烃的生物降解研究提供了理论依据.     

煤气脱萘用活性炭的选择

研究了煤基活性炭脱除煤气中萘的性能,通过试验优选出对芳烃物质吸附能力最强的活性炭。以该活性炭为吸附剂,用自制试验装置吸附煤气中的萘,考察了温度、时间、再生次数对活性炭吸附萘的影响。试验结果表明:萘在活性炭上的吸附为物理吸附;活性炭吸附萘的最佳温度为25℃,饱和吸附量为0.385mg/g,吸附饱和时间为40min;在218℃下再生5次,活性炭对萘的吸附率仍大于85%。     

实验室条件下微生物降解原油的地球化学特征

利用选育出的高效降解菌种对辽河油样进行了微生物降解实验,通过对原油样品微生物作用前后的族组分进行色谱质谱分析,分析了微生物降解对原油中饱和烃、芳烃及胶质和沥青质各组分在原油中相对含量和内部组成的影响.结果表明,辽河油样经微生物降解,120天后正构烷烃和无环类异戊二烯烃完全消失,芳烃中烷基萘也部分降解.以此探讨原油中各组分的地球化学特征,对石油的质量、加工及勘探都有指导作用.     

垃圾填埋场厌氧产气动力学模型的研究

在实验室垃圾厌氧降解实验研究的基础上,进行了降解过程的厌氧菌产气动力学分析和厌氧反应器动力学分析,通过数理分析得出了生活垃圾厌氧产气动力学模型。     

垃圾填埋场厌氧产气动力学模型的研究

在实验室垃圾厌氧降解实验研究的基础上,进行了降解过程的厌氧菌产气动力学分析和厌氧反应器动力学分析,通过数理分析得出了生活垃圾厌氧产气动力学模型.     

用溶剂结晶法精制蒸馏萘

波兰某厂介绍了用溶剂结晶法精制蒸馏萘的研究情况。根据生产邻苯二甲酸酐的原料基地的分析和与使用蒸馏萘有关工艺的困难性的分析,讨论了焦化萘的工业和试验室应用的方法及其适用性。采用溶剂结晶法解决了蒸馏萘在溶剂中溶解、按规定速度结晶、晶体与溶液的分离、溶剂再生等环节,从而顺利实现了溶剂结晶过程。溶剂可采用一、二和三种组分组成,但以甲醇为基本成分。这种溶剂对萘的伴生物有一定的选择性。在甲醇或水溶液中结晶可以从萘中除去所有油性成分并能得到只含硫茚的结晶颗粒。由于硫茚与萘的溶液稳定,用这种溶剂要把硫茚除净是困难的。试验证明,     

垃圾填埋场厌氧产气动力学模型的研究

在实验室垃圾厌氧降解实验研究的基础上，进行了降解过程的厌氧菌产气动力学分析和厌氧反应器动力学分析，通过数理分析得出了生活垃圾厌氧产气动力学模型。     

新型生物反应墙原位修复石油烃污染地下水

以功能微生物、泥炭和粗砂为填充介质设计新型生物反应墙,研究了反应墙对地下水中石油烃污染物的修复效果与机理.结果表明:运行期内生物反应墙修复效果良好,苯系物、萘系物及菲去除率为83.6%～99.85%,其中71.23%～99.71%在墙体前半部分被去除.泥炭介质和功能微生物能够稳定发挥对污染物的吸附与降解功能,32.63%～77.98%的BTEX和97.14%～99.81%的目标PAHs被泥炭吸附去除;18.96%～50.98%的BTEX和已吸附于泥炭上的大部分石油烃污染物均显示被生物降解.微生物对污染物的降解可有效延长泥炭的吸附寿命,泥炭对功能微生物的营养供给可使反应墙内长期保持较高的功能微生物数量,每克干介质约含有3.46×106～6.16×109个.因此新型生物反应墙原位修复石油烃污染地下水是可行的.     

利用正交法分离鉴定苯胺降解菌及对其降解特性的研究

[目的]利用正交法分离鉴定苯胺降解菌,并对其降解特性进行研究.[方法]在某印刷厂排污口周围土壤样品中分离筛选出3株苯胺降解菌,测定其生理生化特性,并对其16s rDNA序列进行分析,考察不同温度、pH、摇床转速、培养时间及苯胺浓度对一株高效苯胺降解菌降解率的影响,并以苯胺降解率为指标,选择温度、pH、摇床转速、培养时间及苯胺浓度等因素进行正交试验设计,优化该菌株对苯胺的降解条件.[结果]3株苯胺降解菌AN-Y、AN-B和AN-H分别鉴定为Pseudomonas sp.、Acinetobacter gerneri和Delftia sp.;生长和降解效果的最适温度为30℃,最适pH为7.0,并可分别在苯胺浓度为3 300、2 000和3 000 mg/L基础培养基上生长;耐受能力最强的降解菌AN-Y其最佳降解条件为温度35 ℃、pH 8.0、苯胺浓度2 000 mg/L、摇床转速160 r/min、培齐时间72 h;方差分析表明,苯胺浓度对降解菌降解苯胺的效果影响最为显著.[结论]研究结果为苯胺降解菌的培养研究提供了参考.     

硫茚对工业萘不挥发物的影响

硫茚是工业萘中的一种主要杂质，我们经过一年的研究探讨，发现它不仅影响工业萘的纯度，而且也是构成工为萘不挥发物的主要成份，这一发现为我们有效地降低工业萘的不挥发物找到了一条新的途径。     

马钢焦炉煤气脱萘工艺与国内其他工艺的比较

对比了国内既有的典型煤气脱萘工艺的工艺路线、设备及消耗。介绍了马钢开发的焦炉煤气脱萘工艺,该工艺在初冷工序的横管初冷器内完成煤气的一步脱萘。工业应用的效果明显。煤气净化单元的后续工序不设置其他脱萘工序。     

Fate of Anionic Surfactants in a 38?ML/Day UASB-Based Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant: Case Study

The outcome of a 15-month monitoring study (August 2004–October 2005) on the anionic surfactants (AS), at the 38?ML/day up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)-based sewage treatment plant (STP) is described. The average removal of AS was only around 57%. Appreciable concentration of AS was being discharged to the watercourse (average 2.41?mg/L; range 0.63–5.16?mg/L). On an average dried sludge contained 1,560?mg?AS?kg?1 dry weight. Mass balance indicated that, AS load of the orders of 23 and 33% is removed by adsorption in UASB reactors and polishing ponds (PP), respectively. Biodegradation of AS under anaerobic conditions in UASB reactors and PP does not seem to take place. In the sludge stream, appreciable biodegradation ( ≈ 70%) of adsorbed AS under aerobic conditions on the sludge drying beds takes place. If influent AS mass flux is normalized to 100?units, than 43 and 7?units are discharged with treated effluent and dried sludge, respectively, whereas 33 and 16?units are adsorbed/settled in PP and aerobically biodegrade on sludge drying beds, respectively.     

Optimization of Internal Bypass Ratio for Complete Ammonium and Phosphate Removal in a Dephanox-Type Two-Sludge Denitrification System

The capacity of complete simultaneous ammonium and phosphate removal was studied in a laboratory scale Dephanox system in relation to its internal bypass ratio (BPR). In this configuration, most of the ammonium detected in the effluent is ammonium bypassed by the system’s internal settler. Therefore, this research studies the possibility of complete simultaneous ammonium and phosphate removal by means of the balance of bypassed ammonium with ammonium requirement for growth of denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms in the anoxic tank. During these experiments, ammonium removal was governed by internal BPR and limited by sludge settleability. The predominant anaerobic-anoxic sludge developed a high settleability, allowing the application of drastic low BPRs. The system studied under many BPRs proved to achieve almost complete simultaneous ammonium and phosphate removal for BPRs ranging from 0.08 to 0.13 of the influent. A BPR lower than the inferior limit produced extreme accumulation of sludge into the internal settler, interfering in the distribution of sludge and consequently in removal efficiency. A positive effect of the internal settler was the extension of anaerobic contact time and anaerobic solids retention time. The increased phosphorus release suggests that a higher volatile fatty acids production might have occurred when raw wastewater was used as influent.     

焦炉煤气脱萘系统再生方法的探讨

首钢京唐公司燃气厂现有两套焦炉煤气精制设备,分两步建设,均采用固定床脱硫净化工艺和变温吸附(TSA)净化工艺,脱硫剂定期更换,脱萘剂通过再生可以循环利用,但再生方式却不同。一步用蒸汽直接再生,二步用热煤气再生。通过生产实践研究探讨这两套精制装置不同的脱萘过程,从脱萘效果、脱萘时间、操作过程和对环境的影响等方面对比其优缺点。     

Biodegradation of Mixtures of Phenolic Compounds in an Upward-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

The anaerobic biodegradability of mixtures of phenolic compounds was studied under continuous and batch systems. Continuous experiments were carried out in up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactors degrading a mixture of phenol and p-cresol as the main carbon and energy sources. The total chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal above 90% was achieved even at organic loading rates as high as 7 kg COD/m3/day. Batch experiments were conducted with mixtures of phenolic compounds (phenol, p-cresol, and o-cresol) to determine the specific biodegradation rates using unadapted and adapted anaerobic granular sludge. Phenol and p-cresol were mineralized by adapted sludge with rates several orders of magnitude higher than unadapted sludge. Additionally, an UASB reactor was operated with the mixture phenol, p-cresol, and o-cresol. After 54 days of operation, 80% of o-cresol (supplied at 132 mg/L) was eliminated. The phenol biodegradation was not affected by the presence of o-cresol. These results demonstrate that major phenolic components in petrochemical effluents can be biodegraded simultaneously during anaerobic treatment.     

Kinetics of Phosphorus Release and Uptake in a Membrane-Assisted Biological Phosphorus Removal Process

A long-term comparative study on the kinetics of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) was carried out in pilot scale membrane-assisted and conventional biological phosphorus removal processes, by monitoring system performance, phosphorus mass balances, and maximum specific rates in off-line batch tests. The two systems exhibited similar performance in the removal of soluble phosphorus (P) from the influent wastewater, in the specific P release observed in the anaerobic zone, and in the maximum specific P release and volatile fatty acid (VFA) uptake rates. However, when the VFA in the influent was limiting, the conventional EBPR (CEBPR) process performed significantly better than the membrane (MEBPR) counterpart, and this behavior was also reflected in the kinetics of P release. Denitrifying dephosphatation was observed to be significant in both processes during periods of satisfactory P removal. When the aerobic recycle ratio was reduced to a minimum level, the anoxic P uptake activity in the CEBPR sludge was lower than that of the MEBPR sludge. Finally, the biomass decay rates of the two sludge types were estimated to be comparable, with significant reduction of the decay under unaerated conditions.     

Effect of Carbon Source on PCE Dehalogenation

A laboratory study using the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor for treating high-strength wastewater containing tetrachloroethene (PCE) was carried out to study the effect of carbon source, recycle, and shock loading on dehalogenation of PCE and process performance. The PCE was dehalogenated to trichloroethylene, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, and ethylene. During the study on the effect of carbon source, the PCE and COD removal up to 97% and biogas production of 0.518–0.47 m3∕kg CODrem with methane content up to 66% were achieved under steady-state operating conditions. An increase in the influent COD from 2,000 to 4,000 mg∕L did not show any improvement in the PCE removal. Recycling of effluent at 50% showed the decrease in COD removal and increase in the effluent concentration of dichloroethylene and vinyl chlorides. Around 1–3.5% of influent PCE stripping to biogas was observed. It was observed that methanol has the stimulatory effect on the dehalogenation of PCE. A shock loading study showed that the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor could assimilate 1.5–2 times the original PCE concentration (50 mg∕L) without much effect on the process performance.     

Effect of Increasing Nitrobenzene Loading Rates on the Performance of AMBR and Sequential AMBR/CSTR Reactor System

A laboratory scale sequential anaerobic migrating blanket reactor (AMBR)/aerobic completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system was operated to investigate the effect of increasing nitrobenzene (NB) concentrations on the performance of AMBR/CSTR reactor system. The reactor system was operated at increasing NB loading rates from 1.93?to?38.54?g?NB?m?3?day?1 and at a constant hydraulic retention time of 10.38?days. In this study, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NB removal efficiencies, variations of bicarbonate alkalinity (Bic.Alk.), total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), and total methane gases were monitored. COD removal efficiencies were 93–94% until a NB loading rate of 5.78?g?m?3?day?1 in the AMBR reactor. For maximum COD removal, the optimum NB loading rate and NB concentration were found to be 5.78?g?m?3?day?1 and 60?mg?L?1, respectively. COD removal efficiencies decreased from 94 to 87% and to 85% at NB loading rates of 1.93–28.90 and 38.54?g?m?3?day?1, respectively. COD was mainly removed in the first compartment. NB removal efficiencies also were approximately 100% at all NB loading rates in the effluent of the AMBR reactor. The maximum total gas and methane gas productions were found to be 2.8?L?day?1 and 1.3?mL?day?1, respectively, at a NB loading rate of 5.78?g?m?3?day?1. The TVFA concentration in the effluent of AMBR was low (17?mg?L?1) at a NB loading rate as high as 38.54?g?m?3?day?1. Overall COD removal efficiencies were found to be 99 and 96% at NB loading rates of 1.93 and 38.54?g?m?3?day?1, respectively, in a sequential AMBR/CSTR reactor system. In this study, NB was reduced to aniline under anaerobic conditions. Aniline removal efficiencies were 100% until a NB loading rate of 17.34?g?m?3?day?1 in aerobic CSTR reactor while aniline removal efficiency decreased to 90% at a NB loading rate of 38.54?g?m?3?day?1 in an aerobic reactor. In the aerobic step, aniline was mineralized to catechol. The contribution of aerobic step is not only the degradation of aniline, it may also increase the COD removals from 85 to 99% at a NB loading rate as high as 38.54?g?m?3?day?1.     

Potential of a Combination of UASB and DHS Reactor as a Novel Sewage Treatment System for Developing Countries: Long-Term Evaluation

A novel municipal wastewater treatment system, consisting of a combination of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) posttreatment unit, was continuously evaluated for more than three years with raw sewage as an influent. The system was installed at a sewage treatment site and operated at 25±3°C. This paper reports on the results of a long term monitoring of the system. The whole experimental period was divided into three distinct phases with different operating conditions. Organic pollutants were only partially removed in anaerobic UASB pretreatment unit. The remaining organics as well as nitrogenous compounds were almost completely removed by the DHS posttreatment unit. In all phases the system demonstrated removal efficiency consistently over 95% for unfiltered biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 80% for unfiltered-chemical oxygen demand and 70% for suspended solids. The system produced an excellent effluent quality with only 4–9?mg/L of residual unfiltered BOD. Dissolved oxygen in the final effluent was 5–7?mg/L although no aeration was provided to DHS system. Moreover, excess sludge production from DHS was negligible thus eliminating secondary sludge that is troublesome to dispose off. The system also exhibited substantial stability against twofold hydraulic shock load and fourfold organic shock load. The results suggested that the proposed system may be a competitive solution for municipal sewage treatment under variable conditions.     

Simultaneous Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from High-Strength Industrial Wastewater Using Aerobic Granular Sludge

Aerobic granular sludge technology was applied to the simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal from livestock wastewater that contains high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus (TN: 650?mg/L; TP: 125?mg/L). A lab-scale sequencing batch reactor was operated in an alternating anaerobic/oxic/anoxic denitrification mode. Granular sludge was first formed using synthetic wastewater. When livestock wastewater was diluted with tap water, the shape and settleability of aerobic granular sludge were maintained even though livestock wastewater contained suspended solids. Simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and phosphate uptake were observed under an aerobic condition. However, when nondiluted livestock wastewater was used, the diameter of granular sludge and the denitrification efficiency under an oxic condition decreased. When the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater increased, hydraulic retention time (HRT) increased resulting in a decrease in selection pressure for granular sludge. Therefore, the sustainment of granular sludge was difficult in livestock wastewater treatment. However, by applying a new excess sludge discharge method based on Stokes’ law, the shape of granular sludge was maintained in spite of the long HRT (7.5?days). To select large granular sludge particles, excess sludge was discharged from the upper part of settled sludge because small particles localized there after settling. Finally, excellent nitrogen and phosphorus removal was accomplished in practical livestock wastewater treatment. The effluent concentrations of NH4–N, NOx–N, and PO4–P were <0.1, 1.4, and 1.2?mg/L, respectively.