维持性血液透析患者颈动脉钙化相关因素分析

目的：探讨慢性肾衰竭维持性血液透析（MHD）患者颈动脉钙化情况并分析相关因素。方法：对35例MHD患者应用彩色B型超声仪观测双侧颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度（IMT）及钙化情况,同时记录透析龄、收缩压、脉压差,抽血检测血钙、磷、血胆固醇、三酰甘油、白蛋白、C反应蛋白（CRP）、甲状旁腺素,并计算钙磷乘积。结果：35例终末期肾病（ESRD）患者18例（51.4%）存在颈动脉钙化。钙化组IMT值较无钙化组显著增高（P〈0.01）,透析龄、收缩压、脉压差、血磷、钙磷乘积、CRP较无钙化组明显增高（P〈0.05）,而钙化组血浆白蛋白较无钙化组显著降低（P〈0.05）。结论：IMT值、透析龄、血磷、钙磷乘积增高是颈动脉钙化的主要影响因素,收缩压、脉压差、CRP升高和低血浆白蛋白与颈动脉钙化密切相关。MHD患者存在较高的颈动脉钙化率。     

血液透析患者血清铁调素与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的:探讨维持性血液透析(MHD)患者血清铁调素(hepcidin)水平的变化及与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性。方法:选择维持性血液透析患者93例和健康对照组40例为研究对象,采用ELISA法测定hepcidin、IL-6及TNF-α水平,高分辨二维超声对双侧颈总动脉内膜中膜厚度(IMT)及颈动脉粥样斑块进行测量,分析hepcidin水平与颈动脉病变及炎症因子之间的关系。结果:MHD组患者血清hepcidin水平(139.04±77.91)μg/L显著高于健康对照组(51.13±22.01)μg/L;MHD组CRP、IL-6、TNF-α水平均显著高于健康对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。MHD组IMT值为(1.15±0.21)mm、斑块形成率(59.2%)、颈动脉硬化的患病率(77.6%)均显著高于健康对照组的(0.78±0.28)mm和2.5%与10%(均P0.05)。直线相关分析显示MHD组血清hepcidin水平与CRP、IL-6、TNF-α、IMT及斑块形成、颈动脉硬化率的患病率均呈正相关;与SBP、DBP、年龄亦呈正相关(P0.05或P0.01)。多元逐步回归分析显示,hepcidin、CRP、SBP和年龄是MHD颈动脉病变的独立危险因素。结论:MHD患者血清hepcidin水平显著升高,其可能通过促进CRP、IL-6等炎症因子的产生,参与MHD患者动脉粥样硬化的形成。     

维持性血液透析患者颈动脉粥样硬化的临床研究

目的：研究维持性血液透析（MHD）患者颈动脉结构、形态及血流动力学改变,了解其颈动脉硬化情况。方法：选取我院68例MHD患者和20例健康者为研究对象,彩色多普勒超声检测双侧颈总动脉内-中膜厚度（IMT）、收缩期血流峰值流速（Vmax）、舒张期血流峰值流速（Vmin）、斑块、计算阻力指数（RI）;然后根据MHD患者透析病程、有无糖尿病和粥样斑块进一步分组进行数据分析。结果：MHD患者IMT较对照组明显增厚,Vmax、Vmin低,RI增高,斑块的检出率明显高（P〈0.01）。透析病程≥5年组和〈5年的患者相比,其IMT明显增厚,Vmax、Vmin低（P〈0.05）,斑块的检出率明显高（P〈0.01）。在粥样斑块阳性组和阴性组相比较,前组患者的年龄偏高（P〈0.01）,IMT明显增厚（P〈0.01）,Vmax、Vmin降低（P〈0.05）,RI偏高（P〈0.05）。糖尿病组和非糖尿病组相比,前组的平均年龄偏高,IMT明显增厚,Vmax、Vmin降低（P〈0.05）;斑块的检出率明显高（P〈0.01）。结论：MHD患者动脉粥样硬化（AS）发病率高,且随着透析病程的延长和年龄的增高,AS逐渐加重,并出现相应的血液动力学改变;糖尿病是AS加重的重要因素。     

维持性血液透析患者血清胱抑素C与细胞因子及颈动脉病变的关系

目的 研究维持性血液透析（MHD）患者的血清胱抑素C（半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,CysC）水平的变化及其与细胞因子及颈动脉病变的关系。 方法 选择透析龄超过6个月的MHD患者110例（MHD组）和健康对照组60例为对象。用免疫透射比浊法检测CysC;超声检查颈动脉病变的程度;检测高敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）、总同型半胱氨酸（tHcy）、血清白介素1β（IL-1β）、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）水平。分析CysC水平与细胞因子及颈动脉病变的关系。 结果 MHD组血清CysC水平为（6.19±0.95） mg/L,显著高于健康对照组的（0.76±0.21） mg/L（P < 0.01）。MHD组hsCRP、tHcy、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平均显著高于健康对照组（P < 0.05或<0.01）。MHD组患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）及斑块形成、颈动脉硬化的患病率均显著高于健康对照组（P < 0.05或P < 0.01）。直线相关分析显示,MHD组血CysC水平与hsCRP、tHcy、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、IMT及斑块形成、颈动脉硬化的患病率呈正相关;与透析龄、收缩压、iPTH亦呈正相关（P < 0.05或P < 0.01）。多因素逐步回归分析显示,CysC、hsCRP、tHcy和年龄是MHD患者颈动脉病变的危险因素。 结论 血液透析不能有效清除CysC等大分子物质,随着透析龄的增加,MHD患者血清CysC水平逐渐升高。CysC与hsCRP等微炎性反应指标及tHcy、颈动脉病变呈正相关,血清CysC水平升高可能是MHD患者并发动脉粥样硬化的危险因素之一。     

低钙透析联合高通量透析对透析患者颈动脉钙化的影响

目的：探讨低钙透析联合高通量透析（ HFHD）对透析患者颈动脉钙化的影响。方法：将36例维持性血液透析（ MHD）患者随机分为A组（使用高通量透析器）和B组（使用低通量透析器）,两组均为低钙透析,共观察12个月。观察治疗前后两组颈动脉内-中膜厚度（IMT）、生化指标、血压、碳酸钙和活性维生素D3用量变化,记录不良反应。结果：（1） A组颈动脉IMT轻微增加,B组IMT明显增加,两组比较差异有统计学意义;（2）两组血钙、磷均有降低,A组较明显,B组甲状旁腺素（iPTH）明显升高,A组营养及炎症指标、血压改善优于B组;（3）两组碳酸钙及活性维生素D用量均增加;（4）无严重不良反应发生。结论：低钙透析联合高通量透析可改善血管钙化危险因素,延缓血管钙化的发生发展,可成为一种有效、安全且经济的治疗方法。     

糖尿病血液透析患者颈动脉粥样硬化、营养及微炎症状的关系

目的探讨糖尿病终末期肾病（ESDN）血液透析患者颈动脉粥样硬化（AS）与C-反应蛋白（CRP）的关系。方法检测28例原发于糖尿病及同期32例非糖尿病的维持性血液透析（MHD）患者一般临床指标、CRP水平,同时应用高分辨彩色B超检测患者颈动脉内膜-中层厚度（IMT）及粥样硬化斑块情况。结果原发于糖尿病患者尿素氮（BUN）、血浆白蛋白（Alb）、肱三头肌皮褶厚度（TSF）、上臂围（AC）、标准化蛋白分解率（nPCR）均显著低于非糖尿病的MHD患者;而血CRP、颈动脉IMT、颈动脉斑块阳性率、增厚阳性率显著高于非糖尿病的MHD患者;粥样斑块与CRP升高、高血压有关系。结论ESDN患者营养状况及低蛋白血症明显,血CRP水平高、AS明显而严重,AS可能与CRP及高血压有关,因此,改善营养状况、纠正微炎症状态,对治疗和预防ESDN患者AS有重要意义。     

低钙腹膜透析液对尿毒症患者颈动脉粥样硬化的影响

目的探讨低钙腹膜透析（PD）液对尿毒症患者颈动脉粥样硬化的影响及机制。方法将60例行连续性非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）且合并颈动脉粥样硬化的患者随机分为A组（标准钙PD液治疗组，30例）和B组（低钙PD液治疗组，30例），均继续行正规CAPD治疗。观察治疗12周前后患者颈动脉内-中膜厚度（IMT）及颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率的变化，同时生化法检测血清钙浓度，ELISA法测定血清基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）水平。结果经过12周的分组透析后，B组患者的血清钙、MMP-9[（2．25±0．24）mmol／L、（564．72±124．69）μg／L]较A组患者[（2．40±0．37）mmol／L、（718．56±111．83）μg／L]明显下降（P〈0．05），颈动脉IMT[（1．17±0．28）mm]亦显著低于A组[（1．25±0．19）mm]（P〈0．05）。结论低钙PD液可延缓尿毒症患者颈动脉粥样硬化的进展，其对血清MMP-9的影响可能是其机制之一。     

维持血液透析患者主动脉弓钙化发生情况及相关因素分析

目的观察维持性血液透析（MHD）患者主动脉弓钙化发生的情况并分析其相关因素。方法观察220例MHD患者胸部正位片主动脉弓钙化的发生情况；将其年龄、性别、原发病、血压、心胸比、血常规及血生化结果与主动脉弓钙化进行相关性分析，比较有钙化组和无钙化组的上述指标。结果82例发生主动脉弓钙化，其中48例透析前已存在主动脉弓钙化,34例透析后（21.15±12.12）月出现。钙化组的年龄、MHD时间、心胸比、钙磷乘积、脉压、球蛋白（G）明显高于非钙化组，全段甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）、白蛋白（A）明显低于非钙化组。结论MHD患者发生主动脉弓钙化的几率很高；影响主动脉弓钙化的因素主要为年龄、脉压、钙磷乘积。     

糖尿病与非糖尿病维持性血液透析患者血管钙化的对比研究

目的探讨糖尿病维持性血液透析（MHD）患者血管钙化的影响因素。方法选择我院MHD患者90例,其中糖尿病组21例、非糖尿病组69例。检测2组透析前、后血压、心率、相关血生化指标以及全段甲状旁腺素（iPTH）、1,84-PTH、25一羟一维生素功,比较2组血管钙化情况,探讨糖尿病组患者血管钙化的相关因素。结果与非糖尿病组相比,糖尿病组透析前血肌酐较低,三酰甘油较高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇较低（P〈0．05）。糖尿病组iPTH达标率高于非糖尿病组,而钙磷乘积低于后者（P〈0．05）。糖尿病组钙化发生率和钙化积分高于非糖尿病组（P〈0．05）。对糖尿病MHD患者,血管钙化积分与糖尿病病程、慢性肾脏病（CKD）病程、透析时间、iPTH、碱性磷酸酶呈正相关（r值分别为0．491、0499、0．652、0．727和0．564,P值均〈0．05）。结论与非糖尿病患者相比,患有糖尿病的MHD患者有较高的血管钙化发生率及较重的血管钙化程度;其中糖尿病病程、CKD病程、透析时间、iPTH、ALP可能参与糖尿病患者血管钙化的发生和发展。     

维持性血液透析患者主动脉钙化相关影响因素分析

目的：探讨维持性血液透析（MHD）患者主动脉钙化的相关影响因素。方法：采用胸部正位X线成像技术检测183例MHD患者主动脉钙化情况,将入选患者分为主动脉钙化组（A组）和主动脉无钙化组（B组）,透析前抽血检测血钙、血磷、全段甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）、C反应蛋白（CRP）和血清白蛋白（Alb）等指标,并计算钙磷乘积,比较两组年龄、透析龄和血清学指标的差异,将上述指标与主动脉钙化进行相关性分析,并对筛选出来的危险因素进行非条件Logistic回归分析。结果：A组和B组在年龄、透析龄、血磷、钙磷乘积和CRP水平方面,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）;MHD患者主动脉钙化的相关影响因素包括：年龄、透析龄、血磷、钙磷乘积及CRP;Logistic回归分析表明,年龄、透析龄和血磷是主动脉钙化的独立危险因素（P〈0.01）。结论：MHD患者主动脉钙化相当常见,主动脉钙化与年龄、透析龄、钙磷代谢和炎症状态有关。     

Dialysis Methods May Affect Carotid Intima–Media Thickness in Chinese End-Stage Renal Disease Patients

Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of cardiovascular morbidity in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and carotid intima–media thickness (IMT) is an early independent predictor of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study is to compare the continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and the maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) for carotid IMT in Chinese ESRD patients. A total of 72 CAPD patients, 92 MHD patients, and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included. Dialysis patients were divided into five subgroups according to dialysis duration: 3–6, 7–12, 13–59, 60–119, and 120–179 months. Carotid IMT and carotid plaques were detected for each patient. The carotid IMT and total plaque detection rate in the CAPD and MHD groups were considerably higher than in the healthy control group (p < 0.01). No significant difference was found in the carotid IMT and total plaque detection rate between the CAPD group and the MHD group (p > 0.05). However, after stratification by dialysis duration, the total carotid IMT in the CAPD subgroup was higher than in the MHD subgroup in dialysis duration of 60–119 and 120–179 months (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in the total plaque detection rate between the CAPD and MHD subgroups in the same dialysis duration (p > 0.05). Our study showed that both CAPD and MHD affect carotid IMT in Chinese ESRD patients, and the degree of atherosclerosis in CAPD patients might be higher than that in MHD patients after 5 years of dialysis.     

Tight relations between coronary calcification and atherosclerotic lesions in the carotid artery in chronic dialysis patients

Aim: Both vascular calcification and atherosclerosis are highly prevalent in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and have been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity. Because those two phenomena might be only coincidentally related in chronic haemodialysis (HD) patients, in this study, coronary artery calcification (CAC), common carotid artery intima media thickness (CCA‐IMT) and thickness of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid artery were simultaneously measured. Methods: In a cross‐sectional study of 47 HD patients (31 male, mean age 56.8 ± 11.4 years, and 16 female, mean age 56.0 ± 7.5 years) without history of major cardiovascular complications. CCA‐IMT and presence and thickness of atherosclerotic plaques were measured with ultrasound and CAC with multidetector computed tomography. Results: The CAC were present in 70.2% of patients. The mean CAC was 1055 ± 232, the mean CCA‐IMT was 0.96 ± 0.21. The atherosclerotic plaques in the common carotid arteries were visualized in 38 patients (80.1%), the mean thickness of the atherosclerotic plaque was 1.61 ± 0.8 mm. We found a significant positive correlation between CAC and CCA‐IMT (r = 0.70, P < 0.001). The thickness of atherosclerosis plaque positively correlated with CAC as well as with CCA‐IMT (r = 0.60, P < 0.001 and r = 0.7, P < 0.003, respectively). Conclusion: The study revealed close relationships between CAC, intima media thickness and the thickness of atherosclerotic plaques in dialysis patients. It may indicate that both vascular calcification and atherosclerotic lesions frequently coexist in patients with ESRD and that the intima media thickness could serve as a surrogate marker of vascular calcification.     

Avaliação da aterosclerose subclínica e de níveis plasmáticos de LDL minimamente modificada em pacientes com espondilite anquilosante e sua correlação com a atividade da doença

IntroductionAccelerated atherosclerosis has been shown in some autoimmune diseases, mainly in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Although high preva- lence of corticosteroids use may be a confounding factor due to their detrimental effects on several risk factors, systemic inflammation per se is supposed to play an important role in atherogenesis in these patients.MethodsWe have evaluated sub-clinical atherosclerosis and plasma levels of circulating electronegative LDL, which represents the fraction of LDL that is minimally modified, in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Fourteen patients who fulfilled the modified New York criteria for AS were compared with 13 paired controls. Carotid intimal-media thick- ness (IMT) was assessed by ultrasonography bilaterally in common carotid artery, internal carotid artery and in the bifurcation. Groups were homogeneous regarding cardiovascular risk factors. Only a single patient in AS group was in use of corticosteroid.ResultsThe presence of active inflammation was demonstrated by elevated BASDAI and higher CRP levels and in patients versus controls (12.36 vs. 3.45 mg/dl, P = 0.002). No dif- ference was found in carotid IMT between both groups, in any site of artery. Averaged IMT (6 measurements, at 3 pre-specified sites bilaterally) was 0.72 ± 0.28 in AS group and 0.70 ± 0.45 mm in controls (P = 0.91). Minimally modified LDL did not differ significantly either between patients and controls (14.03 ± 17.40 vs. 13.21 ± 10.21; P = 0.88).ConclusionsPatients with AS did not show increased carotid IMT in comparison to con- trols. In the same way, circulating plasma levels of LDL (-), did not differ significantly in both groups.     

Hypervolemia rather than arterial calcification and extracoronary atherosclerosis is the main determinant of pulse pressure in hemodialysis patients

Introduction

Pulse pressure (PP) has been reported as an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate association of PP with echocardiographic and vascular structural changes such as atherosclerosis and arterial calcifications in HD patients.

Patients and methods

In this cross-sectional study, 108 chronic hemodialysis patients (49 male, 59 female, mean age: 46?±?13?years) were included. Biochemical analyses, echocardiographic and high-resolution carotid Doppler examinations were done. Aortic wall and coronary artery calcifications were measured with electron beam computed tomography. The degree of carotid artery stenosis was measured at four different sites (communis, bulbus, interna and externa) in both carotid arteries.

Results

PP was strongly correlated with systolic (r: 0.82) and diastolic (r: 0.33) blood pressure, left ventricular mass index (r: 0.58), left ventricle end diastolic diameter (r: 0.38) and weakly correlated with aortic wall calcification score (r: 0.26) and carotid plaque score (r: 0.27), but not with coronary artery calcification score. Patients with carotid plaque had higher PP than patients without plaque (50?±?16?mmHg versus 44?±?14?mmHg, P?=?0.05). Patients were divided into three groups according to aortic wall calcification score. PP was significantly higher in patients with higher aortic wall calcification (54?±?16?mmHg) than patients with lower aortic wall calcification (44?±?15?mmHg, P?=?0.04). However, on multivariate linear regression analysis for predicting PP, the only significant factor retained was left ventricle end diastolic diameter.

Conclusion

PP was weakly associated with large vessel calcification and atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients. The bulk of the effect on PP seems to be due to hypervolemia.     

带cuff导管血液透析患者微炎症状态、氧化应激与颈动脉硬化的关系

目的探讨带cuff导管的维持性血液透析（MHD）患者微炎症状态、氧化应激对颈动脉内中膜厚度（IMT）的影响。方法选择MHD患者54例,其中带cuff导管血液透析患者24例为导管组,内瘘透析患者30例为内瘘组,另设健康志愿者30名为对照组。测定所有患者C反应蛋白（CRP）、血浆丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、血沉、血红蛋白（Hb）、血白细胞（WBC）及生化等指标。采用多元逐步回归法分析IMT与各指标间,CRP与血浆丙二醛（MDA）、SOD、血浆谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PxD）间的相关性。结果导管组CRP、MDA、SOD、GSH-Px、IMT与内瘘组差异非常显著（P〈0．01）。回归分析CRP与SOD（t：一2．299,P〈0．026）、MDA（t=4．055,P〈0．001）、GSH-Px（t=一2．887,P〈0．006）相关。IMT与CRP相关（t=7．353,Pd0．001）。结论导管组存在明显炎症、氧化应激,炎症与氧化应激相关,CRP与颈动脉硬化相关。     

Measurement of coronary artery calcification with multi-slice spiral computed tomography and the associated factors in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To investigate the factors correlated to coronary artery calcification (CAC) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods This study included 132 patients(54 females, 78 males), aged 26-94 years, who were on hemodialysis for 10-204 months(median dialysis duration 51.00 months). The parameters including calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, triglycerides, C - reactive protein (CRP), klotho, and so on were assessed. Quantification of CAC was determined by multi-slice spiral computed tomography (MSCT), known as the coronary artery calcification score (CACs). Results Ninety-two patients (69.70%) had CAC, with CACs ranging from 0 to 13 450.20. More than 30% patients experienced one even a variety of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. A positive correlation was observed between the degree of CAC and the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Whereas a positive correlation existed between CACs and age (r=0.347, P=0.000), duration of hemodialysis (r=0.245, P= 0.005), systolic blood pressure (r=0.184, P=0.034), diabetes history (r=0.211, P=0.015), phosphorus (r= 0.262, P=0.002), calcium-phosphorus product (r=0.247, P=0.004); and a negative correlation between CACs and klotho level (r=-0.294, P=0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the main factor influencing the degree of CAC in MHD patients was age. Conclusions CAC is common and widespread in hemodialysis patients, who are often accompanied by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The prevalence rate of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases increases with the aggravation of CAC degree. Age, duration of hemodialysis, systolic blood pressure, diabetes history, disturbance of calcium and phosphorus metabolism and klotho are correlated with the severity of CAC. Age is an independent risk factor of CAC degree.     

维持性血液透析患者血清脂联素与动脉粥样硬化的相关性分析

目的探讨维持性血液透析患者血清脂联素水平与动脉粥样硬化的相关性。方法将30例维持性血液透析患者设为透析组,10名相匹配的健康体检者设为对照组,测定血清脂联素水平,同时测定相应的生化指标及颈总动脉内膜中层厚度,并根据颈动脉内膜厚度,将维持性血液透析患者分为颈动脉正常组和颈动脉硬化组。结果维持性血液透析患者血清脂联素水平明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）,与颈动脉内膜中层厚度呈显著负相关（r=－0．378,P〈0．05）;而颈动脉硬化组血清脂联素水平低于颈动脉正常组（P〈0．05）。结论维持性血液透析患者血清脂联素明显高于正常人,其浓度与动脉硬化程度呈负相关,对其更深一步的研究有助于对维持性血液透析患者动脉硬化的发生提供更好、更敏感的检测方法。