始新世末期陨星撞击改变太平洋板块运动方向吗?

尹延鸿等[1] 在东太平洋的 DSDP5 73孔发现始新世末期微玻璃陨石。他们认为始新世末期微玻璃陨石场的展布方向为 2 5 0°,与太平洋板块运动方向改变所需要的矢量变化几乎一致 ,提出很可能是始新世末期陨星撞击引起太平洋板块运动方向由NNW突然改变为 NWW。这与万天丰等 [2 ,3 ] 提出的陨星撞击可能诱导板块运动或引起板块运动方向改变的观点一致。这假说很有创新性 ,很有趣 ,在多学科中都可能有重要意义 ,值得详细研究。始新世末期有两层陨星撞击产物 [4,5] ,上面一层是 microtektites (微玻璃陨石 ) ,稍下一点的一层为clinopyrocene- b…     

东太平洋地区DSDP573孔始新世末期的微玻璃陨石

通过研究 DSDP5 73孔的岩心样品 ,首次在该孔始新世与渐新世的界线地层含金属粘土层中发现了微玻璃陨石 ,且主要富集在其底部。一个样品 (5 g)中最多可达 12粒。这些微玻璃陨石主要呈球形、椭球形。用电子探针测试了其化学成分 ,Si O2 含量为 2 9.6 4%～ 5 8.93%,Al2 O3 为 3.42 %～ 2 0 .96 %,Fe O为 9.98%～ 2 9.5 5 %,Mg O为 4.32 %～ 16 .0 5 %,Ir为 0 .0 6 %～ 0 .81%。总体来说 ,微玻璃陨石的化学成分变化较大 ,可能与靶岩的成分变化较大有关。始新世末期北美微玻璃陨石场的展布方向约为 2 5 0°,这与太平洋板块运动方向改变所需要的矢量变化(2 45°)仅相差 5°,推测很可能是始新世末期陨星的撞击引起了太平洋板块在该时期的运动方向由 NNW突然变为NWW。     

从太平洋底发现外星撞击地球的痕迹

通过对偶然发现于太平洋M₁₄岩心中的微玻璃陨石的显微特征和物质成分的全面研究,首次发现了撞击坑反弹结构、亲铁元素铱、锇等异常、不定形碳、未饱和无环碳氢化合物、有机质及多种挥发分子,根据这些痕迹和证据肯定了发生于大约2.14～2.30MaBP的一次外星撞击地球事件,并推测撞击地球的外星可能为一彗星碎片;另根据岩心中微玻璃陨石层同该岩心中地磁事件和地磁倒转的联系,进一步论证了这次外星撞击地球事件的发生.最后,笔者提出了发生撞击事件的时代──2.14～2.30MaBP可作为深入研究和划分地质历史中第三纪-第四纪界线的重要参考时代,有待科学家通过更多的发现和长期研究加以验证.     

东太平洋中部始新世/渐新世界线陨石撞击的地球化学证据

对于 ODP提供的深海钻探 5 73B孔始新统顶部 -渐新统底部的地质样品进行了化学分析、等离子体光谱分析、等离子体质谱分析和微玻璃陨石的挑选等 ,结合附近区域的其它地质资料 ,探讨了东太平洋中部始新世末、渐新世初地层的地球化学特征。根据始新世末期东太平洋地区多种海洋微体古生物灭绝、大面积微玻璃陨石 (或微球粒陨石 )分布、地球化学特征异常等 ,说明该时期有明显的突变性地质事件发生 ,很可能是由于陨击作用造成的。     

长江口区化学耗氧量的分布特征

根据“三峡工程对长江河口区生态与环境的影响和对策”的研究要求,为掌握工程兴建前长江口环境状况,我们于1985年8月一1986年5月,对122°-124°E,30°45′-32°00′N海域及受潮汐影响的江段进行了调查。本文根据5个航次的调查资料阐述了长江口海域化学耗氧量(COD)的分布特征。     

台湾岛东部表层沉积物中的微体生物化石研究

通过对台湾岛以东(角点坐标为22°N,122°E;22°N,124°30′E;24°N,125°25′E;24°N,122°E)海域67个表层沉积物样品的微体生物化石的研究,鉴定放射虫2目34科101属,178种(含21个未定种),其中泡沫虫目19科70属134种,罩笼虫目15科31属44种。对样品中保存的有孔虫化石亦进行了分析,并初步认为:影响该区微体生物化石分布的主要因素是温度、盐度、海水深度、海底沉积物、海底地形以及海流、水团等。对上述诸因素与微体生物间的关系进行了探讨。     

“八环礁之群”图瓦卢

图瓦卢是个位于太平洋玻利尼西亚群岛西部一岛国。介于东径176°～179°5′之间和南纬5°～10°5′之间。它是由9个大体上按西北—东南方向排列的珊瑚环礁组成,象链条一样绵延579公里散布在130万平方公里的海面上。图瓦卢(Tuvalu)是由9个环礁组成,即富纳富提、纳努芒阿、纳诺梅阿、纽陶、努伊、纽拉基塔、努库费陶、努库莱莱和瓦伊图普。其     

世界大洋表层水中的210Pb

本工作获得了西太平洋,东印度洋和南大西洋15个站位表层水中的溶解态210Pb和颗粒态210Pb的浓度.溶解态210Pb的浓度范围为西太平洋0.71～3.80Bq/m3;东印度洋0.42～2.15Bq/m3;南大西洋0.97～1.78Bq/m3.210Pb最大值3.80Bq/m3是在27°18′N,125°40′E(北太平洋)测得的,而最小值0.42Bq/m3是在远离澳大利亚西岸的25°18′S,111°38′E(东印度洋)测得的.在26°56′S,166°07′E(南太平洋)观测到颗粒态210Pb浓度的最大值0.35Bq/m3,而在东南印度洋颗粒态210Pb的浓度都小于0.03Bq/m3.表层水中溶解态210Pb含量一般呈现出地理性变化,其随纬度的变化与文献报道的结果很相符.     

粉红色红拟抱球虫在冲绳海槽区的发现及地层意义

近年来,我们在冲绳海槽区进行大量工作.本文就Z14-6孔(27°07′N127°27′E)首次发现粉红色红拟抱球虫,及稳定同位素测定,进行对比研究,证明了Thompson等1979年所提出的粉红色拟抱球虫在印度-太平洋海域灭绝时代在距今120000年左右的观点.     

南海沉积物中的微玻璃陨石

在对南海表层沉积物和部分柱状样品进行矿物研究时,发现少量玻璃质微球粒。根据这些玻璃质微球粒的物理、表面结构构造及常量元素等特征,可认为是微玻璃陨石。南海微玻璃陨石虽分布于澳亚散落区内,但不是同一地质事件的产物。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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