高性能聚醚酰亚胺中空纤维气体分离膜的制备与分离性能

以新型聚醚酰亚胺为制膜材料,采用PEI/NMP/GBL/THF/EtOH铸膜液,以干-湿法纺丝工艺制备高通量与高分离性能中空纤维气体分离膜.铸膜液中加入γ-丁内酯(GBL)调节膜支撑层结构,通过改变空气间隙高度调控中空纤维膜分离层结构与分离性能.随着空气间隙高度的增加,中空纤维气体分离膜的致密皮层厚度增加,缺陷孔径降低,导致膜的渗透性降低,选择性升高.用硅橡胶涂层后,得到性能稳定的高分离性能中空纤维气体分离膜.通过改进的Henis阻力复合膜模型和气体通过非对称膜的传递机理对膜的致密层结构参数进行了分析.结果表明,空气间隙高度和干燥前的溶剂交换过程对中空纤维膜的分离性能和结构参数具有显著影响.     

气隙长度与芯液浓度对纤维素中空纤维膜结构与性能的影响

以离子液体氯代1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑([AMIM]Cl)为溶剂来纺制纤维素中空纤维膜,考察了气隙长度与芯液浓度对中空纤维膜结构与性能的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对膜内、外表面形态及支撑层结构进行了观察,测试了中空纤维膜的水通量、截留率等渗透性能以及最大拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、杨氏模量等力学性能.结果表明:随着气隙长度与芯液浓度的增加,中空纤维膜外表面与支撑层孔洞结构变小,内表面结构变得更加规整,膜孔隙率与水通量下降,最大拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、杨氏模量等力学性能则逐渐变大;与芯液浓度相比,气隙长度对中空纤维膜性能的影响较为显著.     

陶瓷中空纤维透氧膜的制备与性能

应用相转化法制备了La_0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.2Fe_0.8O_3-α(LSCF)氧离子-电子混合传导陶瓷中空纤维膜, 该陶瓷中空纤维膜具有由多孔层和致密层组成的非对称结构. 经 1300℃的4h烧结后, 可得到致密的LSCF陶瓷中空纤维膜. 烧结后, LSCF粒度变大而其钙钛矿型晶相结构没有发生变化. LSCF中空纤维膜的透氧速率大大高于一般管式膜的氧透量.     

纳米二氧化硅颗粒对PVDF超滤膜凝胶过程和结构的影响

以PDVF(聚偏氟乙烯)超滤膜为研究对象,通过凝胶动力学常数K、产生沉淀的聚合物层厚度的平方x2和凝胶时间t之间的关系、絮凝值的变化来反映SiO2颗粒对膜凝胶速率和膜结构的影响,并用膜凝胶动力学观测装置观察并记录成膜过程.实验结果表明,在铸膜液中添加纳米二氧化硅颗粒可以使聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜的凝胶速率减小,形成的膜更加致密.     

前体水解聚合制备无机-有机杂化膜时TEOS对PVDF成膜过程的影响

通过测定铸膜液黏度、凝胶速率以及绘制浊点相图来研究正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)成膜过程的影响.实验发现,随着铸膜液中TEOS添加量的增加,铸膜液的黏度持续降低;三元相图显示更少的凝胶剂就能达到铸膜液的分相点,两者的综合作用使得PVDF膜的凝胶速率加快.TEOS对成膜过程的影响使得膜结构有一定的改变:铸膜液不含添加剂时形成的是海绵状致密膜,随着TEOS含量的增加孔的数量增多,孔径变大;含有添加剂时形成的是指状孔结构,随着TEOS含量增加指状孔生长更充分.     

干湿法纺制聚砜中空纤维N2—H2分离模（Ⅱ）凝胶条件 影响

研究了采用干湿法工艺纺制中空纤维膜时凝胶条件对膜性能及结构的影响，着重研究了使用不同的有机溶剂作为芯液时对膜性能及成膜过程的影响。并结合相转化原理和溶解度参数法进行了讨论。     

干湿法纺制聚砜中空纤维N2－H2分离膜（Ⅱ）凝胶条件的影响

研究了采用干湿法工艺纺制中空纤维膜时凝胶条件对膜性能及结构的影响，着重研究了使用不同的有机溶剂作为芯液时对膜性能及成膜过程的影响，并结合相转化原理和溶解度参数法进行了讨论     

下临界共溶温度体系制备聚砜中空纤维超滤膜的研究

本文探索采用一种新颖的制膜体系和制膜方法制备聚砜中空纤维超滤膜。研究了聚砜/NMP/二甘醇构成的下临界共溶温度制膜体系的性质,考察了制膜液不同初始状态和与之匹配的凝胶温度以及聚砜的浓度对膜结构和性能的影响。     

聚(偏二氯乙烯-氯乙烯)多孔膜制备及性能EI北大核心CSCD

以聚(偏二氯乙烯-氯乙烯)[P(VDC-co-VC)]为成膜聚合物,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为溶剂,采用非溶剂致相分离(NIPS)法制备了具有非对称膜结构的P(VDC-co-VC)平板膜,通过扫描电镜、纯水通量、截留率、接触角、力学性能等测试,研究了聚合物浓度及凝固浴温度对P(VDC-co-VC)平板膜结构与性能的影响。结果表明,所得P(VDC-co-VC)平板膜由表面皮层及大孔支撑层组成,上表面较下表面致密。提高聚合物浓度或升高凝固浴温度均能提高P(VDC-coVC)平板膜表面的致密程度,进而改善对牛血清蛋白的截留率及膜通量恢复率。低凝固浴温度下所得膜通透性能较好。力学性能随聚合物浓度提高而增加,随凝固浴温度升高而降低。     

PES制膜体系凝胶时间的研究

提出了拉伸逼近法对PES－NMP制膜体系凝胶时间的定量研究。考察了铸膜液条件、凝胶条件对凝胶时间的影响。研究发现,成膜过程中的凝胶时间随膜液高分子浓度的的增加而增加;随膜液中非溶剂含量的增加而减少;随凝胶液中的溶剂含量增加而增大,并且这种增长在一定范围内出现突跃。这种突跃表明膜液的凝胶过程不仅受传质交换速率控制还不可能受其他因素影响。与延迟分相时间的比较实验揭示了：无论对延迟分相体系或是对瞬间分相体系,成膜过程中的凝胶时间远大于延迟分相时间。说明膜结构不仅取决于分相动力学,也取决于凝胶动力学。     

Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) (PVDF-HFP) membranes for ethyl acetate removal from water

In this study, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) (PVDF-HFP) with low crystallinity was applied as the membrane material for pervaporative separating ethyl acetate (EtAc) from its aqueous solutions. The drying conditions during membrane fabrication by means of casting the PVDF-HFP solution dominated the obtained membrane morphologies when the polar solvents such as dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and acetone were used. It was demonstrated that both the DMAc-cast and acetone-cast PVDF-HFP membranes vacuum-dried at 60 degrees C were dense but had different crystalline structures. Predominantly alpha and gamma crystalline phases were found in the acetone-cast and DMAc-cast PVDF-HFP membranes, respectively. And the different pervaporative separating performances of the two solvent-cast PVDF-HFP membranes were well explained in terms of different solution-diffusion properties which were induced from the permeants/polymer interactions on the base of the polarity differences between permeants and the two solvent-cast PVDF-HFP membranes.     

YSZ/Ni-YSZ双层中空纤维电解质层厚度控制及其影响

本研究利用相转化共纺丝法一步制备出微管式固体氧化物燃料电池(MT-SOFC)用电解质/阳极(YSZ/NiO-YSZ)双层中空纤维膜, 将制得的YSZ/NiO-YSZ双层中空纤维膜前驱体经1450℃烧结后, 以纯H₂在700℃下还原4 h得到YSZ/Ni-YSZ双层中空纤维膜。电解质YSZ膜层厚度通过改变YSZ铸膜液挤出速率来调节。将La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO_3-δ(LSM)阴极乳浆浸渍涂覆在烧结后的YSZ/NiO-YSZ双层中空纤维膜外, 经1200℃烧结后形成微管式固体氧化物燃料电池。结果表明, 当阳极铸膜液以10?mL/min速率挤出, 而电解质铸膜液挤出速率为0.5、1、1.5、2 mL/min时, 构造的YSZ/Ni-YSZ双层中空纤维膜电解质层厚度分别为6、13、18、28 μm, 其机械强度、气密性均随着电解质层厚度增加而增大, 但电导率与孔隙率受电解质层厚度的影响较小。YSZ膜厚度为28 μm的MT-SOFC, 800℃时以20 mL/min氢气作为燃料, 30 mL/min空气作为氧化剂, 最大开路电压为1.01 V, 最大输出功率只有75 mW/cm²。但同样测试条件下, YSZ膜厚度为6 μm的MT-SOFC, 开路电压为0.92 V, 最大输出功率升至329 mW/cm²。     

炭化过程中中空酚醛纤维结构性能的变化

以不同中空度和不同直径的中空酚醛纤维为原料,在N2保护下升温处理到不同温度,考察经不同温度处理后中空纤维的质量、直径、截面形貌和力学性能的变化;经过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和纤维电子强力仪的观察测量,结果表明:随着热处理温度的提高,中空酚醛纤维分解缩聚反应加剧,质量和直径逐渐减小,截面形貌基本不变,力学性能也发生相应...     

第一外凝胶剂对PVDF-PFSA中空纤维共混膜结构的影响

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)与全氟磺酸(PFSA)为共混材料,采用双外凝胶剂法制备了PVDF-PFSA中空纤维共混膜,考察了第一外凝胶剂中乙醇浓度及长度对膜结构的影响。实验结果表明,乙醇的质量分数从30%增加到90%,膜断面指状孔与海绵状结构中网络状部分逐渐减少,外皮层逐渐消失,纯水通量明显上升,牛血清截留率下降;乙醇水溶液质量分数为70%时,膜断面均为海绵状结构,牛血清截留率低,在8.0%左右基本保持不变;随第一外凝胶剂长度增加(5cm～25cm),纯水通量增加,断面海绵状结构中网络状部分逐渐减少,呈现趋于圆整的颗粒状结构。     

Effect of polypropylene fibers on shrinkage and cracking of concretes

The effects of admixed polypropylene (PP) fibers on the drying shrinkage of hardened concrete are presented in this paper. Concrete mixtures made with Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and OPC/Slag blended cements containing various volume fractions of PP fiber were tested. The results show small but consistently higher drying shrinkages in concretes incorporating PP fibers than that without fiber. The effect is more pronounced in slag concretes and in concretes cured for only 1 day. An attempt to explain this phenomenon was made by water loss, nitrogen adsorption, sorptivity and scanning electron microscopy tests on the same concretes. Additional moisture loss and porosity are proposed as possible reasons. The results of early-age restrained shrinkage tests on slag concretes show that PP fiber concrete had higher cracking tendency than the concrete without fiber. This was found to be due to higher shrinkage and elastic modulus of PP fiber concrete.     

Hollow fiber optics with improved durability for high-peak-power pulses of Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers

To improve the damage threshold of hollow optical waveguides for transmitting Q-switched Nd:YAG laser pulses, we optimize the metallization processes for the inner coating of fibers. For silver-coated hollow fiber as the base, second, and third Nd:YAG lasers, drying silver films at a moderate temperature and with inert gas flow is found to be effective. By using this drying process, the resistance to high-peak-power optical pulse radiation is drastically improved for fibers fabricated with and without the sensitizing process. The maximum peak power transmitted in the fiber is greater than 20 MW. To improve the energy threshold of aluminum-coated hollow fibers for the fourth and fifth harmonics of Nd:YAG lasers, a thin silver film is added between the aluminum film and the glass substrate to increase adhesion of the aluminum coating. By using this primer layer, the power threshold improves to 3 MW for the fourth harmonics of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser light.     

Oxygen permeation through perovskite membranes and the improvement of oxygen flux by surface modification

Abstract

BSCF hollow fiber membranes possessing an asymmetric layered structure were prepared using a modified phase inversion process followed by subsequent sintering at temperatures from 1100 to 1175 ?C. The fibers were characterized by SEM, and tested for air separation at ambient pressure and temperatures between 650 and 950 ?C. Although the prepared hollow fibers resulted in self-supported asymmetric substrate with a very thin densified perovskite layer for mixed conduction, O₂ permeation was controlled by surface O₂ exchange kinetics rather than bulk diffusion. In order to improve O₂ flux, surface modification was carried out by the attachment of Pt particles on the surface of the hollow fiber. The maximum O₂ flux measured for pure perovskite hollow fiber was 0.0268 mol m^?2 s^-1 at 950 ?C whilst O₂ fluxes increased up to 25% after the surface modification using Pt micro-particles.     

PEG/PEI复合膜渗透汽化汽油脱硫研究(Ⅰ)制膜条件影响

以PEI超滤膜为支撑层,PEG为复合层,制备了PEG/PEI渗透汽化RCC汽油脱硫复合膜.通过傅立叶红外光谱仪对PEG/PEI复合膜表面进行了结构分析,考察了交联前后官能团的变化.通过扫描电子显微镜分析了复合膜表面和断面的形态.将制备的复合膜应用于正庚烷和噻吩体系,首先考察了膜的溶胀性和稳定性.研究了不同聚合物PEG浓度、交联剂浓度,交联温度和交联时间对分离性能的影响,从而得到最佳制膜条件.     

Revealing the formation mechanism of granules by drying simulation of slurry droplet

The formation mechanism of granules in spray drying process was investigated by DEM-CIP method simulation coupled with a new binder segregation model. To confirm the validity of proposed binder segregation model, experiment on drying of aqueous slurry containing fine particles and binder was performed. The experimental concentration distribution of binder in a dried powder bed agreed well with the simulated one and this result shows that the proposed segregation model is valid to represent segregation phenomenon in the dried granule. Spherical hollow granules were formed with increasing of binder concentration, and the granules were depressed in higher concentration of binder. When the binder concentration in the surface region of a slurry droplet increased during drying, a crust of granule was formed because particle migration was hindered by high fluid viscosity. For the rigid crust layer, granules were hollow. When the crust layer was formed early in drying and its thickness was thin, granule surface partially collapsed inward, whereas the granule resulted in depression granules.     

TiO_2溶胶改性PVDF中空纤维超滤膜的亲水化研究

通过PVDF铸膜液中添加TiO_2溶胶,采用相转化法制备了PVDF-TiO_2中空纤维共混超滤膜,并经SEM-EDX、亲水性与超滤测试、以及抗污染实验等手段研究了TiO_2溶胶对PVDF中空纤维膜的结构和亲水性能的影响.结果表明:当TiO_2含量为4.5%时,膜的亲水性能较好,抗污染性有明显的改善,在保持截留率基本不变的情况下,纯水通量明显提高,由108L/(m~2·h)提高到244 L/(m~2·h);但过高的TiO_2含量会产生严重的纳米颗粒团聚现象而造成膜的各项性能指标下降.