吗啡自控镇痛泵静脉泵入治疗晚期癌痛的观察及护理

目的：评价吗啡自控镇痛泵静脉泵入治疗晚期癌痛的效果。方法：选取15例晚期顽固性癌痛患者,应用吗啡自控镇痛泵静脉泵入治疗,采用视觉模拟评分法对疼痛缓解程度进行评估。结果：本组患者完全缓解1例,明显缓解2例,中度缓解8例,轻度缓解4例,有效缓解率达100%。结论：晚期顽固性癌痛治疗中应用吗啡自控镇痛泵静脉泵入给药效果满意,且简单易行,提高了癌痛患者的生活质量。     

鞘内吗啡输注系统治疗晚期癌痛的护理与镇痛效果观察

随着肿瘤的发展及机体对阿片类药物的耐受,传统的阿片类药物全身给药不但镇痛效果差,而且不良反应明显。因此,良好的疼痛控制依然是极大多数晚期癌痛患者的主要医疗诉求。本文介绍利用电子镇痛泵经鞘内输注系统注射吗啡用于晚期癌痛患者疼痛治疗中的护理观察与镇痛效果。     

超大剂量吗啡联合氯胺酮经自控镇痛泵治疗晚期癌痛5例临床护理

目的:探讨超大剂量吗啡联合氯胺酮经自控镇痛泵静脉泵入治疗晚期癌痛的效果及护理方法。方法:对5例晚期顽固性癌痛患者应用自控镇痛泵静脉泵入超大剂量吗啡以及氯胺酮治疗,采用数字评估量表法对疼痛缓解程度进行评估。结果:本组完全缓解1例,明显缓解2例,中度缓解2例,有效缓解率达100%。结论:晚期顽固性癌痛治疗中应用吗啡联合氯胺酮经自控镇痛泵静脉泵入给药,操作简便、镇痛作用强、效果满意,既可减轻反复肌内注射的痛苦,又可提高癌痛患者的生活质量。     

舒芬太尼静脉自控镇痛联合加巴喷丁及度洛西丁治疗顽固性癌痛2例并文献复习

正60%～80%的晚期癌症患者会出现癌性疼痛,临床上采用世界卫生组织(WHO)三阶梯镇痛方案可使70%～90%的癌痛患者充分镇痛,但由于顽固性癌痛病因形成机制非常复杂,疗效往往难以令人满意。患者自控镇痛(PCA)技术的发展使镇痛治疗更加个体化、舒适化,已成为临床上最常采用的镇痛方法。现报道2例舒芬太尼静脉自控镇痛联合加巴喷丁及度洛西丁治疗顽固性疼痛的病例,同时进行相关文献资料的     

小剂量氯胺酮辅助吗啡硬膜外/皮下自控镇痛用于顽固性中、重度晚期癌痛治疗的临床研究

目的:观察小剂量氯胺酮辅助吗啡硬膜外或皮下自控镇痛(PCEA/PCSA)用于顽固性中、重度晚期癌痛患者的可行性及止痛效果.方法:选择54例中、重度晚期癌痛患者,均为虽经三阶梯药物治疗方案治疗未能很好地控制疼痛,同时毒副作用较大的患者.按是否可以行硬膜外穿刺置管分成两组,硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)组(n=28例)和皮下自控镇痛(PCSA)组(n=26例).采用硬膜外自控镇痛组,镇痛液为200ml,内含吗啡20mg+氯胺酮100mg.皮下自控镇痛组200ral内含吗啡80mg+氯胺酮400mg.分别在安装止痛泵后24小时、48小时采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评估疼痛程度,统计两组不良反应的发生率.结果:经治疗,两组病例疼痛明显缓解.两组间视觉模拟评分(VAS)各时段无统计学差异(P>0.05).吗啡和氯胺酮用量PCSA组明显多于PCEA组,PCEA组生活总满意度明显高于PCSA组.不良反应:恶心呕吐、便秘、嗜睡、皮肤瘙痒、尿潴留Pc.SA组明显高于PCEA组;呼吸抑制、幻觉发生率两组无差异.结论:本研究结果表明,小剂量氯胺酮辅助吗啡硬膜外或皮下自控镇痛都可以有效治疗中/重度晚期顽固性癌痛.经硬膜外小剂量氯胺酮辅助吗啡自控镇痛具有镇痛作用强、用药量少、副作用小等优点,皮下自控镇痛可作为硬膜外自控镇痛的有效补充.     

持续静脉镇痛联合姑息镇静治疗顽固性癌痛1例

<正>疼痛是肿瘤晚期患者的巨大痛苦之一,部分患者疾病末期不能经口进食,应用常规阿片类药物止痛效果欠佳,或不能耐受副作用(称其患有难治性或顽固性癌痛)。最近我科对1例晚期胃癌患者使用静脉病人自控镇痛(Patient controlled analgesia,PCA)联合姑息性镇静治疗取得较好疗效,现报道如下:     

丁丙诺啡含片治疗晚期癌痛初始剂量的观察

目的:临床评价初始剂量的丁丙诺啡含片对癌痛的镇痛效果及药物的不良反应。方法:各类型晚期癌症中度顽固性疼痛患者160例,随机分为两组,舌下含服丁丙诺啡含片0.2mg(实验组)80例,0.4mg(对照组)80例,连续用药1周,观察疗效及药物不良反应。结果:丁丙诺啡片用于缓解癌症中度疼痛,初始剂量0.2mg,6～8h/次,可使85%的疼痛患者得到中度以上缓解。丁丙诺啡片药物不良反应主要为头晕、恶心、呕吐等。其发生率0.4mg丁丙诺啡组略高于0.2mg丁丙诺啡组。结论:丁丙诺啡含片对晚期癌痛确有明显镇痛效果,药效维持时间长,且使用方便,不良反应轻,患者容易接受。     

经鞘内植入输液港应用吗啡镇痛泵治疗晚期癌痛1例的护理

总结1例经鞘内植入输液港应用吗啡镇痛泵治疗晚期顽固性癌痛患者的护理体会。重点是做好鞘内输液港的护理、吗啡镇痛泵的护理,加强出院指导及出院后吗啡镇痛泵的延续性护理,促进患者癌痛有效控制,提高生活质量。本例患者出院时疼痛控制效果满意,疼痛评分小于3分。连续随访6个月,患者每日镇痛泵追加次数在3次以内,阿片类药物相关并发症较前减轻,未出现严重并发症,患者生活自理能力较前提高。     

小剂量氯胺酮辅助吗啡自控镇痛治疗晚期癌痛的临床研究

目的:观察小剂量氯胺酮辅助吗啡硬膜外、静脉或皮下自控镇痛用于顽固性中、重度晚期癌痛患者的可行性及止痛效果。方法:选择78例中、重度晚期癌痛患者,均为虽经三阶梯药物治疗方案治疗未能很好地控制疼痛,同时毒副作用较大的患者。按是否可以行硬膜外穿刺置管分成三组,硬膜外自控镇痛(patient controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA)组(n=28例)、静脉自控镇痛(patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)组(n=24例)和皮下自控镇痛(patient controlled skinanalgesia,PCSA)组(n=26例)。采用硬膜外自控镇痛组,镇痛液为200 ml,内含吗啡20 mg+氯胺酮100 mg。静脉和皮下自控镇痛组200 ml内含吗啡80 mg+氯胺酮400 mg。分别在安装止痛泵后24小时、48小时采用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)评估疼痛程度,统计两组不良反应的发生率。结果:经治疗,三组病例疼痛明显缓解。三组间视觉模拟评分各时段无统计学差异(P>0.05)。吗啡和氯胺酮用量PCIA组和PCSA组明显多于PCEA组。PCEA组生活总满意度明显高于PCIA组和PCSA组。恶心呕吐、便秘、嗜睡、皮肤瘙痒、尿潴留PCIA组和PCSA组明显高于PCEA组。呼吸抑制、幻觉发生率三组无差异。结论:本研究结果表明,小剂量氯胺酮辅助吗啡硬膜外、静脉或皮下自控镇痛都可以有效治疗中/重度晚期顽固性癌痛。经硬膜外小剂量氯胺酮辅助吗啡自控镇痛具有镇痛作用强、用药量少、副作用小等优点。     

硬膜外阻滞配合双针法腹腔神经丛阻滞治疗癌性腹痛

目的:探讨硬膜外阻滞配合双针法腹腔神经丛阻滞(NCPB)治疗对癌性腹痛的镇痛效果.方法:选择2008年5月至2009年9月确诊为晚期癌痛患者21例.男9例,女12例;年龄35～78岁,疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)均>8分.所有患者入CT室前选择T8～T9或T9～T10间隙行硬膜外麻醉穿刺,入CT室后硬膜外麻醉下行NCPB,治疗结束后连接预先配置的硬膜外镇痛泵行硬膜外镇痛.观察记录NCPB前后不同8个时点患者的VAS疼痛评分及术后3 d内的各项生命体征监测,并作相应处理.结果:术后随访3个月.21例患者顽固性疼痛都得到不同程度的缓解;第4天关闭硬膜外镇痛泵,4例患者疼痛症状加重,然后继续使用镇痛泵1周;6例患者7 d后VAS疼痛评分为2级,经口服曲马多100 mg,每12 h 1次,治疗后,疼痛评分为0～2分,1例患者仍需口服美施康定30 mg,q12h缓解疼痛;3个月内有5例有效镇痛至患者去世.结论:硬膜外麻醉配合NCPB术可明显降低晚期癌痛患者的VAS,提高镇痛效果,是一种安全有效,能显著提高患者生存质量的治疗措施.     

MEK in cancer and cancer therapy

The mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) pathway is one of the best-characterized kinase cascades in cancer cell biology. It is triggered by either growth factors or activating mutations of major oncogenic proteins in this pathway, the most common being Ras and Raf. Deregulation of this pathway is frequently observed and plays a central role in the carcinogenesis and maintenance of several cancers, including melanoma, pancreatic, lung, colorectal, and breast cancers. Targeting these kinases offers promise of novel therapies. MEK inhibitors (MEKi) are currently under evaluation in clinical trials and many have shown activity. In this review, we comprehensively examine the role of the MEK pathway in carcinogenesis and its therapeutic potential in cancer patients, with a focus on MEKi. We describe the clinical perspectives of MEKi in the two main models of Ras–ERK driven tumors, BRAF-mutant (“addicted” to the pathway) and KRAS-mutant (non-“addicted”). We also highlight the known mechanisms of resistance to MEKi and emerging strategies to overcome it.     

肺癌干细胞与肺癌的发生

背景：肺癌具有高度异质性,能够抵抗化疗药物治疗,5年生存率小于15%,目前难以确定肺癌的异质性和耐药性的发病基础。肿瘤干细胞模型近年来吸引了相当多的关注,通过这种模型可以解释各种肿瘤的异质性、耐药性、休眠、复发和转移的机制。目的：通过综述各类肺癌的组织学类型和肿瘤生长部位的特征,概括肺癌干细胞与各种肺癌发生的关系,从而为消灭肺癌干细胞攻克肺癌提供理论依据。方法：以英文检索词为“lung cancer,cancer stem cel ,lung cancer stem cel ,lung cancer occur,tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance,gene mutation,signal pathways”由第一作者检索1990至2014年Sciencedirect/PubMed 数据库,查阅近年肺癌干细胞对肺癌发生的影响的相关文献,最终保留48篇文献。结果与结论：肿瘤干细胞模型近年来吸引了相当多的关注,通过这种模型可以解释各种肿瘤的异质性、耐药性、休眠、复发和转移。肺癌干细胞被认为是一类异质的细胞群,多种信号通路可以有针对性的有效的消除他们,从而有助于增强治疗效果。目前多学科通力合作,正在进行肺癌干细胞表征和靶定,这将给肺癌治疗领域带来显著的治疗受益。     

Neuromuscular complications of cancer and cancer treatments

Death rates related to cancer have steadily decreased over the past few decades, and as a result, the number of survivors has exponentially increased. Increasingly, more and more secondary complications caused by cancer and its treatments are being recognized. Neuromuscular complications related to the underlying cancer itself, or caused by associated treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, are common but are likely underreported. While neurologic involvement can occur in both the central and peripheral nervous systems at any level, this article focuses on the effects of cancer on the peripheral nervous system.     

癌症患者的疼痛管理与人文关怀

大多数癌症患者都遭遇不同程度的疼痛,癌痛管理已成为癌症护理的重要部分。疼痛的正确、持续评估及妥当的干预对于提高患者的生活质量至关重要,同时在疼痛管理中,应突出以患者为中心的思想,体现人文关怀。     

Bladder cancer after pelvic irradiation for cervical cancer

Pelvic irradiation for gynecologic malignancy is associated with several late neoplastic and nonneoplastic complications in the irradiated field; however, this association has been infrequently recognized in primary care literature. We present two cases of bladder cancer that developed 16 and 19 years, respectively, after pelvic irradiation for cervical cancer. The frequent occurrence in older women of cystitis, hematuria, and nonspecific bowel and bladder symptoms of a benign origin obscures identification of late neoplastic complications after pelvic irradiation. Based on experimental and epidemiologic evidence, we believe cost-effective screening methods should be investigated to allow earlier detection of neoplasms; and, in the interim, a high index of suspicion for bladder cancer is warranted in this growing population of high-risk patients.     

Colorectal cancer

Cancers of the colon and rectum will affect 1 in 17 North Americans during their lifetime. The progress witnessed in the treatment of these cancers in recent years has been remarkable. Improvements have been realized in surgical technique, radiation therapy, and systemic therapies, particularly with the addition of oxaliplatin and irinotecan to the previously limited armamentarium of fluorouracil alone. Targeted therapies directed at the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway and the epidermal growth factor pathway are now key players in the treatment of colorectal cancer. With current-day therapies, more than 75% of patients with localized disease are recurrence free at 3 years, and up to 50% of patients with advanced unresectable disease are alive at 2 years. This review focuses on the evidence supporting the current role of chemotherapy and radiation therapy in the adjuvant management of colorectal cancers and the strategy of combining chemotherapy and biological therapy in the treatment of metastatic disease.