海河流域河流生态基流量整合计算

以海河流域为对象 ,对河流生态基流量整合计算模型进行了实例研究 ,提出了海河流域生态基流量的整合计算的基本原则 ,即 :分阶段恢复原则、恢复模式原则、等级制原则和时空优化配置原则 .海河流域生态环境恢复对象包括 2 4条河段和 12块湿地 .根据河流生态基流量整合计算模型 ,计算得到海河流域的河流生态基流量 :高方案为 2 12 5 2× 10 8m3·a- 1 ,中方案为 13 1 79× 10 8m3·a- 1 ,低方案为 69 3 2× 10 8m3·a- 1 .并计算 3年内不同月份的生态基流量 .在高中低方案中 ,生态基流量的最大值均在 8月份 ,最小值均在 2月份 ,按照从大至小的顺序依次为 :8月份、7月份、9月份、6月份、10月份、5月份、11月份、4月份、3月份、12月份、1月份、2月份 .建议管理部门首先保证低方案的生态基流量 ,充分关注枯水年份和枯水季节的生态基流量 ,加强监测和管理生态敏感性强的河段、湿地和河口     

梯级水电开发中最小生态流量的研究——以宝兴河为例

河流梯级水电开发对河道生态环境造成一定影响,为保证河道基本生态环境用水需要,须保证河道最小下泄流量。在宝兴河流域河段上的硗碛电站、宝兴电站、小关子电站、铜头电站布置14个代表断面,利用MIKE软件进行断面形状绘制及相关水力生境参数计算,建立河道断面湿周与流量关系曲线,估算推荐最小生态流量。并通过Tennant法、生态水力学法和湿周法三种方法的分析对比,结果表明:1宝兴河梯级电站引水式开发对生态流量的影响,表现为枯水期入库流量增加,丰水期入库流量减少,平水期则相差不大;2硗碛、宝兴、小关子、铜头电站分别下泄2.39m~3/s、3.89m~3/s、8.91m~3/s和9.86m~3/s生态流量,可保证下游生态系统的稳定。     

九龙江流域生态环境需水量计算

九龙江流域降雨量和径流量在流域空间和年内分配上明显不均,使枯水季节生态环境用水量在局部河段无法得到满足,导致局部河段水体出现富营养化。根据研究需要,将流域分为12个计算区域。将生态环境需水量分为湿地生态环境需水量和旱地环境生态需水量进行计算,分别为60.431×108m3和84.622×108m3,流域生态环境需水总量合计145.053×108m3。流域多年平均降水量为235.856×108m3,盈余量为90.803×108m3,总体可以满足流域经济社会发展和维护生态系统平衡的需要。但是,生态环境用水量保证程度不但与天然径流量有直接关系,也在很大程度上受人为因素的影响。     

基于鱼类保护目标的太子河环境流量研究

环境流量是流域水资源合理配置的基础.因此,本文借鉴FLOWS法,以太子河重要鱼类为保护目标,构建了流量组分与鱼类生态需求关系模型.同时,结合栖息地指标与流量关系曲线,计算了包含基流、脉冲流、平滩流和漫滩流4种组分在内的太子河环境流量.结果表明：太子河本溪、辽阳、唐马寨河段鱼类保护年基流量分别为2.93×108、3.12×108、2.88×108m3;现状径流总体可以满足年基流量的要求,但水文过程需要通过水库调度以匹配鱼类生态过程.推荐的各河段脉冲流、平滩流和漫滩流的量级、频率、历时、出现时间等水文参数,可以体现环境流量组分与自然径流过程的一致性要求.该研究可为太子河流域水库生态调度提供理论依据.     

基于IGAWDU的滦河中游河道生态基流量研究

提出能计算平均年和典型年生态基流量的基于CAWDU（建设项目水资源论证导则）的代表年法（简称IGAWDU法）,建立了相应的公式,应用于滦河中游典型河段。通过天然径流量趋势分析,确定自然与人为干扰的转折点,选取用于生态基流量计算的数据。采用双因素方差分析法比较逆月最小生态径流法（M—MMER法）和IGAWDU法与Tennant法的差异度。结果表明：（1）基于IGAWDU法的多年平均生态基流量为1．412亿m^3,丰、平、枯水年的年生态基流量分别为2．977亿m^3,1．736亿m^3,0．834亿m^3,占年均天然径流量32．4％,18．9％,9．1％,丰、平水年可满足维持生态系统所需基本水量;（2）M—MMER法与Tennant法的差异性较大。基于GAWDU的平均年法与Tennant法差异性不显著;（3）基于IGAWDU法的生态基流量略高于Tennant法,更利于河道生态系统健康发展,适于滦河流域生态基流量的估算。     

辽河保护区坑塘湿地恢复研究

辽河保护区在清河口—马虎山段100多km河道上的沙坑为建设坑塘湿地提供了基本条件,阐述了辽河保护区坑塘湿地恢复方法、水系连通技术、生态系统恢复技术及建设工程设计方案。在铁岭段、沙宝台段和石佛寺段建设30个坑塘湿地,通过修建宽2~3 m的连通渠实现坑与坑及坑与河道之间的水系流动,可形成三大坑塘湿地群。通过湿地下垫面整治、植被恢复、生境恢复及水文调控与管理恢复坑塘湿地生态系统,通过河流湿地水网建设和水生植物群落重建工程进行坑塘湿地建设,能够实现对干流悬浮物、COD Cr和氨氮的有效去除,增加蓄水量909万m3,有效改善辽河流域生态环境。     

基于生态保护目标的太子河下游河道生态需水量计算

河流生态需水量计算是进行生态水权分配的一项基础性工作,是生态环境保护和水资源配置的依据.随着社会经济的发展,流域水资源短缺和生态环境问题日益突出.针对太子河下游河段水资源开发利用现状及存在的生态环境问题,在确定生态保护目标的基础上,采用月保证率法和生态水力学法计算下游河道不同等级生态需水量,既可以从各月角度反映河道生态需水是一个与自然径流相适应的过程,又注重水生生物的关键期和生境需求.通过Tennant法验证月保证率法和生态水力学法计算结果可靠,最终确定太子河下游河道最小、适宜和理想等级年生态需水量分别为:5.31×108m3、8.52×108m3和12.17×108m3,而且现状流量可以满足最小生态需水量的要求.     

黄河流域典型湿地生态环境需水量研究

运用科克兰(Cocnran)Q检验法,将黄河流域湿地分为河道湿地型、河滨湿地型、河口型3类.基于生态水文学方法,计算了黄河流域典型湿地生态环境需水量,提出了“湿地生态环境需水量计算时应主要关注湿地消耗水量”的观点,并进一步将黄河流域湿地生态环境需水量分为最小、适宜和理想3个等级.计算结果表明,黄河流域湿地最小、适宜、理想生态环境需水量分别为2 0 .3×10 8m3、3 7.6×10 8m3和5 4.9×10 8m3;黄河流域典型湿地与河道重复量为1.9×10 8m3.研究结果显示,要维持湿地基本的生态环境功能,需每年最小向湿地分配水量2 0 .3×10 8m3.为使黄河流域湿地恢复到理想状态的需水量为5 4.9×10 8m3.     

黄河流域生态系统特征及下游生态修复实践

根据黄河流域地势、地貌和气候、水文、植被等特点,将流域划分为3个生态区和10个生态亚区,在分析各生态分区特点的基础上,初步识别了黄河流域主要生态环境问题。针对黄河下游存在的频繁断流、水环境恶化、河槽淤积萎缩以及河口三角洲湿地面积萎缩等诸多生态问题,分析了黄河水量调度、调水调沙对黄河下游河道生态修复的作用,介绍了河口生态修复工程实践,并提出了黄河河流生态系统修复的方向与目标。     

水电站项目生态用水工程措施设计

电站引水发电以及堤坝式电站调峰运行将使坝下河段减(脱)水,调水、引水和供水等河道以外用水水利工程也将造成下游河道减(脱)水,水文将对水生生态、生产和生活用水、河道景观等产生一系列的不利影响.为维护河流的基本生态需求,水利水电工程必须下泻一定的生态流量,将其纳入工程水资源配置统筹考虑,使河流水电动能经济规模和水资源配备向"绿色"方向发展.本文以火溪河阴坪水电站为例,简述水电工程下泄生态流量确定的主要方法和下泄生态流量的工程措施设计.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.