利用LNG冷能的轻烃分离高压流程

利用LNG冷能能以较低的能耗分离回收其中高附加值的C₂⁺轻烃资源,同时实现LNG气化,是LNG冷能利用的有效方式。本文提出一种新型的利用LNG冷能的轻烃分离流程,脱甲烷塔在较高的压力下运行,从而分离出的富甲烷天然气能以较低能耗压缩到管输压力;脱乙烷塔在常压下运行,可以直接得到常压液态乙烷及LPG产品,方便产品的储运。脱甲烷塔中再沸器的热耗由燃气提供,经计算只需消耗1%左右的天然气;脱乙烷塔中冷凝器所需的冷量由LNG提供。该流程轻烃回收率可达90%以上,其中乙烷回收率可达85%左右。以某气源组分为基础,考察了乙烷含量和乙烷价格变化对装置经济性的影响,结果表明,使用该流程进行轻烃回收效益可观。     

一种新的利用LNG冷能的回收油田伴生气凝液的工艺

A novel process to recovery natural gas liquids from oil field associated gas with liquefied natural gas (LNG)cryogenic energy utilization is proposed.Compared to the current electric refrigeration process,the proposed process uses the cryogenic energy of LNG and saves 62.6%of electricity.The proposed process recovers ethane, liquid petroleum gas(propane and butane)and heavier hydrocarbons,with total recovery rate of natural gas liquids up to 96.8%.In this paper,exergy analysis and the energy utilization diagram method(EUD)are used to assess the new process and identify the key operation units with large exergy loss.The results show that exergy efficiency of the new process is 44.3%.Compared to the electric refrigeration process,exergy efficiency of the new process is improved by 16%.The proposed process has been applied and implemented in a conceptual design scheme of the cryogenic energy utilization for a 300 million tons/yr LNG receiving terminal in a northern Chinese harbor.     

Determination of the optimal operating conditions of the dual mixed refrigerant cycle for the LNG FPSO topside liquefaction process

With the increased demand for natural gas, there has been an increase in the research on and development of liquefied-natural-gas floating, production, storage, and offloading unit (LNG FPSO) technologies for LNG service in place of onshore LNG plants. The dual mixed refrigerant (DMR) cycle, which precools natural gas with the mixed refrigerants of ethane, propane, butane, and methane and then liquefies the natural gas with another set of mixed refrigerants (nitrogen, methane, ethane, and propane), is well known for having the highest efficiency among the liquefaction cycles, and is being examined for possible application to LNG FPSO. In this study, the optimal operating conditions for the DMR cycle are determined by considering the power efficiency. For this, a mathematical model of the DMR cycle was formulated in this study by referring to the results of a past study that formulated a mathematical model of the single mixed refrigerant (SMR) cycle. Finally, the optimal operating conditions from the formulated mathematical model were obtained using a hybrid optimization method that consists of the genetic algorithm (GA) and sequential quadratic programming (SQP). As a result, the required power at the determined optimal operating conditions was decreased by 34.5% compared with the patent (Roberts & Agrawal, 2001), and by 1.2% compared with the corresponding value from the past relevant study (Venkatarathnam, 2008).     

利用液化天然气冷能的朗肯循环与联合法发电系统流程的工艺模拟与对比分析

液化天然气(LNG)在再气化过程中具有巨大的冷能利用价值。目前回收LNG冷能的诸多方法中LNG冷能发电是最有可能大规模利用的方式,同时也是技术较为成熟的方法。在保证天然气入网压力及膨胀机最大承压的条件下,通过HYSYS流程模拟软件对以丙烷为工质的朗肯循环、天然气直接膨胀与朗肯循环相结合的联合循环进行流程模拟,并根据模拟得到的过程参数和输出功进行对比分析,总结了两种循环的特点和发电收益。如果以年蒸发量为150万吨、年工作小时为8000 h的LNG接收站作为分析的基础,并以工业用电价格0.55元·(kW·h)^-1计算,联合法的年发电收益将比朗肯循环法多487万元,以此可以作为两种循环流程经济性分析的基础,为流程全面的经济性分析提供可靠的依据。     

船用绕管式LNG气化器方案对比

针对用在LNG动力船上的供气系统,在给定的低压供气条件下,分别以丙烷和50%浓度的乙二醇水溶液作为中间换热介质,整理适合绕管式换热器的螺旋管传热关联式和壳程传热关联式,使用MATLAB编程计算绕管式LNG气化器的换热面积和换热管长,结合工程实践,讨论使用两级换热器时管长和换热面积的分配情况。HYSYS模拟结果表明,当管内LNG的流动换热状态一样时,所需水乙二醇的质量流量是丙烷的10倍。丙烷发生相变,气态丙烷在绕管式换热器管外的流速变化很大,在出口达到1.7 m/s,换热器所需承压能力较高,水乙二醇在壳程流速仅0.2 m/s左右。分为两级换热器时,气化级换热器的换热面积和换热管长小于加热级的12.7%,当选择两级尺寸相同时,会浪费至少80%的换热面积。     

LNG接收站及其工艺发展现状

液化天然气(LNG)作为一种清洁能源在国际能源贸易中占有重要地位,而接收站是LNG的重要基础设施,对于促进LNG贸易具有关键作用。总结国内外LNG接收站发展及现状,比较LNG接收站的两种主要处理工艺及流程,分析现有LNG接收站工艺中能耗偏高、操作困难等问题及相关优化方案,并对我国LNG接收站技术研究中需要关注的几个方面提出建议。     

LNG输送管道耦合传热的数值模拟

对LNG输送管道与其周围环境之间的耦合传热过程进行分析,包括管道与保温层之间的导热以及保温层与周围环境之间的对流传热和辐射,并对LNG输送管道的冷量损失进行了较为完整的分析和计算。用数值仿真对管道周围的流场和温度场进行模拟和分析,比较了不同厚度的保温材料、Reynolds数、环境温度以及阳光辐射等对冷量损失的影响。结果表明保温材料特性对LNG输送管道的冷量损失影响较为敏感。随着保温材料热阻的增加,Reynolds数、环境温度以及阳光辐射对冷量的损失的影响逐渐减小。     

LNG垂直喷射源连续泄漏扩散的模拟

对液化天然气(LNG)扩散的物理过程进行了理论分析。针对垂直喷射源连续泄漏扩散特点,将液化天然气扩散过程分为重气扩散与被动扩散两个阶段。结合烟羽抬升计算,在两个阶段分别采用SLAB稳态烟羽模型与高斯烟羽模型,建立了液化天然气扩散过程数学模型。研究了垂直喷射源泄漏形式和不同环境条件下的扩散情形。对液化天然气泄漏后混合云团扩散形成的浓度场、温度场和其他特征参数进行了模拟。得到重气扩散阶段随下风向距离增大,扩散云团高度、宽度、温度、密度、云团中液化天然气蒸气含量、水含量的变化规律,被动扩散阶段云团中液化天然气质量分数的变化情况。可以为事故危害范围的测定、事故后人员的疏通和补救工作的指导提供帮助。     

液化天然气接收站蒸发气体再冷凝工艺的优化

针对液化天然气（LNG）接收站的蒸发气体（BOG）再冷凝工艺系统能耗偏高的问题,对现有BOG再冷凝系统进行了工艺流程优化。通过对BOG压缩机入口温度、BOG压比及物料比等影响BOG再冷凝工艺能耗的主要运行参数的分析,提出了利用高压LNG预冷增压后的BOG,降低BOG压缩机压比的工艺流程。优化后的BOG再冷凝工艺较原工艺可节约BOG压缩机能量消耗32. 5％,且优化后的流程改善了LNG下游管网输气峰、谷负荷波动时的操作弹性,有较好的调峰功能。     

利用LNG冷能的有机朗肯循环系统的工质研究和变工况性能分析

以LNG冷能和废热源驱动的有机朗肯循环可以提高系统的能源利用率。通过流程模拟软件HYSYS对使用不同工质的朗肯循环系统进行了模拟分析,结果表明,丙烷是用于低温朗肯循环最合适的工质。循环工质的蒸发温度高低对系统的净输出功及效率影响较为明显,废热烟气的流量或温度的提升有助于改善系统的性能。选定一个合适的冷凝温度,既能保证系统单位质量LNG所能输出的净功在一个合理的范围内,又可以改善系统效率。     

高含乙烷天然气氮膨胀液化分离流程

在液化页岩气的同时分离制取液化乙烷是一种经济合理的选择。采用HYSYS软件进行流程模拟研究,在传统氮膨胀液化流程的基础上设计了一种高含乙烷天然气的液化分离流程,并根据天然气中的乙烷含量,取10%、20%、30%、40%共4种含量,分析比较了不同液化压力下流程的比功耗。为降低流程的能耗,在满足LNG产品中C₂H₆含量小于1%、液化乙烷纯度达到99.5%的情况下进一步研究了制冷剂流量、氮气膨胀机出口压力、节流温度的影响,在此基础上结合HYSYS软件中的优化器进一步对流程进行了优化。结果表明,对应10%、20%、30%、40%的乙烷含量,比功耗分别降低7.24%、6.13%、5.8%、7.07%。     

Catalytic conversion of natural gas with added ethane and LPG over Zn-ZSM-11

The higher hydrocarbons (C2+) from natural gas (NG), such as ethane (C2), propane (C3) and butane (C4) reached excellent levels of conversion over Zn-ZSM-11 at temperatures between 550–640°C and 1 atm total pressure, but the methane (C1) present in NG could not be converted. The C1 transformation by activation with co-reactants such as C2 and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), over Zn-ZSM-11 was studied. The addition of amounts of C2 to a feed of commercial NG allowed to activate the C1 reaching excellent values of conversion and yield to aromatic hydrocarbons (AH). The high Lewis/Bronsted sites ratio of Zn-ZSM-11 catalyst determined by pyridine desorption at different temperatures followed by FT-IR spectroscopy, allowed us to suggest that electron-donor–acceptor complex, formed between C2+ species and unoccupied molecular orbital of the zinc species present in the catalyst, favored the interaction of C2+ through carbenium intermediate to activate methane.     

DYNAMIC SIMULATION FOR IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF BOIL-OFF GAS RECONDENSATION SYSTEM AT LNG RECEIVING TERMINALS

The boil-off gas (BOG) recondensation system is one of the most important facilities at liquefied natural gas (LNG) storing and receiving terminals, whose failure may cause BOG loss and/or severe accidents. Operation of a BOG recondensation system requires sufficient care under various situations, especially when LNG load and BOG load fluctuate. This study improves the control algorithm for a BOG recondensation system at an LNG receiving terminal and employs dynamic simulations to examine its operation reliability and energy minimization. Key system parameters, such as recondenser pressure, liquid level, and high-pressure pump suction pressure are tracked during simulation. On the basis of process dynamic simulation by use of DYNSIM and analysis of tracked key system parameters, the developed control algorithm is verified as reliable and is expected to be applied to other LNG terminals.     

利用LNG冷能的海水淡化流程比较

冷冻法海水淡化方法的制冷系统耗电量大,因而应用得并不广泛。另一方面,液化天然气(LNG)在其汽化过程中会释放出大量冷能。因此,将LNG蒸发和海水冻结两个过程结合起来可以在汽化LNG的过程中同时制取淡水。本文比较了两种冷冻法海水淡化的方案,即二次冷媒/海水直接接触法和二次冷媒/海水间接接触法。鉴于其简单和便于应用,选择间接接触法开展进一步研究。按照冷媒的不同工作状态提出了两种流程。在无相变流程中,二次冷媒在整个循环中保持在过冷液体状态。而在相变流程中,二次冷媒在冷冻海水时蒸发,并在汽化LNG时冷凝。在不同制冷温度下对两个流程的性能进行了分析。研究表明,相变流程制冷剂流量和功耗均较小。同时,研究结果说明利用LNG冷能进行海水淡化是可行的。     

Predicting Separation of Lower Hydrocarbon from Natural Gas by a Nano‐Porous Membrane using Capillary Condensation

In the present work, the potential of a nano‐porous membrane for predicting the separation of lower hydrocarbons from natural gas by capillary condensation was explored. While a gas permeates through a capillary at a suitable pressure, the adsorbed layer may attain a thickness enough to fill the entire membrane pore. Poiseuille flow of the condensed phase follows. Our computed results have established that for a passage through a nano‐porous membrane, gas having lower condensation pressure condenses in the pores at a pressure which is about an order of magnitude lower than its vapor pressure at the concerned temperature. In the case of propane/methane and butane/methane binary mixtures, propane and butane are preferentially condensed and permeation rates up to 700 g mol/m² s bar for propane and 600 g mol/m² s bar for butane have been achieved at a temperature lower than the critical temperature of the permeating species and higher than the critical temperature of the non‐permeating species. Since methane has a much lower critical temperature than both propane and butane, it gets physically dissolved in the condensed phase of propane, butane in the case of propane/methane and butane/methane binary mixtures, respectively. An equation of state (EOS) approach has been adopted to calculate the fugacity of methane in the gas, as well as in the condensed phase, in order to estimate its solubility. The Peng‐Robinson equation of state was used. Computation of the separation factor for methane/propane and methane/butane was performed over a wide range of temperature, pressure, and gas composition. The separation factor which is expectedly a function of these variables ranged from 0.3–75 for methane/propane and 0.7–140 for methane/butane binary mixtures. It has been established that an acceptable degree of separation is achievable at moderate pressure and at low temperature for the removal of propane and butane from natural gas. The results have the potential to be used for further refinement and optimization of the process conditions so that this strategy can be exploited for large‐scale removal of lower hydrocarbon from natural gas at a low cost.     

几种典型的煤层气液化流程计算及分析比较

针对3种典型的煤层气液化流程方案,采用Visual Fortran和物性程序,并结合流程分析软件Aspen Plus对状态点参数进行优化,计算得到流程各状态点状态参数等数据,进而对3种循环的损失、能耗进行了比较和分析。结果显示,丙烷预冷的N2-CH4单级膨胀液化循环方案的损失和能耗2项指标比N2-CH4串联双级膨胀液化循环和N2-CH4并联双级膨胀液化循环方案小。得到了天然气液化流程计算和优化的有效方法和途径,对实际工程有积极的指导意义和预测作用。     

移动式LNG加注技术

基于移动式LNG加注技术的装置,除能够完成常规的LNG加注站职能外,还能够为瓶组用户提供“液相充装”,及向管网供应气相天然气用于应急供气或调峰,随时随地提供“贴身”是其特色。本文介绍了移动式LNG加注装置的工艺流程、基本工作原理、设备选型及操作要领,提出了完整的技术解决方案和有益效果。     

LNG接收站增压-冷凝系统优化分析

增压-冷凝系统是LNG接收站的控制核心。介绍了增压-冷凝系统工艺流程,结合某LNG接收站运行过程中高压输送泵入口过滤器阻塞的情况分析了高压输送泵入口压力与过滤器压差间的变化规律以及在此情况下泵井放空管线配管对再冷凝器平稳运行的影响,对存在的问题提出了优化方案,从而保证增压-冷凝系统稳定运行。     

Flexible and cost-effective optimization of BOG (boil-off gas) recondensation process at LNG receiving terminals

In view of high energy consumption and poor flexibility in boil-off gas (BOG) recondensation operation at liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals, a flexible and cost-effective optimization including the control system and flow process has been proposed. The optimized control system maintains BOG recondenser pressure via the condensing LNG flow and recondenser liquid level via bypass LNG flow. A BOG recondensation process with pre-cooling operation utilizes high-pressure pump LNG to pre-cool compressed BOG before it is directed into recondenser. The engineering application in a case of 6.69 tons/hour (t/h) BOG and LNG output fluctuating between 49 t/h and 562 t/h shows, after the flexible and cost-effective optimization, that process energy decreases 91.2 kW, more 1.28 t/h BOG is recovered when LNG output load reaches the valley, and the operation stability is well improved.     

甲烷二元体系的固液相平衡预测

超导能源管道是以液化天然气（LNG）冷却超导电缆,实现两种能源同时输送的前瞻性能源输送技术。超导能源管道的经济运行温度一般在77~100 K,而在此温区LNG有凝固风险,因此必须研究LNG主要成分的固液相平衡特性。为此,针对甲烷+乙烯、甲烷+乙烷、甲烷+丙烷、甲烷+正丁烷、甲烷+正戊烷5种二元混合物,借助以PR-vdW为代表的状态方程法,以NRTL、WILSON、UNIQUAC等模型为代表的活度系数法,基于所研究体系的二元汽液相平衡数据,回归二元相互作用参数,预测其二元固液相平衡,预测结果与文献数据进行了比较。结果表明,PR-vdW方程对5种甲烷二元体系的固液平衡预测结果最好。进而研究了PR-vdW方程中二元相互作用参数对甲烷二元体系汽液平衡及固液平衡计算结果的影响,分析了模型对温度的依赖关系。