Interdelta PCR指纹图谱法区分鉴定沙城产区酿酒酵母

运用Interdelta PCR 指纹图谱分析技术,对从沙城产区龙眼葡萄相关的葡萄园土壤、酿酒设备和自然发酵过程中分离得到的54 株酿酒酵母(Saccharomyce cerevisiae)进行亚种水平的区分鉴定,研究不同酿酒酵母的分布和变化规律。结果表明：54 株酿酒酵母产生7 种指纹图谱,代表7 种不同的基因类型,基因型Ⅰ～Ⅶ分别占所分离菌株的31.5%、11.1%、7.4%、42.6%、3.7%、1.85% 和1.85%。自然发酵中后期有4 种基因类型的酵母菌,酿酒设备表面3 种,葡萄园土壤中2 种。通过聚类分析软件处理所得数据作出树形图,可直观地看出亚种第Ⅰ和第Ⅳ的亲缘关系最近,而第Ⅶ与其他亚种的亲缘关系最远。     

葡萄自然发酵过程中酵母菌的研究

目的:筛选性状优良的野生酿酒酵母,对葡萄自然发酵过程中的酵母菌进行分离鉴定,探讨葡萄自然发酵期间酵母菌群的变化.方法:利用WL培养基,对分离自吉林松源的"双红"、"双优"、"赤霞珠"和"黑塞比尔"4个葡萄品种自然发酵液的245株酵母进行初步鉴定,并对其中的120株进行分子鉴定.结果:利用WL培养基可将245株酵母分为6个营养类型.结合酵母菌菌株5.8S-ITS区域的RFLP分析,4个葡萄品种的自然发酵液中共有5种酵母,分别是葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora uvarum)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)、粘红酵(Rhodutorula glutinis)、陆生伊萨酵母(Issatchenkia terricola)和假丝酵母属的Candida sorbosa.结论:自然发酵过程中酵母菌群的比例是不断变化的,"双优"品种的自然发酵液中可能存在性状优良的野生酿酒酵母.     

新疆慕萨莱思自然发酵过程中酵母菌表型多样性及优势菌分析

目的：研究新疆慕萨莱思自然发酵过程中酵母菌种群表型多样性与其优势菌,探讨慕萨莱思传统工艺对其主要菌群结构的影响。方法：来自于新疆阿瓦提一古作坊的慕萨莱思酿制原料、原料处理液及发酵液(自然发酵过程中)共19份样品被用于酵母菌分离,分离株利用WL培养基培养归类,筛选代表株,对代表株进行形态观察、生理生化特征检测与类平均连算法聚类分析,探讨新疆慕萨莱思自然发酵过程中酵母菌表型多样性及优势菌群。结果：分离得到217株酵母菌,13种WL培养类型,8个表观群。13株代表菌株经初步鉴定为7个属,疑似为13个种,表明慕萨莱思酵母菌具有丰富的多样性。Hanseniaspora spp.为葡萄果皮、果汁及皮渣中的优势菌,S.cerevisiae为慕萨莱思自然发酵过程中起发者及唯一一种优势菌,非酿酒酵母偶尔在发酵液中发现。结论：慕萨莱思酿制过程中,葡萄原料原有的酵母菌经熬煮工序几乎被全部杀死,自然发酵中唯一优势菌S.cerevisiae可能来自酿制场所和设备,并具有较高适应能力。     

枸杞果酒用非酿酒酵母的分离筛选及香气成分分析

研究显示非酿酒酵母在果酒发酵前期可产生更多的香气成分,有助于果酒风味的提高。为获得适合枸杞果酒发酵的非酿酒酵母,从枸杞果园土壤、枸杞鲜果及枸杞果自然发酵液中分离出酵母82株。经香气初步筛选及耐受性研究,确定3株酵母各方面性能良好。经26S rDNA序列分析,确定GF-60和GF-80为葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora uvarum),GB-1为戴尔有孢圆酵母(Torulaspora delbrueckii)。将GF-60与商用酿酒酵母以3∶1比例进行混合发酵枸杞果酒,经GC-MS测定分析,结果显示与酿酒酵母单独发酵相比,混种发酵含有更多种类的香气成分。     

黑比诺葡萄接种发酵过程酵母菌的变化监控

采用WL营养琼脂培养基和Interdella指纹图谱分析以及UPGMA聚类分析,对接种工业酵母RC212的黑比诺葡萄酒发酵过程中分离的63株酵母进行种类区分与鉴定,并对其中的49株酿酒酵母单菌落进行菌株区分,以监控发酵过程中酵母菌的种类和动态变化,明确工业酵母是否主导发酵过程,探讨野生酿酒酵母与工业酵母之间的竞争性,为葡萄酒发酵过程中的微生物控制提供依据.结果表明,接种发酵过程中共分离得4种不同培养类型的酵母菌,分别是葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora uvarum)、美极梅奇酵母(Metschnikowia pulcherrima)、红冬孢酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaqinosa)和酿酒酵母(Soccharomyces cerevisiae).用Interdelta指纹图谱将酿酒酵母区分为3种基因型,包括2种野生酿酒酵母和已接种的工业酵母RC212.工业酵母在发酵初、中、后期分别占酿酒酵母的6.25%、18.75%、100%.工业酵母在发酵末期才成为发酵优势菌,野生酿酒酵母在发酵初期和中期都位据优势地位,表现出很强的竞争力.     

新疆伊犁地区发酵驼乳中酵母菌多样性分析

从新疆伊犁地区采集到12份发酵驼乳样品,用传统分离培养方法从中分离出35株酵母菌。通过生化鉴定结合形态观察,结果显示:8株为马克斯克鲁维酵母;15株属于单胞酿酒酵母菌;9株林德纳克勒克酵母;2株酿酒酵母;1株白地霉,其中单胞酿酒酵母菌是优势菌属。通过样品酵母菌26S r DNA基因D1区DGGE图谱的优势条带有12条;样品间酵母菌种群结构相似性系数范围21.9%～73.9%;Shannon-Wiener指数在1.92～3.41之间,丰度S值在10～34;在40%水平上样品聚为4类。酵母群落组成主要包括马克斯克鲁维酵母、酿酒酵母、单胞酿酒酵母菌、解脂耶氏酵母和白地霉等。     

4 株本土非酿酒酵母的发酵特性

对分离于我国3 个葡萄酒产区的葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母（Hanseniaspora uvarum）CVE-HU36、葡萄园有孢汉逊酵母（H. vineae）CVE-HV6、美极梅奇酵母（Metschnikowia pulcherrima）CVE-MP20和陆生伊萨酵母（Issatchenkia terricola）CVE-IT8共4 株非酿酒酵母菌株进行纯种发酵实验,以酿酒酵母BDX为对照,比较4 株非酿酒酵母的发酵和产香特点。结果表明,4 株非酿酒酵母菌株中CVE-HV6菌株生长能力最强、具有最大的发酵速率,并高产甘油和乙醇;CVE-HU36菌株合成乙酸能力最强;CVE-MP20菌株具有最低的乙醇产率;CVE-IT8菌株苹果酸产量较高。不同非酿酒酵母菌株的产香能力存在明显差异：CVE-HV6菌株产乙酸苯乙酯、苯乙醇和癸酸能力显著高于酿酒酵母和其他3 株非酿酒酵母,其中乙酸苯乙酯含量为酿酒酵母的3.04 倍;CVE-HU36菌株的β-香茅醇含量高于酿酒酵母（2.05 倍）和其他3 株非酿酒酵母;CVE-MP20菌株在5 株酵母菌中产乙酸乙酯和α-萜品醇能力最高,且高产异丁醇;CVE-IT8菌株高产辛酸和4-乙基愈创木酚。4 株非酿酒酵母具有不同的发酵性能和产香特性,综合来看,CVE-HV6菌株的酿造特性要优于其他3 株菌,在提升葡萄酒香气和改善品质方面具有较好的应用潜力。     

高产糖苷酶非酿酒酵母菌株筛选、鉴定及其发酵过程中酶活性变化

为探究发酵过程中本土非酿酒酵母菌株的发酵能力和糖苷酶活性,利用WL培养基、七叶苷培养基从宁夏贺兰山东麓产区自然发酵的葡萄汁中初步分选非酿酒酵母菌株;通过对硝基苯酚法测定β-D-葡萄糖苷酶、β-D-木糖苷酶、α-L-鼠李糖苷酶和α-L-阿拉伯糖苷酶活性,比较筛选高产糖苷酶菌株;并在模拟葡萄汁发酵过程中动态监测菌株的生长动力学和糖苷酶活性。结果表明：经26S rDNA的D1/D2区鉴定为Hanseniaspora opuntiae、Metschnikowia pulcherrima、3 株Hanseniaspora uvarum、Torulaspora delbrueckii共6 株非酿酒酵母菌株具有较高的糖苷酶活性,且不同菌株间表现出一定差异性。在发酵过程中,T. delbrueckii表现出较好的发酵能力和最大的糖苷酶累积活性（94.10～127.70 mU/mL）,是对照菌株的1.96～2.30 倍;供试菌株M. pulcherrima具有较高的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶和α-L-阿拉伯糖苷酶活性;H. opuntiae和H. uvarum-3表现出高水平β-D-木糖苷酶和α-L-阿拉伯糖苷酶活性。本研究优选的本土非酿酒酵母具有较高的糖苷酶活性,具有葡萄酒增香酿造的应用潜力。     

利用WL营养培养基鉴定葡萄酒中的相关酵母菌

采用WL营养培养基对自然发酵前、中、后期出现的酵母菌进行了初步的分类鉴定。产膜的假丝酵母、葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母及酿酒酵母在自然发酵初期占据主导地位,主要来自葡萄浆果表面;发酵中期主要为毕赤氏酵母;后期则全部为酵母属的酿酒酵母。WL营养培养基对于监测葡萄酒发酵过程中酵母菌群的变化十分有力,可以作为葡萄酒相关酵母鉴定的辅助手段。     

混菌发酵葡萄汁对葡萄糖苷类芳香前体物水解作用的影响

探究非酿酒酵母对葡萄汁中葡萄糖苷类芳香前体物的水解作用,以内蒙古西部地区分离到的具有β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的分属5个属5株酵母菌株为材料,对部分酵母细胞进行胞壁透化处理。随后,采用酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）单独接种或与非酿酒酵母non-Saccharomyces混合接种的方式进行发酵,探究酿酒酵母与非酿酒酵母混合（1∶1）发酵对发酵进程及发酵液中葡萄糖苷类芳香前体物水解作用的影响。结果表明,除星形假丝酵母（Candida stellata）外,其他3株非酿酒酵母与酿酒酵母混合接种对发酵结果均无明显影响（P＞0.05）,且均可显著降低发酵液中葡萄糖苷类物质的浓度（P＜0.05）,其中尤以萄萄汁有孢汉逊酵母（Hanseniaspora uvarum）及异常毕赤酵母（Pichia anomala）的能力最强,葡萄糖苷类物质的浓度分别为3.04 mmol/L和2.66 mmol/L。     

Evolution of the population of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from grape to wine in a spontaneous fermentation

To determine the grape or winery origin of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae involved in spontaneous fermentation, musts were collected at different stages of wine-making process and fermented. First, grapes were collected in two different vineyards and crushed at the laboratory. Second, musts were collected after crushing and clarification in the cellar. Third, musts collected in the cellar were sterilized and inoculated with tartar deposit collected in the vats. The fourth fermentation was in the cellar. For the two vineyards, two hundred of S. cerevisiae clones were isolated for each of the four fermentations, driving to a library of 1600 clones. All the library was analysed by inter-delta PCR with a basic set of primers and about 20% of the library was further analysed by inter-delta PCR with an improved set of primers. Six, and more than 30 different PCR patterns were obtained from basic- and improved-PCR analysis, respectively. The amounts of each family were analysed at the different stages of wine making. Our study demonstrates that the two vineyards present different S. cerevisiae populations. Moreover the S. cerevisiae strains involved in spontaneous fermentation in the cellar originate partly from the vineyard and partly from the winery, in amounts varying with the must.     

Application of fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) to the analysis of yeast population dynamics in winery and laboratory grape must fermentations

To analyse the yeast population diversity during wine fermentations, specific fluorescein-labelled oligonucleotide probes targeted to the D1/D2 region of the 26S rRNA of different yeast species known to occur frequently in this environment were designed and tested with reference strains. The probes were then used to identify wine must isolates and to follow, in combination with plate counts, the evolution of yeast populations in two winery fermentations of white and red grape musts. In both cases, a high diversity of non-Saccharomyces yeast species was detected, including Candida stellata, Hanseniaspora uvarum, H. guilliermondii, Kluyveromyces marxianus, K. thermotolerans and Torulaspora delbrueckii. Some of these species (e.g., K. marxianus, K. thermotolerans and T. delbrueckii) were present in significant amounts during the tumultuous fermentation stage, despite the predominance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells following the inoculation of the wine musts with a starter strain. To further clarify the yeast population dynamics at the late phase of the fermentations, and because winery conditions do not allow a reliable control of experimental variables, strains isolated from the industrial musts were used to conduct two laboratory microvinifications in synthetic grape juice, using different ratios of S. cerevisiae/non-Saccharomyces in the inocula. Under these conditions, the results were similar to those obtained in the winery, showing a yeast profile with mixed species throughout the first fermentation stage, i.e. until about 40-50% of the total sugar was consumed. Non-Saccharomyces yeasts were outgrown by S. cerevisiae only after ethanol reached concentrations around 4-5% (v/v), which argues in favour of a potential important role of non-Saccharomyces in the final organoleptic characteristics of the wine.     

Occurrence and significance of Bacillus thuringiensis on wine grapes

Wine grapes harvested at different stages during cultivation from several vineyards in New South Wales, Australia, harboured Bacillus thuringiensis at viable populations of 10(2)-10(6) cfu/g. Commercial preparations of B. thuringiensis had been sprayed onto the grapes as a biological insecticide. B. thuringiensis (10(1)-10(3) cfu/ml) was isolated from grape juice and fermenting grape juice in a commercial winery. Although B. thuringiensis remained viable when inoculated at 10(3)-10(4) cfu/ml into grape juice and wine (pH 3.0-6.0), it did not grow. Using in vitro agar culture assays, B. thuringiensis inhibited several grape-associated yeasts and bacteria as well as various species of fungi associated with grape spoilage and ochratoxin A production. B. thuringiensis did not inhibit Saccharomyces cerevisiae in agar culture or during alcoholic fermentation of grape juice. B. thuringiensis inhibited the malolactic bacterium, Oenococcus oeni, in agar culture but not during mixed cultures in a liquid medium.     

野生毛葡萄产地来源耐酸降酸酵母的筛选鉴定及其特性研究

采用苹果酸降解指示培养基从野生毛葡萄产地来源土壤、毛葡萄果实和自然发酵醪中快速筛选苹果酸降解酵母菌,从946株初筛酵母菌中获得3株苹果酸强降解酵母菌。经菌落形态、培养特征、生理生化特征以及分子生物学方法鉴定,分别命名为酿酒酵母L3（Saccharomyces cerevisiae L3）、酿酒酵母Y1（Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y1）和解苹果酸裂殖酵母D2（Schizosaccharomyces malidevorans D2）。降酸特性试验结果表明,3株菌均能有效降解苹果酸,其中酿酒酵母L3的降解率达到86．4％。实验结果为实现毛葡萄酒一步发酵产酒和降酸提供了优良酵母资源。     

鲜食葡萄来源酵母菌的鉴定及其酿造学特性分析

为分析一株鲜食葡萄来源酵母菌YM7的类别及酿造学特性,采用形态学与分子生物学方法鉴定其种属,以商业化酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）X16为对照,采用光密度法分析其生长特性和生理耐受性,对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷显色法检测其β-葡萄糖苷酶合成能力,亚硫酸铋培养法检测其硫化氢产生能力,并与S. cerevisiae X16混合发酵葡萄汁,评价其对葡萄酒理化指标和香气特性的影响。结果表明,菌株YM7被鉴定为克鲁维毕赤酵母（Pichia kluyveri）,其生长性能、二氧化硫、柠檬酸耐受性与S. cerevisiae X16接近,葡萄糖耐受性低于S. cerevisiae X16,可耐受体积分数3%的乙醇,β-葡萄糖苷酶和硫化氢生产能力分别低于、高于S. cerevisiae X16。此外,与S. cerevisiae X16单独发酵葡萄酒相比,该菌株与S. cerevisiae X16混合发酵的葡萄酒挥发酸含量降低,香气化合物中酸类、醇类物质含量降低,酯类物质含量增加。     

木枣产香酵母的分离筛选和应用

为了解决枣酒残糖较高、缺少风味等共性问题,从红枣产区野生酵母中分离、筛选适宜的产香酵母并用于枣酒酿造。该研究从不同自然发酵时期的木枣中分离产香酵母菌,对其进行分子生物学鉴定,并采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用（HS-SPME-GC-MS）技术分析其发酵枣汁的香气成分。结果表明,共分离出232株产香酵母菌株,筛选出一株产香特性最好的菌株Z228,被鉴定为季也蒙毕赤酵母（Meyerozyma guilliermondii）,其单独发酵枣汁酒精度为6.2%vol,酸度为1.6 g/L,香气浓,发酵枣汁中共测得46种香气成分,主要为醇类、酸类和酚类;菌株Z228与酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）协同发酵,枣酒酒精度为13.3%vol,残糖含量为5.6%,香气清香明显、协调,香气成分有层次感。     

天然酵母菌株在葡萄酒酿造中的应用研究

以河北产赤霞珠葡萄为原料,用本土天然酿酒酵母菌株Y14和商业酵母菌株F15酿造干红葡萄酒,并采用固相微萃取结合气质色谱的方法对葡萄酒中的挥发性香气物质进行检测。结果表明,本土酵母菌株在发酵能力方面与商业酵母无明显差别,但在不同酵母发酵葡萄酒中的香气成分种类和含量方面具有较大差别,本土酵母菌株Y14在香气成分生成能力方面具有优势。因此,此菌株具有生产本地特色葡萄酒的潜质。     

产地葡萄酒优良酵母菌株的筛选及鉴定

从山东、甘肃、宁夏、陕西、新疆酿酒葡萄产区采集的99份葡萄果粒中分离到酵母258株,通过抗性和发酵特性评价,筛选出3株发酵性能优良的菌株.经菌落特征、细胞形态、生理生化特性鉴定,结合26S rDNA D1/D2序列,菌株ZYFJQ和QLMLZ2被鉴定为酿酒酵母,菌株ZYY73-2被鉴定为葡萄酒有孢汉逊氏酵母.