Effects of ionic impurities on crystallization of cobalamin

In this paper, the influence of two typical ionic impurities (Na⁺ and Mg²⁺) is investigated with the focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) technique. In this system, the on-line FBRM is used as a tool for monitoring the crystallization process of cobalamin by measuring the chord length distribution of particles and the particle counts. It is noted that impurity Mg²⁺ has a more significant effect than Na²⁺ in crystal growth of the whole crystallization process. From the microscopic observation of crystals, Mg²⁺ has an obvious effect on the crystal habit, while Na²⁺ has little effect. In addition, the crystal habit changes can be monitored by particle vision measurement (PVM). Understanding these effects is helpful to aid optimization and improve process control.     

膜结晶处理高浓度Na+、Mg2+//Cl——H2O溶液的结晶调控

利用真空膜蒸馏-结晶耦合技术处理多元高盐废水(Na⁺、Mg²⁺//Cl^--H₂O),回收纯水和高品质NaCl晶体产品,考察不同操作温度和不同无机盐离子浓度对膜蒸馏性能和NaCl晶体产品性质调控作用。结果表明随着温度升高导致饱和蒸气压增大,增大了跨膜压差,膜的渗透通量逐渐升高;随着溶液中Mg²⁺浓度的逐渐升高,膜的渗透通量呈下降的趋势,主要是由于水的质量分数下降和溶液黏度增加;膜蒸馏过程中,通过对比实验,分析了疏水微孔膜表面在膜蒸馏操作条件下表面晶体颗粒沉积的程度,证实了使用的中空纤维膜性能稳定,重复使用20次后仍能保持稳定通量;操作温度为65℃时,不同离子浓度的饱和原料液(MgCl₂质量占NaCl和MgCl₂总质量的0%、5.0%和10.0%)得到NaCl晶体产品平均粒径分别为91.04、91.38和122.56 μm,粒度分布的变异系数C.V.值分别为28.78、30.63和36.77,粒径分布集中,表面相貌平整,呈完美的立方体形态,没有团聚现象;同时,膜蒸馏得到的水纯度较高,电导率均小于5 μS?m^-1,采用选择性溶剂乙醇洗涤后的NaCl晶体产品纯度均大于98.15%。综上,通过膜蒸馏过程中渗透通量和膜界面的有效调控,在适宜的操作温度和较低的Mg²⁺含量下,膜蒸馏结晶过程从多元高盐废水(Na⁺、Mg²⁺//Cl^--H₂O)控制分离获得纯度较高、表面形貌完好、粒度均一的NaCl晶体产品。这一研究将为综合治理多元无机高盐废水,实现废水的近零排放和无机盐资源回用开拓新的思路。     

Al3+、Na+和Mg2+对二水硫酸钙结晶的影响

采用CaHPO₄·2H₂O-H₂SO₄-H₃PO₄-H₂O体系模拟湿法磷酸生产过程,以磷矿浆成分为依据,在单因素条件下分别研究Al³⁺、Na⁺和Mg²⁺对结晶和CaSO₄·2H₂O水洗速率的影响。研究发现：添加Al³⁺有利于CaSO₄·2H₂O晶体粒径增加;添加Na⁺使得0.9% Na₂O含量的Na⁺引起CaSO₄·2H₂O晶体团聚,有利于水洗;Mg²⁺增加溶液黏度,严重影响晶体生长和水洗速率。通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜对CaSO₄·2H₂O进行表征,发现其晶体生长符合非完整光滑突变界面模型,杂质离子影响反应速率和晶面生长速度。     

阳离子类型对粉煤灰混凝土氯离子扩散性能的影响

通过快速氯离子迁移系数法(RCM法)和自然扩散法研究了钾、钠、钙、镁四种阳离子类型的氯盐对粉煤灰混凝土氯离子扩散性能的影响,基于分子动力学模拟,对比分析了K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-五种离子在水溶液中的径向分布函数和均方位移曲线。结果表明:粉煤灰混凝土的氯离子扩散系数主要受阳离子价态的影响,价态越高,扩散系数越大;扩散系数随着氯离子浓度增加先增大后减小,随着粉煤灰掺量增加先减小后增大;阳离子类型影响氯离子扩散性能的原因是离子扩散能力不同,其中各离子水合能力强弱顺序为Mg²⁺＞Ca²⁺＞Na⁺＞K⁺>Cl^-,自扩散系数大小顺序为Mg²⁺＞Ca²⁺＞Cl^-＞K⁺>Na⁺。MgCl₂中的Mg²⁺和Cl^-对粉煤灰混凝土都有侵蚀作用,且Mg²⁺会抑制粉煤灰活性的激发。     

柴达木盆地南翼山背斜构造区卤水自然蒸发实验

柴达木盆地南翼山背斜构造区卤水属高钙、低镁的氯化钙型卤水,微量元素硼、锂、锶、碘等含量相对较高,具有较高的综合利用价值。选取南翼山背斜构造区约3 000 m处深层卤水在自然状态下蒸发结晶,分析各种离子在固、液相中的分布规律、盐类结晶规律、结晶形态及微量离子的富集规律。结果表明:在室外自然状态下蒸发时,析出的盐中发现了不常见的异性结构的石盐、钾石盐和疑似K（NH₄）Mg₂Cl₆·12H₂O的类光卤石;石盐阶段和钾石盐阶段析盐规律符合Na⁺,K⁺,Mg²⁺//Cl^-—H₂O 相图,钾石盐、光卤石、南极石阶段符合K⁺,Na⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺//Cl^- —H₂O体系25 ℃简干图;微量离子中,Li ⁺、Br^-、I^-一直富集,其他离子在蒸发后期有不同程度的析出,三氧化二硼可以富集至18.77 g/L,Li⁺最高可以富集至6.520 g/L。蒸发所得的钾混盐是提钾优质原料,实验结果可以为后期综合利用提供参考。     

四元体系Na+,K+//Br-,SO42——H2O373K相平衡

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了四元体系Na⁺,K⁺//Br^-,SO₄^2--H₂O在373 K条件下的相平衡关系,测定了平衡溶液的溶解度和密度,并根据实验数据绘制相应的相图、水图和密度图。研究发现:交互四元体系Na⁺,K⁺//Br^-,SO₄^2--H₂O在373 K温度下,有复盐钾芒硝Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄生成,相图由3个共饱和点、7条单变量曲线和5个结晶区组成。其中,5个结晶区分别对应单盐:K₂SO₄,KBr,NaBr,Na₂SO₄和复盐Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄(Gla)。     

双梳型共聚物对吡虫啉悬浮剂分散稳定性的影响与表征

通过FTIR、SEM、XPS、zeta电位和粒度测试研究了双梳型共聚物Agrilan^TM 752对吡虫啉悬浮剂分散稳定性的影响。结果表明Agrilan^TM 752分子中存在羧基、酯基和聚氧乙烯醚侧链,通过氢键、范德华力和疏水作用力结合吡虫啉,从而有效地分散吡虫啉颗粒;Agrilan^TM 752用量与悬浮剂的分散稳定性密切相关,实验条件下得出其最佳用量为3%（质量分数）,此用量下Agrilan^TM 752的吸附层厚度和zeta电位负值最大;初始pH值超过6后Agrilan^TM 752的吸附层厚度逐渐降低,zeta电位在初始pH = 10处存在最大负值,初始pH值在2～10范围内悬浮hina剂的分散稳定性普遍较高,pH值超过10后分散稳定性明显降低;电解质离子（Na⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺）浓度越高则Agrilan^TM 752的吸附层厚度和zeta电位负值越低,悬浮剂的分散稳定性越差,相同浓度下电解质离子对悬浮剂的分散稳定性影响程度顺序为Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺。     

硫酸盐型卤水低温处理及其液相 蒸发析盐规律的理论研究

青海省碱北洼地晶间卤水为典型的硫酸盐型卤水,该地区夏季气候干燥炎热,冬季寒冷,为更好地了解该类型盐湖卤水在自然条件下的蒸发过程,以碱北洼地晶间卤水为研究对象,依据Na^+,K⁺,Mg²⁺//Cl^-,SO₄^2－-H₂O （15 ℃）五元介稳体系相图,首先将原始卤水自然蒸发,在氯化钠饱和阶段取4组不同Mg2+值的卤水为冷冻实验样品,分别研究了在-7 ℃、-16 ℃下的冷冻过程。实验结果表明,液相中SO₄^2－、Na⁺以Na₂SO₄·10H₂O的形式析出,改变了液相组成,卤水液相组成点在相图中从软钾镁矾相区移动至氯化钾相区,再将分离后的液相分别蒸发,结果表明,卤水经过冷冻处理之后再蒸发后可以得到较多光卤石矿,对利用该类型卤水生产氯化钾具有重要意义。     

FBRM and PVM investigations of the double feed semi-batch crystallization of 6-aminopenicillanic acid

6-Aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) is a crucial pharmaceutical intermediate in the chemistry of semi-synthetic antibiotics. The focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) technology and particle vision measurement (PVM) technology were employed to the processes of online-monitoring of 6-APA crystallization behavior in a double-feeding semi-batch crystallizer. Experiments were carried out with four kinds of double-feeding policies and the results were compared with the traditional single-feeding. Records and analysis of FBRM indicated that the nucleation of double feeding policy was much higher than single policy, and chord length of 6-APA was almost determined and had little change after the nucleation peak. Ostwald ripening process had no significant effect on further growth of 6-APA crystal. PVM images showed that the crystal habit of 6-APA was continuously changed during the crystallization process. The development of (002) face in the final crystal for the five feeding policies were different.     

Study on the active centers of methane coupling catalysts by means of fluorescence emission of Eu

Eu³⁺ ion was adopted as a probe to detect the probability of entrance of alkali elements into the crystal lattice of MgO, CaO and La₂O₃ by means of its characteristic emission. Based on the experimental data it is concluded that Li⁺ and Na⁺ ions can substitute Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions and only a small amount of K⁺ ion can enter into the lattice of CaO. Whilst Li⁺ ion can not enter into the lattice of lanthana. The conclusion of this investigation is in good agreement with that obtained by Lunsford by ESR studies.     

氯盐体系下阳离子对脱硫石膏晶须水热结晶的影响及其机理

为探索阳离子对水热制备脱硫石膏晶须结晶调控的影响,本文以预处理后的脱硫石膏为原料,NaCl、CuCl₂、AlCl₃为添加剂采用水热法制备脱硫石膏晶须,重点研究Cl^-存在条件下阳离子对脱硫石膏晶须结晶的影响及其作用机理。结果表明,Na⁺、Cu²⁺、Al³⁺对脱硫石膏晶须的显微结构、长径比和品质均有一定的影响,其中Cu²⁺影响最为显著。Cu²⁺可在晶须的(200)、(400)和(020)晶面发生化学吸附形成CuSO₄膜层,使其径向生长受阻;同时,少量Cu²⁺可取代Ca²⁺,促进Ca²⁺的去溶剂化,使晶须长径比增大至200。Na⁺和Al³⁺均通过物理吸附作用于脱硫石膏晶须(200)、(400)和(020)晶面而阻碍其径向生长。此外,Al³⁺与溶液中的OH^-通过羟基化反应生成Al(OH)²⁺和Al(OH)₂⁺,吸附在带负电的(200)、(400)和(020)晶面,降低这些晶面的表面能,从而促进脱硫石膏晶须沿c轴生长。     

-15℃下Na+， K+， Mg2+//Cl-， NO3-， SO42——H2O体系相平衡研究

新疆卤水硝酸盐矿主要含有Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-六种离子,属于高元复杂体系,其合理利用和开发需要不同温度下的相平衡研究作为理论支撑。采用等温溶解平衡法,对Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺//Cl^-, NO₃^-, SO₄^2--H₂O体系在-15℃、NaCl·2H₂O饱和条件下的相平衡进行了研究,并构建了相图。相图中有六个零变量点和八个两盐结晶区,只存在一种复盐KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O。八个两盐结晶区,分别对应于NaCl·2H₂O+Na₂SO₄·10H₂O、NaCl·2H₂O+NaNO₃、NaCl·2H₂O+KCl、NaCl·2H₂O+KNO₃、NaCl·2H₂O+MgSO₄·7H₂O、NaCl·2H₂O+MgCl₂·8H₂O、NaCl·2H₂O+Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O和NaCl·2H₂O+KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O,其中NaCl·2H₂O+Na₂SO₄·10H₂O共晶区最大,在低温时,硫酸钠的溶解度最小,降温过程中较易结晶析出。与该体系在25℃下的相图相比,复盐种类减少5种,零变量点减少19个,相关系得以极大简化。     

Study on phase equilibrium of system Na+, K+, Mg2+//Cl-, NO3-, SO42--H2O at -15℃

Xinjiang brine nitrate mine mainly contains six kinds of ions: Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^-, NO₃^-, and SO₄^2-, belonging to a high-element complex system, and its rational utilization and development require phase equilibrium studies at different temperatures as theoretical support. The phase equilibrium of the system Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺//Cl^-, NO₃^-, SO₄^2--H₂O saturated with NaCl·2H₂O at -15℃ was investigated using the isothermal solution equilibrium method. According to the measured data, the phase diagrams were constructed. Only one double salt KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O was found in the system. There are six invariant points and eight two-salt crystallization fields corresponding to NaCl·2H₂O+Na₂SO₄·10H₂O, NaCl·2H₂O+NaNO₃, NaCl·2H₂O+KCl, NaCl·2H₂O+KNO₃, NaCl·2H₂O+MgSO₄·7H₂O, NaCl·2H₂O+MgCl₂·8H₂O, NaCl·2H₂O + Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O and NaCl·2H₂O+KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O. The crystallization area of NaCl·2H₂O+Na₂SO₄·10H₂O occupies the largest part because of its low solubility, and they will crystallize out easily from the mixed solution in the cooling process. Compared with the phase diagram of the system at 25℃, there are 5 types of double salts reduced, 19 zero variable points reduced, and the phase relationship is greatly simplified.     

Preparation of carbon-based adsorbents from sewage sludge pyrolysis to remove metals from water

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of cheap carbon-based adsorbents from sewage sludge pyrolysis to remove Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ from saline water. Four model solutions of NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂ and MgCl₂ that simulated seawater composition were used. The model solutions were 456.54 mmol_c L⁻¹ NaCl, 9.72 mmol_c L⁻¹ KCl, 19.96 mmol_c L⁻¹ CaCl₂ and 111.09 mmol_c L⁻¹ MgCl₂. Two carbon adsorbents, one with chemical activation, were prepared by a new method and evaluated for ion adsorption. The results indicated that carbon adsorbent without chemical activation was the most effective in removing ions from different solutions and the removal of metals followed the sequence: Na⁺ (76.78−69.66) >K⁺ (66.0−57.80) >Mg²⁺ (44.84−42.85) >Ca²⁺ (35.12−12.38). Results showed that it is to possible prepare carbon-based adsorbents from sewage sludge following inexpensive and environmentally acceptable methods.     

鸭湖构造深部卤水自然蒸发实验研究

通过自然蒸发实验,对鸭湖背斜构造深部卤水进行了研究,得到了该卤水在自然蒸发过程中各元素富集规律及析盐规律。受高含量钙影响,卤水蒸发路线在K⁺,Na⁺,Mg²⁺//Cl^--H₂O（25 ℃）介稳相图中偏移比较明显,可与Na⁺,K⁺,Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺//Cl^--H₂O（25 ℃,对NaCl饱和）介稳相图相结合对实验数据进行分析。卤水自然蒸发过程中矿物析出顺序为：石膏→石盐→光卤石→南极石→溢晶石;光卤石产量较小并且质量不高;锂最终浓缩至质量浓度约为2.9 g/L时,硼、锶、溴、碘、铷、铯等微量元素均有析出。实验数据和结论为针对该类型卤水进行更深入的综合开发利用研究提供了依据,如前期除钙后梯度提取硼酸、碳酸锂、溴素等产品。     

利用纳滤膜分离精制饱和卤水的研究

针对饱和卤水直接制碱过程需要去除硫酸根、钙离子、镁离子（SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺）等杂质离子的问题,探索了利用纳滤膜分离精制饱和卤水新工艺。通过考察NF270、DL2540、ESNA1 3种类型纳滤膜的透过通量和离子截留率,确定了选用DL2540为实验用膜;分析了DL2540纳滤膜对离子的截留性能和对盐田饱和卤水的分离性能及其对饱和卤水精制的效果。结果表明,增加同离子浓度、降低压力有利于不同价态阳离子、阴离子间的分离,DL2540纳滤膜对盐田饱和卤水中SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺截留率分别达到95%以上、30%~50%、30%~70%,对Na⁺、Cl^-截留率均低于15%,进一步证明DL2540纳滤膜具有较好的稳定性和二价离子截留效果,在饱和卤水精制上展示出较好的应用前景。     

不纯净钾盐镁矾转化粒度研究

本研究结合了K⁺,Mg²⁺∥SO₄^2-,Cl^-—H₂O四元体系相图,通过实验研究发现在55 ℃条件下钾盐镁矾转化所得钾镁肥产品的粒度有明显提高,并研究了晶种加入量及晶种粒度对转化粒度的影响。成功解决了粉料钾镁肥粒度过细问题,一定程度上解决了生产过程中的粉尘问题,保护环境的同时提高了资源利用率,减少了资源浪费。该研究为钾镁肥生产工艺改进提供了实验基础。     

Production of Ultra Clean Coal: Part I—Dissolution behaviour of mineral matter in black coal toward hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids

The mineral matter in an Australian black coal has been isolated using a low-temperature ashing (LTA) procedure. This LTA procedure is a modification of the Australian Standard for LTA at 370°C, and alleviates adverse effects to the minerals caused by the heat of combustion. The leaching behaviour of the mineral matter towards aqueous HCl and hydrofluoric acid (HF) is presented. HCl can dissolve simple compounds such as phosphates and carbonates, yet it cannot completely dissolve the clays. HF reacts with almost every mineral in the mineral matter, except pyrite, and most of the reaction products are water soluble. However, at HF concentrations greater than that required to dissolve the aluminosilicate compounds in the mineral matter, insoluble compounds form. These compounds include CaF₂, MgF₂ and a compound containing Na, which is believed to be NaAlF₄. It is proposed that HF reacts preferentially with the aluminosilicates in the mineral matter to form largely AlF₂⁺, AlF₃ and SiF₄, and that the concentrations of free fluoride (F⁻) and AlF₄⁻ are not high enough to complex cations such as Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Na⁺. When the mineral matter is treated with HF concentrations greater than that required to dissolve all of the aluminosilicates, AlF₃, AlF₄⁻ and SiF₆²⁻ form, the concentration of F⁻ is high enough to complex Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ and form insoluble CaF₂ and MgF₂, and the concentration of AlF₄⁻ is high enough to complex Na⁺ and form insoluble NaAlF₄. This work has application toward the development of a process for producing Ultra Clean Coal with less than 0.1% by weight mineral matter.     

盐湖卤水碳酸锂提取工艺过程研究

青藏高原的盐湖卤水锂储量丰富,通过盐田蒸发浓缩,去除卤水中的绝大部分Na+、K+、SO42-、Cl-、Mg2+,可以使镁锂比降到8～12,锂离子质量分数也可达到0.5%以上。以蒸发浓缩后的富锂卤水为原料,选用碳酸钠和氢氧化钠为沉淀剂分两步沉淀除镁,之后用碳酸钠为沉淀剂提锂,通过对此工艺过程中的各个阶段进行实验,最终可以得到纯度和收率较高的粗级碳酸锂产品。     

Influences of additives on the crystal habit of potassium chloride

By means of constant control speed cooling crystallization, the influences of four additives, including lead chloride, cadmium chloride, sodium salicylate, and quaternary ammonium salt, on the crystal habit of KCl were investigated. The results show that the crystal habit of KCl is cube without additives, the crystal habit of KCl is ellipsoid-like in the presence of Pb²⁺, the crystal habit of KCl is strip in the presence of Cd²⁺, and the crystal habit of KCl is cavate cube in the presence of sodium salicylate. X-ray diffractometry analysis reveals that these additives can change the crystal habit of KCl but not its crystal structure.