OFDM削波噪声迭代消除算法

高峰均功率比(PAPR)的OFDM信号通过功率放大器的时候会产生非线性干扰,同时降低了放大器的工作效率。传统削波算法可以降低信号的PAPR,但是会带来较大的频谱扩展。作为一种新的削波算法,误差削波可以在降低OFDM信号PAPR值的同时不带来任何频谱扩展。但是这种削波会给信号带来更大的带内干扰噪声。提出了一种OFDM削波噪声迭代估计和消除算法,它能有效的消除由于误差削波带来的噪声。新方法通过建立削波噪声模型,在接收端根据该噪声模型用迭代的方法重新产生削波噪声。仿真结果表明,使用削波噪声消除算法后,使得系统的误码率性能接近未削波信号的水平。     

A Strategy of Signal Detection for Performance Improvement in Clipping Based OFDM System

In this paper, the supervised Deep Neural Network (DNN) based signal detection is analyzed for combating with nonlinear distortions efficiently and improving error performances in clipping based Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) ssystem. One of the main disadvantages for the OFDM is the high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). The clipping is a simple method for the PAPR reduction. However, an effect of the clipping is nonlinear distortion, and estimations for transmitting symbols are difficult despite a Maximum Likelihood (ML) detection at the receiver. The DNN based online signal detection uses the offline learning model where all weights and biases at fullyconnected layers are set to overcome nonlinear distortions by using training data sets. Thus, this paper introduces the required processes for the online signal detection and offline learning, and compares error performances with the ML detection in the clipping-based OFDM systems. In simulation results, the DNN based signal detection has better error performance than the conventional ML detection in multi-path fading wireless channel. The performance improvement is large as the complexity of system is increased such as huge Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system and high clipping rate.     

Time domain constellation shaping technique for peak-to-average power ratio reduction

A new constellation shaping technique has been proposed, which efficiently and effectively reduces the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Its novelty is based upon a simple transformation in the time domain instead of the commonly used frequency domain. This transformation is shown to ensure PAPR reduction regardless of the OFDM system input. As compared with previously known PAPR reduction methods, the proposed technique requires minimal implementation complexity, while it offers considerable performance gains. Closed form analytical expressions for the distribution of the PAPR and the bit error rate are derived. The accuracy of these analytical expressions is verified via equivalent performance evaluation results obtained by means of Monte Carlo computer simulations. Furthermore, performance comparisons made with other competitive techniques show that the proposed technique is an attractive alternative for PAPR reduction.     

抑制OFDM信号峰均比对直接检测光传输系统的性能影响

高峰均比是OFDM通信系统的主要缺点之一,光OFDM通信系统也存在同样的问题.本文将联合Hadamard变换和限幅(Clipping)方法抑制峰均功率比算法成功应用到直接检测的光正交频分复用光纤传输实验平台,重点研究了算法对系统误码性能的影响.实验中产生的2.5 Gb/s QPSK OFDM光信号在标准单模光纤中传输1...     

Reducing the peak-to-average power ratio using unitary matrix transformation

A theoretical analysis is presented to show that in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) can be reduced by performing a unitary matrix transformation on the input vector of N symbols. The authors also prove that this transformation does not degrade the bit error rate (BER) or power spectral density (PSD) performance. Based on this, the inverse discrete Fourier transform matrix is proposed as the unitary matrix to reduce the PAPR. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can obtain significant PAPR reduction while maintaining good performance in the BER and the PSD. To further evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, the authors compare it with some well known PAPR reduction techniques by simulations. It is demonstrated that the proposed scheme can offer better system performance and achieve a better compromise with regard to the PAPR reduction, BER, spectral efficiency and computational complexity.     

Selective post-IFFT amplitude randomising for peak-to-average power ratio reduction in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing-based systems

The inherent high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of multicarrier transmission, such as orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete multi-tone (DMT), can lead to a significant degradation in the transmission power efficiency which is unacceptable especially in battery-powered terminals. Among the most popular PAPR reduction techniques proposed in the literature is the selective mapping (SLM) technique which has been shown to offer PAPR reductions of several decibels. However, the SLM technique requires invoking the inverse fast fourier transform (IFFT) process several times per transmitted OFDM block which increases the system's complexity and hence may result in long latencies and high power consumption. The authors propose a new low complexity post-IFFT PAPR reduction technique that can outperform the SLM technique in terms of PAPR reduction while its operational complexity is orders of magnitude less than that of SLM technique.     

RA码在水声OFDM通信系统中的应用研究

正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM)技术由于具有频谱利用率高、抗多径能力强等优点,成为当前水声通信的研究重点和热点,但较高的峰均功率比(Peak-to-Average Power Ratio, PAPR)严重影响了水声OFDM通信系统的性能。采用重复累积码(Repeat Accumulate, RA)作为信道编码方案,并用线性反馈移位寄存器(Linear Feedback Shift Registers, LFSR)代替原RA码结构中的累加器,再通过选择映射(Selective Mapping, SLM)方法降低系统的峰均功率比。计算机仿真和水池实验结果表明,采用改进结构的RA码结合SLM技术能有效降低水声OFDM系统的PAPR,提高系统的性能,具有很好的应用前景。     

Precoded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with hidden pilots for ultrawideband wireless communications

The authors propose a new hidden pilot scheme equipped with precoding and its application to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-ultra-wideband (OFDM-UWB) systems. The proposed scheme can be thought of as an improvement over conventional hidden pilot schemes. By carefully designing precoder and hidden pilot from the view point of frequency diversity, channel estimation and the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), more frequency diversity gain and reduced PAPR can be achieved. In addition, the authors can support more pilots to estimate a channel providing mitigated self-interference between data symbol and hidden pilot with almost no loss of bandwidth efficiency in OFDM-based UWB communication systems. The authors show improved performance of the proposed scheme over the multiband OFDM scheme through simulations in a realistic UWB channel environment.     

Coded-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing in hybrid optical networks

Future Internet should be able to support a wide range of services containing large amount of multimedia over different network types at a high speed. The future optical networks will therefore be hybrid, composed of different single-mode fibre (SMF), multi-mode fibre (MMF) and free-space optical (FSO) links. In these networks, novel modulation and coding techniques are needed that are capable of dealing with different channel impairments, be it in SMF, MMF or FSO links. The authors propose a coded-modulation scheme suitable for use in hybrid FSO - fibre-optics networks. The proposed scheme is based on polarization-multiplexing and coded - orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with large girth quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes as channel codes. The proposed scheme is able to simultaneously deal with atmospheric turbulence, chromatic dispersion and polarisation mode dispersion (PMD). With a proper design for 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)-based polarisation-multiplexed coded-OFDM, the aggregate data rate of 100 Gb/s can be achieved for OFDM signal bandwidth of only 12.5 GHz, which represents a scheme compatible with 100 Gb/s per wavelength channel transmission and 100 Gb/s Ethernet.     

Performance comparison of low density parity check codes using square root Kalman equalisation and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing techniques for broadband fixed wireless access systems

Broadband fixed wireless access (BFWA) systems enable services such as high-speed data communication, high quality voice/video conferencing and high-speed internet access in areas where a wired link is not possible. However, the BFWA channel is a slow-fading channel having deep frequency-selective fading caused by clusters of scatterers in the environment that introduce inter-symbol interference (ISI) at the receiver. Low density parity check (LDPC) codes, optimised for the single-input single-output BFWA channel, are designed using the structured balance incomplete block design method. The use of both quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) are investigated theoretically. To help overcome the ISI effects of the channel, equalisation techniques are employed separately with LDPC decoding for a system employing QPSK and 16-QAM modulation schemes. The equaliser single carrier approach is then replaced with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and the performance of these two approaches is evaluated in terms of bit-error rate. The simulation results show that equalisation with LDPC coding has a measurable performance gain over LDPC coding with OFDM.     

Concatenated peak-to-average power ratio reduction scheme with threshold limited selection for coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

The authors propose a concatenated scheme to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. First, they employ a label-bits-inserted encoder of a random-like code to achieve selected mapping (SLM). Then they set a threshold at the selector to limit the number of candidate sequences. Both analytical and numerical results show that the complexity of the SLM implemented by the label-bit-inserted encoder can be significantly reduced by threshold limited selection. With the same complexity, the performance of PAPR reduction is improved. The proposed concatenated PAPR reduction scheme enjoys many advantages including low-complexity, small overhead, no side information transmission and no performance loss or additional complexity at the receiver.     

Peak-to-average power ratio reduction in OFDM using cyclically shifted phase sequences

Two approaches for reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) are proposed that are relied on a set of cyclically shifted phase sequences (CSPS) and implemented using the time domain circular convolution. After multiplying CSPS with the frequency domain data, the signal candidates can be expressed as weighted sum of the circularly shifted OFDM time domain data in the first method, which is called CSPS method. In the second method, weighted coefficients for generating the signal candidates in CSPS method are optimally selected to improve its performance; thus, the second method is referred to as optimised CSPS (OCSPS) method. The performances of the CSPS and OCSPS methods are evaluated using simulated data and compared with those of selective mapping (SLM) and partial transmit sequences (PTS). The simulation results show that both the CSPS and OCSPS methods can reduce the PAPR effectively, and that the OCSPS performs even better than the CSPS. The OCSPS can achieve the same performance as compared to the PTS. A distinct feature of the proposed methods is that only one inverse discrete Fourier transform is needed, and thus, the candidates can be calculated in time domain directly.     

OFDM-CPM系统降低PAPR新方案研究

正交频分复用-连续相位调制(OFDM-CPM)系统通过CPM相关相位状态引入记忆,从而获得比传统调制方式更好的误码性能。降低OFDM-CPM系统中的峰值平均功率比(PAPR)是关键技术之一。利用恒包络的概念提出一种新的CE-OFDM-CPM调制方案,可以把OFDM-CPM系统的PAPR降至零分贝。     

Peak-to-average power ratio reduction using second order cone programming based tone reservation for terrestrial digital video broadcasting systems

High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is a critical issue in any multicarrier systems using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, as terrestrial digital video broadcasting (DVB). It can result in low power efficiency and large performance degradation of systems, due to the nonlinearity of high-power amplifier (HPA). A PAPR reduction method based on tone reservation technique with second-order cone programming (SOCP) approach in terrestrial DVB systems is proposed. The authors first demonstrate the superiority of the SOCP optimisation algorithm compared with an iterative gradient-based algorithm, using the current DVB-T parameters: significant PAPR reduction gains can be achieved with only a very small set of subcarriers in the useful bandwidth, making the proposed method more promising in terms of spectral efficiency. Moreover, the proposed solution presents a very good trade-off between PAPR reduction gain and mean transmitted power increase. An overall study, taking into account the limitation of the power level of the dedicated subcarriers and the evaluation of the performances in presence of a nonlinear HPA, is presented. These performances are given in terms of adjacent channel power ratio and bit error rate. The resulting PAPR reduction gain demonstrates that the relevance of the proposed method for the future DVB-T standard is straightforward.     

Frequency domain interpretation of power ratio metric for cognitive radio systems

Software radio (SWR) is an enabling technology for cognitive radio (CR) systems which promises to (de) modulate any signal, at any frequency. SWR signal therefore is composed of different standard's signals, and each standard's signal is either multicarrier or multiplex of single carriers. This combination leads to high temporal fluctuations and thus SWR signal inherits high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) or simply high power ratio (PR). Nonlinear analogue components (amplifiers, converters etc.) cause distortions (in and out of band distortion) for high PR signals which result in system performance degradation. Usually PR problem is addressed in time domain, and here frequency domain interpretation of PR which is more appropriate in SWR context is presented. Gaussian equivalence between SWR signal and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal is proved first to accentuate high PR issue in SWR as OFDM suffers the same problem. Then frequency domain interpretation of PR metric is discussed which results in a PR upper bound. This PR upper bound depends only upon spectral values of the signal thus associates spectrum with PR. As a result this bound assists in spectrum access for CR systems by providing PR metric information related to any available bandwidth. Thus bandwidth allocation in a spectrum access scenario under PR constraint is simplified.     

一种降低OFDM信号峰均功率比的预编码方法

正交频分复用（OFDM）系统的一大缺点就是有较高的峰值平均功率比（PAPR）,大大降低了线性功率放大器的效率。提出了一种用预编码方法,通过引入预编码矩阵将映射后的数据进行功率分配,从而降低OFDM信号的PAPR。该方法不影响频谱效率,不需要进行附加运算以及收发两端的握手信息。计算机仿真表明对传统的64个子载波OFDM系统PAPR有将近9dB的改善。     

An Efficient Genetic Hybrid PAPR Technique for 5G Waveforms

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a strong contender multicarrier waveform technique for the fifth generation (5G) communication system. The high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is a serious concern in designing the NOMA waveform. However, the arrangement of NOMA is different from the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. Thus, traditional reduction methods cannot be applied to NOMA. A partial transmission sequence (PTS) is commonly utilized to minimize the PAPR of the transmitting NOMA symbol. The choice phase aspect in the PTS is the only non-linear optimization obstacle that creates a huge computational complication due to the respective non-carrying sub-blocks in the unitary NOMA symbol. In this study, an efficient phase factor is proposed by presenting a novel bacterial foraging optimization algorithm (BFOA) for PTS (BFOA-PTS). The PAPR minimization is accomplished in a two-stage process. In the initial stage, PTS is applied to the NOMA signal, resulting in the partition of the NOMA signal into an act of sub-blocks. In the second stage, the best phase factor is generated using BFOA. The performance of the proposed BFOA-PTS is thoroughly investigated and compared to the traditional PTS. The simulation outcomes reveal that the BFOA-PTS efficiently optimizes the PAPR performance with inconsequential complexity. The proposed method can significantly offer a gain of 4.1 dB and low complexity compared with the traditional OFDM.     

Low-density parity-check codes for volume holographic memory systems

We investigate the application of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes in volume holographic memory (VHM) systems. We show that a carefully designed irregular LDPC code has a very good performance in VHM systems. We optimize high-rate LDPC codes for the nonuniform error pattern in holographic memories to reduce the bit error rate extensively. The prior knowledge of noise distribution is used for designing as well as decoding the LDPC codes. We show that these codes have a superior performance to that of Reed-Solomon (RS) codes and regular LDPC counterparts. Our simulation shows that we can increase the maximum storage capacity of holographic memories by more than 50 percent if we use irregular LDPC codes with soft-decision decoding instead of conventionally employed RS codes with hard-decision decoding. The performance of these LDPC codes is close to the information theoretic capacity.     

Redundancy-free and BER-maintained selective mapping with partial phase-randomising sequences for peak-to-average power ratio reduction in OFDM systems

Selective mapping (SLM) is one of the most effective peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction techniques proposed for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems. However, the fact that this technique requires the transmission of side information (SI), to enable the receiver to reverse the randomisation process before performing signal demodulation, can make it undesirable for certain applications as it degrades the system's bandwidth efficiency and, more significantly, the bit error rate (BER) performance. A modified SLM technique (MSLM) that can operate without the need for any dedicated SI for both channel-coded and uncoded scenarios while providing similar PAPR reduction performance as the ordinary SLM technique is proposed. It will be demonstrated that the proposed MSLM technique not only improves the system's bandwidth efficiency, but also achieves significantly better BER performance than the ordinary SLM technique.     

瑞利信道下高速LDPC码和OFDM在图像传输中的应用

本文研究了OFDM调制技术以及LDPC编码技术在图像传输中的应用,分别对OFDM和三种不同LDPC码对无线信道下图像传输质量的影响做了仿真研究.仿真结果表明,把高速LDPC编码和OFDM调制技术结合起来应用在图像传输当中可以实现图像的可靠和高质量传输,即说明LDPC码和OFDM调制技术可以解决由于图像数据量大带来的传输速率和效率的问题,实现高速的和高频谱利用率的图像传输.