隐源性卒中病因学最新研究进展

隐源性卒中是指尚未明确病因的缺血性卒中 , 随着医学技术的发展, 越来越多引起隐源性 卒中的病因被发现, 如反常栓塞、 主动脉粥样硬化、 脑动脉夹层、 高同型半胱氨酸血症、 阻塞性睡眠 呼吸暂停低通气综合征、 偏头痛、 遗传性单基因病等。 本文就隐源性卒中病因学最新进展做一综述, 以增进临床医师对其了解, 以便早发现、 尽早进行防治, 以降低卒中发病率。     

肺动静脉瘘与缺血性卒中

肺动静脉瘘为隐源性卒中的危险因素，特别是在中青年人群中。但由肺动静脉瘘引起缺 血性卒中的比例极少，因此关于肺动静脉瘘和缺血性卒中的现有文献有限，且多为病例报道。多发性 肺动静脉瘘患者缺血性卒中的患病率高达到60%。因此，临床应警惕肺动静脉瘘这一缺血性卒中的 特殊病因，尤其是在病因不明的青年缺血性卒中患者中。     

大脑中动脉粥样硬化形成的青年脑梗死1例报告

目的提高对中青年脑卒中常见病因的认识。方法汇报1例青年急性脑卒中病例,对青年脑梗死的病因、流行病特点及预后进行分析,并结合相关文献进行文献复习。结果大脑中动脉狭窄的青年脑卒中患者相对症状轻,且预后相对较好,动脉粥样硬化仍是我国青年颅内动脉狭窄最常见原因;其他病因包括烟雾病、血管炎、夹层、自身免疫性疾病、血液系统疾病、抗磷脂抗体综合征、肿瘤卒中、风湿性心脏瓣膜病、房颤、房间隔缺损、卵圆孔未闭、心房黏液瘤、扩张性心肌病等。结论青年脑卒中的危险因素及病因学特点广泛而复杂,诊治过程中需系统全面地寻找病因及危险因素,从而进行有效的个体化预防和治疗。     

卵圆孔未闭与隐源性卒中的研究进展

经过全面筛查,仍有约40%找不到明确病因的缺血性卒中为隐源性卒中。卵圆孔未闭可引 起反常栓塞,进而发生缺血性卒中。近年来发现,部分隐源性卒中可能由卵圆孔未闭导致。本文将从 检查方法、作用、机制及治疗等方面对卵圆孔未闭与隐源性卒中的研究现状进行介绍。     

青年缺血性脑卒中的病因及危险因素分析

目的分析青年缺血性脑卒中的病因及危险因素。方法回顾性分析我院2012-10—2014-10収治的96例青年缺血性脑卒中患者的临床资料,并随机抽取同期住院的老年脑卒中患者100例进行对照,分析青年缺血性脑卒中的病因及危险因素。结果青年组与老年组危险因素比较发现,高血压、高脂血症、吸烟、饮酒所占的比例最高,考虑动脉粥样硬化仍是青年缺血性脑卒中的主要致病原因。2组经TOAST病因学分型后发现,病因主要是大动脉粥样硬化型(分别为42.7%和47.0%),其次为小动脉闭塞型(分别为27.1%和33.0%),老年组心源性栓塞型高于青年组(分别为16.0%和6.2%),而青年组的其他病因型及不明原因型高于老年组(分别为17.7%、6.3%和2.0%、2.0%)。结论对于缺血性青年卒中患者,需完善各项检查,以便于寻找病因,排除危险因素,为患者提供病因学及个性化治疗方案,以改善患者的生命质量。     

卵圆孔未闭与缺血性卒中的关系

正随着缺血性卒中分型理论在国内的普及[1-2],人们越来越重视针对卒中病因的筛查和研究。病因不同,缺血性卒中二级预防的策略就可能不同,如心源性卒中侧重于抗凝治疗,而大动脉粥样硬化性卒中则强调抗血小板聚集。近年,所谓隐源性卒中的病因研究,在国内逐渐受到重视。本文将简要介绍隐源性卒中研究中所涉及的相关问题,重点阐述卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale,PFO)在缺血性卒中发病中的     

青年隐源性脑梗死的临床特点

目的 对临床诊断为隐源性脑梗死的29例年龄在45岁以下的患者进行临床特点分析.方法 回顾性分析29例青年隐源性脑卒中患者的临床特点,包括性别组成,首发症状,影像学所见,治疗后转归及并发症,并进行为期3 a随访.结果 青年隐源性脑卒中多以单个病灶为主,累及基底节和皮层多见; 1 a复发1例(3.4%),2 a复发3例(1...     

青年卒中病因的研究进展

青年卒中指发生于18～45岁的卒中,其病因的构成及比例与中老年卒中存在较大差异。本 文结合近年文献,从血管病变、心脏病变、遗传代谢病变、血液系统病变等方面对青年卒中的病因进 行总结,比较了同一病因青年卒中和中老年卒中之间的差别;并根据不同病因的特点,为临床青年卒 中的病因排查工作给出了建议。青年卒中的病因学研究尚有较多存在争议的问题,有着重要的临床意 义,值得进一步研究和思考。     

卵圆孔未闭与隐源性卒中的研究进展

隐源性卒中约占所有缺血性卒中的40%,其病因、诊断和治疗一直是临床工作者的研究热 点。近年来发现,卵圆孔未闭与隐源性卒中的发病密切相关,是隐源性卒中的重要危险因素。在临床 中常用经食管超声心动图、经胸壁超声心动图、经颅多普勒发泡试验和心脏MRI等方法来检测卵圆孔 未闭。反常栓塞是卵圆孔未闭导致隐源性卒中的主要发病机制。在头部影像学检查中,绝大多数卵圆 孔未闭相关隐源性卒中患者为多血管分布区的多发散在小梗死。在药物治疗方面,抗血小板药物相 对于抗凝药物,可能更适合大多数卵圆孔未闭合并隐源性卒中的患者。此外,近期多项临床随机对照 研究均表明,卵圆孔未闭封堵术对于预防卵圆孔未闭合并隐源性卒中患者卒中再发的疗效明显优于 药物治疗。     

隐源性卒中的病因学分析及治疗进展

<正>隐源性卒中(cryptogenic strokes,CS)是指经过目前全面的检查和诊断评估后仍无法明确病因的症状性脑梗死,占缺血性卒中患者的10%~40%~([1])。病因学调查显示超过200种已知缺血性卒中的原因可能需要排除~([2])。在Orgl0172治疗急性卒中试验(Trial of Orgl0172 in Acute Stroke Treatment,TOAST)分类系统中,原因不明是指检查不完善的,存在多个潜在病因的,或是完善检查后不能明确病因的卒中现象。引起卒中的原因不能归类于动脉粥样硬化(A),小血管疾病(S),心脏疾病(C),或其他原因(O)当中。故而,TOAST分类     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -     

Summary of legislation of 1941 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -     

Asymmetry of on- and off-pathways of blue-sensitive cones of the retina of macaques

Macaque retinal ganglion cells whose receptive-field center recieves input from blue-sensitive cones show an overt asymmetry of the frequency of ON-center and OFF-center varieties, an asymmetry not present in ganglion cells whose center receives input from the other two cone types. A similar asymmetry of ON/OFF responses is found in the local electrotetinogram (d-wave) mediated by signals from blue-sensitive cones. ‘Blue-ON-center’ ganglion cells have larger receptive-field centers and shorter conduction latencies than other opponent-color varieties, suggesting an appreciable degree of receptor convergence and presumably large cell bodies. Intracellular stainings of these neurons with Procion Yellow show that they correspond to diffuse stratified (Parasol) ganglion cells whose flat-topped dendritic arborization stratifies in the sclerad half of the inner plexiform layer. In view of the known characteristics of macaque bipolar cells and of the ON/OFF asymmetry, it is proposed that these ganglion cells are postsynaptic to cone-specific flat bipolars possibly mediating sign-inverting synaptic contacts. The results also indicate a reversal, for the blue-cone pathway, of the ON/OFF lamination of the inner plexiform layer that has recently been described in other species.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.