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正小麦麸皮对面团及面筋蛋白特性的影响对小麦麸皮添加量对面团流变学特性及面筋蛋白结构的影响进行了研究,结果表明,添加小麦麸皮后,面团吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、黏度崩解值增大,回生值降低,面团热机械学性质下降;面     

小麦麸皮对面团及面筋蛋白特性的影响

对小麦麸皮添加量对面团流变学特性及面筋蛋白结构的影响进行了研究,结果表明,添加小麦麸皮后,面团吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、黏度崩解值增大,回生值降低,面团热机械学性质下降;面筋蛋白的黏弹性模量增加,tanδ值降低,二硫键含量下降,热降解温度下降,600℃质量损失增加,表明面筋蛋白的稳定性下降;扫描电镜表明,加入小麦麸皮后,面筋蛋白均匀、致密的孔洞结构遭到破坏,出现坍塌。综上所述,加入小麦麸皮会破坏面筋蛋白的稳定性及空间结构,这可能是面团流变性质下降的原因。混合体系中分子交联聚合程度升高,面筋网络强度改变,会改变面团的降解温度和热重力损失。     

拉面改良剂对拉面面团的影响研究

主要研究拉面改良剂对拉面面团的流变学特性、二硫键含量和蛋白二级结构的影响。采用质构仪、揉辊仪、二硫键和傅里叶变换红外色谱的测定方法,对不同添加量的拉面剂对面团的影响进行测定分析。试验结果表明:当拉面剂添加量在0.8%~1.2%时,质构特性显示面团延伸性最佳(68.43mm),最大拉伸力适中(73.09g);揉辊特性显示和面时间和8min带宽适中,此时面团筋力和耐揉性较好;二硫键结果显示此时面团内部二硫键含量为21.62%,游离巯基含量为6.92%;红外结果显示面筋蛋白二级结构中的β-折叠含量最高,此时面筋蛋白中有序结构(β-折叠+α-螺旋)整体含量最高。实验结果证实拉面改良剂具有还原和弱化面筋增加面团延伸性的作用。     

水分对冷冻小麦面团质构及面筋蛋白二级结构的影响

应用质构分析仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测定小麦面团质构特性和微观结构(面筋蛋白二级结构),分析不同加水量对冷冻和未冷冻面团品质的影响。结果表明:加水量和冷冻对小麦面团的质构特性和面筋蛋白二级结构影响显著。随着加水量的增加,冷冻后小麦面团与未冷冻相比硬度增加、黏性升高、内聚性下降、弹性降低,而对面团的回复性影响很小。经冷冻后面团面筋蛋白的二级结构β-折叠和α-螺旋的相对含量增加,β-转角的相对含量降低,使面筋蛋白的网状结构趋于稳定。以上结果可以说明水分可能是影响冷冻面团品质的一个重要因素,也为进一步揭示加水量在小麦冷冻面团中的作用机理提供了重要的研究参考。     

β-葡聚糖酶对高燕麦含量面团性质与蛋白结构的影响（网络首发、推荐阅读）

β-葡聚糖酶可对高燕麦含量面团流变特性、面筋蛋白结构产生较大影响。测试了燕麦面包预拌粉粉质特性、面团动态流变学特性、燕麦面团中β-葡聚糖含量和平均相对分子量、蛋白质游离巯基和SDS可萃取蛋白含量,分析了燕麦蛋白质二级结构、SDS-PAGE蛋白图谱和蛋白质表面疏水性,结果显示：与对照组相比,加入β-葡聚糖酶后,50%燕麦含量的面团吸水率显著下降,弹性模量（G?）和粘性模量（G?）显著降低,减弱了燕麦中本身存在的β-葡聚糖的成胶性并改善了面团的可变形性和流动性,面团的加工适应性得到提高。β-葡聚糖酶降低了面团中β-葡聚糖的聚合度,平均相对分子质量从350 KDa降至62 kDa,面筋蛋白间的非共价相互作用加强,面筋蛋白表面疏水性降低,蛋白二级结构由无规则卷曲和β-转角转变为β-折叠,使得面筋蛋白的水合和聚集程度得到提升。上述研究表明,β-葡聚糖酶处理对改善由于葡聚糖影响的面团加工特性具有显著作用。     

冀紫439黑小麦与济麦22普麦蛋白及加工品质的比较

为研究冀紫439黑小麦的蛋白特性与加工品质间的关系,以济麦22普通小麦为对照,测定济麦22与冀紫439小麦粉4种蛋白组分及亚基组成,面筋蛋白的二级结构、分子间作用力、巯基及二硫键含量,并对面筋及流变学指标、面团的微结构及馒头的品质进行分析。结果表明,冀紫439小麦粉清蛋白、谷蛋白含量、谷蛋白与醇溶蛋白比例显著高于济麦22小麦粉,球蛋白含量显著低于济麦22小麦粉;冀紫439含有高分子量黑小麦醇溶蛋白亚基,且高分子量谷蛋白亚基条带少,不利于面团的黏弹性;冀紫439面筋蛋白二级结构中β-折叠含量、氢键与二硫键含量显著低于济麦22,不利于面筋网络的形成,故拉伸特性中延伸性随时间的延长而降低,面团微观结构蛋白与淀粉包裹致密,相较于济麦22气孔更紧密,馒头的嚼劲增大,但回复性减小。综合分析,冀紫439黑小麦为中弱筋特色小麦品种,可结合蛋白特性进一步改善馒头品质。     

燕麦麸皮添加量对面团流变特性及面筋蛋白结构的影响

将燕麦麸皮以0%、10%、15%、20%、25%(w/w)的比例添加到小麦粉中,研究燕麦麸皮添加量对面团及面筋品质的影响。实验结果表明,随着燕麦麸皮添加量的增加,面团吸水率、形成时间、粘度崩解值显著(p<0.05)增加,稳定时间、回生值显著(p<0.05)降低,面团的热机械学性质下降;面筋蛋白的弹性模量、粘性模量增大,tan δ值降低,面筋蛋白固体特性增强,机械强度增大;面筋蛋白的热降解温度下降、600 ℃时的质量损失率显著(p<0.05)增大,面筋蛋白热稳定性降低;面筋蛋白二硫键含量显著(p<0.05)下降了25.74%~37.59%;扫描电镜的结果表明,添加燕麦麸皮后面筋蛋白原本均匀、致密的网络网络结构遭到破坏,面筋蛋白网络结构变得脆弱、呈蜂窝状。综上所述,添加燕麦麸皮会破坏面筋蛋白均匀致密的网络结构,这可能是导致面团流变性质劣变的原因。     

大麦β-葡聚糖对面团和面筋特性的影响

研究了大麦β-葡聚糖的添加量对小麦面团热机械性能以及面筋蛋白结构与功能特性的影响.结果表明:β-葡聚糖能够改善面团的吸水性能,延长其形成时间,有效抑制淀粉的回生;而且可以显著改善面团的质构特性.随着β-葡聚糖的添加,面筋蛋白的二硫键含量显著增加,二级结构由α-螺旋和β-折叠转变成β-转角和无规卷曲.大麦β-葡聚糖肽的添加不仅可以改变面筋蛋白的构象,而且可以通过疏水相互作用促进蛋白的聚集,利于面筋蛋白结构的重排,提高其热稳定性.     

青麦粉添加对馒头面团及面筋蛋白结构的影响

以馒头专用粉及青麦粉制作青麦馒头,利用激光共聚焦显微镜、黏度仪、红外光谱仪等分析仪器进行测定,探究不同青麦粉添加量(0%、5%、10%、15%、20%)对面团粉质特性、糊化特性、微观结构及面筋蛋白二级结构的影响。结果表明,随着青麦粉添加量的增加,混合粉湿面筋含量、面筋指数减少;糊化温度、峰值黏度降低,面团糊化时间缩短,面团稳定时间从6.18 min降至4.92 min、粉质质量指数减小了18,面筋强度变弱,承受力变差;面团拉伸面积、延伸度和最大拉伸阻力在135 min时显著减小;面筋网络结构逐渐出现孔洞,分布不均匀;面团面筋蛋白各吸收峰都发生了偏移,β-折叠和α-螺旋结构含量增加;综上所述,青麦粉的加入改变了面团特性和面筋蛋白结构,这些变化可能是导致青麦馒头品质下降的主要原因。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖对冷冻小麦面团面筋蛋白结构和功能特性的影响

为研究魔芋葡甘聚糖（konjac glucomannan,KGM）对冷冻小麦面团面筋蛋白分子质量、游离巯基、二级结构和微观结构及持水性、流变性、热特性的功能特性影响,从小麦粉中提取面筋蛋白,运用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳、流变仪、差示扫描量热仪、紫外分光光度计、傅里叶变换红外光谱和扫描电子显微镜对冷冻小麦面团面筋蛋白结构和功能特性进行分析。结果表明,与对照相比,KGM显著增强了面筋蛋白的持水性,提高了面筋蛋白黏弹特性、变性温度（Tp）和变性焓（ΔH）。在KGM存在的情况下,面筋二级结构α-螺旋和β-折叠结构占比增加,β-转角结构和无规卷曲结构减少,使其在冷冻环境下更加稳定。扫描电子显微镜图像分析表明KGM取代度为1.5%时,面筋蛋白微观结构具有明显的海绵状结构和更大的孔隙。KGM对冷冻小麦面团中的面筋蛋白特性有显著影响,对面筋蛋白起到冷冻保护作用。     

Bran-induced changes in water structure and gluten conformation in model gluten dough studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

The impact of bran addition on the state of water and gluten secondary structure in gluten dough was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to understand the underlying physical mechanism by which bran impacts dough properties. Comparison of the OH stretch band of water in gluten dough with that of H₂O–D₂O mixture having the same water content revealed formation of two distinct water populations in gluten dough corresponding to IR absorption frequencies at 3580 cm⁻¹ and 3180 cm⁻¹. The band intensity at 3180 cm⁻¹, which is related to water bound to gluten matrix, decreased with increase of moisture content of the dough. Addition of bran to gluten dough caused redistribution of the bound water in the gluten-bran dough system. This water redistribution affected the secondary structure of gluten in the dough as evidenced from changes in the second-derivative spectrum in the amide I region. In the hydrated state, β-turn (in the form of β-spiral) was the major secondary structure (∼60%) in gluten. Addition of bran to gluten dough caused conversion of β-spirals into β-sheet and random structures. However, the extent of this conversion in the presence of bran was inversely related to the moisture content of the dough. This study revealed that when bran is added to gluten dough, water redistribution promotes partial dehydration of gluten and collapse of β-spirals into intermolecular β-sheet structures; this trans-conformation might be physical reasons for the poor quality of bread containing added bran.     

麦麸细粉营养成分分析及在面包烘焙中的应用

采用喷雾调质、研磨和筛选分离出小麦麸皮中的麦麸细粉,分析其营养成分,并通过流变特性测试及烘焙应用试验,研究其对面粉营养成分及面团烘焙特性的影响。结果表明,分离所得麦麸细粉的蛋白质和膳食纤维含量高达15.8%和33.6%,且富含钾、钙、铁等多种矿物质。随着麦麸细粉在面包专用粉中添加比例的增加,面包专用粉的灰分和湿面筋含量呈递增趋势;面筋指数、糊化黏度逐渐降低,面团吸水率、弱化度逐渐增加;稳定时间、延展性呈减小趋势;面包的搅拌时间、发酵时间延长,比容和品质评分降低。添加10%麦麸细粉的面包烘焙性能和感官品质较好,且营养价值得到了显著改善。     

Effect of Wheat Bran Particle Size on Dough Rheological Properties

Commercial hard red spring, hard red winter, soft white and durum wheat brans were used to investigate the effect of wheat bran particle size on the rheological properties of doughs. Wheat brans were first coarsely ground and passed through a bran finisher to remove additional endosperm and aleurone layers. These processes increased total dietary fibre content and decreased starch content of the wheat bran samples. Three particle size distributions, for each wheat bran class, were obtained by further grinding (not by sifting) of the bran samples by different experimental mills. Coarse bran can retain significantly more water than medium or fine bran as measured by a centrifuge method, but bran particle size had no significant effect on dough water absorption. Addition of wheat bran into bread dough systems increased dough water absorption rate, reduced mixing time and decreased dough mixing tolerance as measured by farinograph. Fine particle size wheat bran decreased dough mixing tolerance and reduced mixing time compared to coarse bran. Dough containing fine particle size bran exhibited more strength than dough containing coarse bran after a 180-min rest period as measured by the extensigraph. © 1997 SCI.     

Glutathione affects rheology and water distribution of wheat dough by changing gluten conformation and protein depolymerisation

The effects of reduced glutathione (GSH) on dough rheology, water state and distribution, gluten conformation, and protein molecular weight distribution were investigated. Addition of GSH (0.02−0.04%) resulted in a more viscous and less elastic dough with decreased G′ and increased tanδ values, which suggested decreased cross-links in gluten network and a weakened dough structure. The molecular weight of proteins was reduced by the GSH-induced cleavage of intermolecular disulphide bonds. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed a high fraction of β-sheet formation at the expense of α-helix and β-turns, indicating a destabilised secondary structure and protein depolymerisation. GSH increased water release from the gluten network in dough resulting in an increase in freezable water content and caused water redistributed from bound water to weakly bound water. This study provided insights into correlation between wheat dough rheological properties and gluten structure influenced by GSH.     

小麦麸皮微波处理对全麦粉面筋品质和流变学特性的影响

目的探讨小麦麸皮微波处理灭酶对全麦粉面筋品质特性和流变学特性的影响。方法以中高筋小麦为原料,对麸皮微波处理后再回添到小麦粉中制得全麦粉,设置麸皮水分含量、微波处理时间和麸皮厚度3个变量因素,固定其中2个变量因素,探讨另1个变量因素对全麦粉中面筋特性和流变学特性的影响。结果麸皮水分含量对湿面筋含量、面筋吸水率、面团形成时间、吸水量、稳定时间和弱化度具有显著性影响,微波处理时间对湿面筋含量、吸水量、稳定时间和弱化度具有显著性影响,麸皮厚度对干面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和粉质质量指数具有显著性影响。结论对全麦粉面筋品质和流变学特性的影响大小依次为麸皮水分含量、麸皮厚度、微波处理时间。     

Effects of protein oxidation on the rheological behaviour of different wheat flour

Wheat flour proteins are subject to oxidation reactions during production, processing and storage. The quality of protein and the rheological properties of wheat are crucial for the flour industry. However, the impact and mechanism of protein oxidised on wheat flour quality remain unclear. In this study, ozone was used to oxidise wheat grains, the secondary structure of protein in flour and the rheological properties of dough were analysed by FTIR and Mixolab. The proportion of α-helix and β-folding of protein were decreased significantly, as were the development time (DDT), stability time (DST) and protein weakening (C2) value of dough. Meanwhile, starch gelatinisation (C3), amylase activity (C4) and retrogradation (C5) were increased significantly, along with the elastic modulus (G′) and viscous modulus (G″). Microstructure analysis indicated that protein oxidation destroyed the gluten network structure in the dough. In addition, the L* value of dough was decreased and a* and b* values were increased significantly. The results showed that the oxidation of protein reduced the stability of protein secondary structure, weakened the structure and stability of the gluten network in dough, and changed the viscoelasticity and colour of dough. Overall, these findings provide a better understanding of rheological behaviour in wheat flour.     

Impact of diatomaceous earth application on the rheological properties of wheat,triticale and rye flour dough

Although utilization of commercial products based on diatomaceous earth, an insecticide of the natural origin, plays a very important role in the integral protection of stored grains, the effect of their application on the rheological quality of small grains is poorly exploited. Therefore, the aim of this research was to employ GlutoPeak and Mixolab rheological devices in order to compare the impact of three diatomaceous earths (DEs) (Protect-It and two inert dusts originated from Serbia) application on the rheological properties of wheat, triticale and rye flour dough. While moisture and protein content did not differ in treated and untreated grain samples, application of all three DEs in two triticale varieties led to an increase in the wet gluten content and Mixolab water absorption, as well as a decrease in the gluten strength, as indicated by gluten index and GlutoPeak maximum torque values. Treated rye samples have also exhibited a decrease in dough maximum consistency and stability and greater protein structure weakening in comparison to untreated sample. The mentioned changes in rheological behaviour were not noticed in wheat varieties treated with DEs. The major changes were recorded in rheological behaviour of triticale and rye starch component which showed a decrease in maximum peak torque and hot paste stability after grain treatment with DEs. In general, the influence of DEs on rheological properties of small grains was highly species and varietal dependent, where more pronounced differences between treated and untreated grains were noticed in stronger varieties.