THE ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA—A Review

The causes and the nature of the psychiatric disorder labeled schizophrenia remain vexingly obscure. Perhaps as an expression of a still extant body-mind controversy, most of the experiments and statements made toward an elucidation of the problem follow one or the other of two opposing postulations: (a) That its origin is genetico-organic; (b) that it is environmental. In a review of the outstanding “facts” for either argument, it is notable that they presuppose not only a difference in theoretical frameworks, but two radically distinct outlooks. This is reflected in therapy, a field in which organicists and environmentalists stand even further apart; the organicist, relying heavily on electroshock and drugs, hopes to counteract a hypothetical body malfunction, and the environmentalist, through psychotherapy, attempts to make it possible for the patient to disentangle his own conflicting feelings and reaction patterns.Between the two an eclectic position seems hardly tenable. For, in spite of voluminous research and speculation, it has not been possible to build a bridge between the two camps and integrate different outlooks which, at times, have brought psychiatry almost to the point of schism.     

THE HIMALAYA AS A CENTRE OF CONCENTRATION FOR THE SOUTH-EASTERN ASIATIC POLYPODIACEOUS FERNS

Before summing up the essential points brought forward in the present paper,it seems desirable at the outset to circumscribe briefly the geographical boundary of the Himalaya.We all know that the Himalaya is an extraordinarily gigantic upheaval of the landmass in the world,yet,up to the present,geologists and geographers are still divided in the concept of its geographical boundary.It has so far unequivocally been recognized that the mountain range west of the great bend of the famous Tsangpo Gorge in southeastern Tibet running     

A SURVEY OF THE HOLARCTIC LINYPHIIDAE （ARANEAE）, OF THE ERIGONINE GENUS ZORNELLA JACKSON, 1932

The Holarctic erigonid genus Zornella has been surveyed. Four spedes are recognized in this genus, two Palaearctic： Z. aultrigera （L. Koch, 11879） ＆ Z. orientalis sp. nov., and two Nearcfic： Z. arrnata （Banks, 1906） ＆ Z. ayptodon Chamherlin, 1920. It is demouslrated that neither nearcfic species is agnspedtic with Z. atltrigera as was thought by Holm and other authors. Z. sp. nov. is describcd from northeastern Siberia. All of the species are illustrated and their distributions mapped.     

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF THE ACTION OF β-RAYS UPON THE EGG OF NEREIS

The temperature coefficient of the action of β-rays from radium upon the egg of Nereis lies between 1.1 and 1.2. This is of a magnitude characteristic of photochemical reactions.     

METAMORPHOSIS OF THE LARVA OF THE POLYCHAETE ARENICOLA CRISTATA. MORPHOLOGY OF THE ‘HOUR-GLASS’ STAGE

The constricted ‘waist’ of the metamorphosing larva of the polychaete Arenicola cristata is described, using light and electron microscopy. The constriction is shown to be the consequence of the discharge and collapse of a post-trochal ring of epithelial cells which remain as functional components of the post-metamorphic juvenile. Morphological differentiation of neuro-effector and interneuronal contacts is initiated at this time. Muscular and neural changes are discussed in terms of their role in effecting metamorphosis.     

A REVIEW OF THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF THE LORDIPHOSA DENTICEPS GROUP WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES (DIPTERA: DROSOPHILIDAE)

Okada, T. (1967) built the Drosophila denticeps group of the subgenusHirtodrosopila Duda, including D. denticeps and D. tripartita. Recently, He (1990) as-signed this group as a synonym of the group nigricolor Lastovka et Maca of the subgenusLordiphoca Basden of Drosophila Fallen. Grimaldi (1990) revised the phylogenetic rela-tionship between the genera of Drosophilidae using cladistic analysis, removed the     

FRACTURE OF THE METACARPAL SHAFT—A Method of Treatment

Anatomically, metacarpal fractures, when reduced, are not spontaneously stable. They require maintenance of this reduction because of the forces acting on the fragments. Closed methods of maintaining this reduction are ideal, but in selected cases, intramedullary fixation of the fracture, using the Kirschner wire, gives excellent results. The method under consideration does not disturb the fracture site itself, the Kirschner wire being introduced “blind.” Correct placement of the site of insertion of the wire, coupled with the rigid immobilization thus attained, gives excellent results in a high proportion of selected cases.     

THE PLIOCENE MICROMAMMALIAN FAUNA FROM JINGLE, SHANXI——A DISCUSSION OF THE AGE OF JINGLE RED CLAY

<正> The Cenozoic deposits of Jingle area was first explored by Teilhard de Chardin & Young in 1929, and six species of mammals: Hipparion houfenense, Gazella blacki Antilospira licenti, Elephas sp., Cervus sp., and Rhinocerotidae gen. indet, were found from the Red Clay in Loc. 1 (Hefeng). Based on the Jingle Fauna, Teilhard de Chardin & Young concluded that the fossil-bearing layer was situated between the typical Hipparion richthofeni Red Clay (Pontian) and the Sanmenian deposits (Polycene) (Teilhard de Chardin & Young, 1930, 1931) and called it "Upper Pontian". Since then, Jingle Formation (or Jingle Red Clay) has been widely used in the stratigraphic generalization of North China (Pei et al., 1963) although its definition and age assignment have never been cleared up. "Jinglean" was put into use for the first time as a stage name by Li et al. (1984, in Chinese) to represent Early Pliocene tentatively: "It may be equivalent to Early Pliocene, more plausibly, it is later ...... Jinglean was temporarily used here to represent Early Pliocene by tradition." In order to make clear the age of Jingle Red Clay and enrich the Hefeng Fauna, a field survey was made in the Summer of 1986 by Chen Xiaofeng and the author. An assemblage of fossil micromammals was unearthed by means of wet-sieving techniques. About 1 ton of sediments from Hefeng (Loc. 86007, or Loc. 1) and Xiagaoai (Loc. 86008, or Loc. 2) in Jingle county (see fig. 1), yielded over 1000 specimens of small mammals. The specimens are from four layers (see table 1), and the present paper only deals with the micromammals from the sand layer and the Red Clay at Hefeng (fig. 2).     

POPULATION ON THE VERGE OF A MUTATIONAL MELTDOWN? FITNESS COSTS OF GENETIC LOAD FOR AN AMPHIBIAN IN THE WILD

Abstract.— The fitness costs of high genetic load in wild populations have rarely been assessed under natural conditions. Such costs are expected to be greatest in small, bottlenecked populations, including those occurring near range edges. Britain is at the northwesterly range limit of the natterjack toad Bufo calamita . We compared fitness attributes in two populations of this amphibian with very different recent histories. Key larval fitness attributes in B. calamita , notably growth rate and metamorph production, were substantially higher in the large outbreeding population (Ainsdale) than in the small and isolated one (Saltfleetby). These differences were manifest under seminatural conditions, when larvae were reared in mesh cages within breeding ponds at the site of the small population, and were exacerbated by high stress treatments. The results indicate that genetic load effects can be sufficiently severe enough to predispose extinction over relatively short time frames, as predicted by extinction vortex models.     

ON THE LARVAE OF THE CHINESE SPECIES OF THE SUBFAMILY CHRYSOMYINAE(DIPT.CALLIPHORIDAE)

In this paper, the author described the larvae of Chinese Chrysomyine flies. All larval specimens of the seven species studied in this paper were reared in the laboratory. The 7 species of Chrysomyinae are as follows: Chrysomya megacephala (Fab., 1794). Fig.1. Ch. pinguis (Wlk., 1858). Ch. bezziana Vill., 1914, Fig.2. Ch. defixa (Wlk., 1857), Fig.3. Achaetandrus rufifacies (Macq., 1842). Fig. 4a.b. Ach. villeneuvii (Patton. 1922). Fig. 4b. (right 5, 8.) Ceylonomyia nigripes (Aubt., 1932). Fig. 5. The larvae of following species are described for the first time.     

EXISTENCE OF MULTIPLE PERIODIC SOLUTIONS TO A NONLINEAR INTEGRAL EQUATION FROM THE THEORY OF EPIDEMICS

Thenonlinearintegralequation(1.1)isageneralizedmodelforthespreadofdiseaseswithseasonaldependence.Inthispaper,wehaveprovedtheexistenceofatleastthreenontrivialnonnegativeperiodicsolutionstothisequation.     

ON THE LARVAE OF THE CHINESE SPECIES OF THE TRIBE LUCILIINI (DIPT.CALLIPHORIDAE)

The present paper deals with the larvae of 10 species of Luciliini from China. The 10 species of Luciliini are as follows: Hypopygiopais infumata (Bigot, 1877), Fig. 1. Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Wied., 1830), Fig. 2. Lucilia sericata (Meig., 1826), Fig. 3. L. cuprina (Wied., 1830), Fig. 4. L. illustris (Meig., 1826), Fig. 5. L. caesar (L., 1758), Fig. 6. L. porphyrina (Walk., 1857), Fig. 7. L. ampullacea laoshanensis Quo, 1952, Fig. 8.