洪水泥沙运动特性的一维数值模拟计算和分析

采用一维非恒定水流泥水流泥沙数学模型对黄河的“96．8”洪水泥沙输移特性进行了数值计算模拟，通过对洪水运动过程的水沙要素如断面的水位、数量、含沙量变化、洪水传播时间及河床冲淤等特性的分析表明，本一维非恒定泥沙数学模型在分析模拟洪水泥运动规律可靠性，为江河洪水预报提供一种重要的预测手段。     

基于遥感的黄河三角洲湿地时空变化特征及驱动因素研究

为适应黄河三角洲湿地快速频繁变化的特点并提高数据解释力度,为黄河三角洲科学规划和管理保护提供必要参考,基于Landsat影像密集观测1986—2021年15个时期的黄河三角洲湿地,研究湿地时空变化,定量分析驱动因素。结果表明:(1)黄河三角洲湿地存在波动变化和阶段性特征,自然湿地减少1 579.07 km²,滩涂和草甸灌丛损失率均超过60%;人工湿地面积增加了1 210.67 km²。(2)农田、建设用地和人工湿地扩张与自然湿地萎缩显著相关,相关系数分别为-0.682、-0.963、-0.976;2009年后因退耕还湿,开垦的影响减弱。(3)输沙量与自然湿地面积相关系数为0.614,在水文因素中起主导作用;1993年以前河口泥沙淤积效应强于海洋侵蚀作用,随后反转。(4)气温升高和干旱事件加剧了湿地损失。     

Modeling sediment transport in the lower Yellow River and dynamic equilibrium threshold value

A major problem in the lower Yellow River is the insufficient incoming water and excessive sediment supply, which results in serious deposition, continuous rise of the river bed, and austere flood control situation. To understand the sediment transport regularity of the lower Yellow River and determine the relationship between sedimentation, incoming water and sediment, and zone water diversion, a mathematical model of the sediment suitable for the characteristics of the lower Yellow River has been developed. This model is first rated and verified by large quantity of observed data, and it is then used to analyze silting reduction for the lower Yellow River by Xiaolangdi Reservoir’s operation, the relationship between zone water diversion and channel sedimentation, and critical equilibrium of sedimentation in the lower Yellow River. The threshold values of equilibrium of sedimentation in the lower Yellow River are estimated and they suggest that deposition in the lower Yellow River can be effectively reduced by the operation of regulating flow and sediment from Xiaolangdi Reservoir, water-soil conservation, and controlling water diversion along the lower Yellow River.     

Modeling sediment transport in the lower Yellow River and dynamic equilibrium threshold value

1IntroductionTheYellowRiverbasin,knownasthecradleoftheChineseculture,hasalargepopulationandisrichinnaturalresources.ThisregionanditseconomicconditionshavebeenimprovedquicklysinceChina’seconomicreformandopening-up.However,thewaterresourcesandtheirenvironmentalissueshavereceivedlittleattention.Thesedi-mentconcentrationintheYellowRiverissohighthatthedepositionontheriverbedmakestheriverbedelevationhigherthanthegroundoutsidetheriverbanks,whichleadstothefamous“suspendedriver”sceneintheregion.P…     

小浪底水库运用初期黄河下游河道冲刷模拟计算

采用小浪底水库运用后的1999年11月至2002年10月水沙系列对已建立并运用多年的黄河准二维泥沙数学模型进行验证计算，河床冲淤变化、断面形态调整、洪水演进及洪水位变化、床沙与悬沙交换等各方面的计算结果与实测资料基本吻合。这说明该模型适用于因小浪底水库运用而水沙条件发生重大变化的黄河下游，该模型可在今后小浪底水库运用方式的比选、黄河下游河道治理及下游防洪决策等工作中发挥其模拟和预测的作用。     

Sediment yield computation of the sandy and gritty area based on the digital watershed model

The Yellow River is well known as a sediment-laden river, which is the main reason that it cannot be controlled as easily as other rivers. Many researchers, such as Qian Ning et al., have found that the sediment load of the Yellow River comes mainly from the sandy and gritty area of the Loess Plateau. Therefore, it is very important to simulate the sediment yield in this area. This paper proposes a method to compute the sediment production in the sandy and gritty area based on the digital watershed model. The suggested model is calibrated and validated in the Chabagou basin, which is a small catchment in the study area. Finally, the model simulates the sediment yield of the sandy and gritty area in 1967, 1978, 1983, 1994 and 1997, which represents a high water and high sediment year, a mean water and mean sediment year, a high water and low sediment year, a low water and high sediment year, and a low water and low sediment year separately. The simulation results, including the runoff depth and erosion modulus, can well explain the "low water and high sediment" phenomena in the Yellow River basin. The total amount of the sediment production and its distribution generated by the model is very useful for water and soil conservation in the sandy and gritty area of the Loess Plateau.     

根治黄河的对策

在对现代各种有代表性的治黄方略述评的基础上 ,提出了根治黄河的对策 :将黄河中游水土严重流失的多沙粗沙区整治成错落有致的相对平原 ,以大大减少入黄泥沙 ;将淮河、汉江上游灾害水或多余水调引入黄 ,以冲刷下游河道 ,缓解水资源供需矛盾 ,同时改善生态环境 .     

3D mathematical model for suspended load transport by turbulent flows and its applications

In recent years, 1D sediment mathematical models have been widely applied in en-gineering practice. However, simulation results from such models provide limited tech-nical details and they cannot fully meet the requirements of engineering planning and design. Though 2D sediment mathematical models have been developing rapidly and already been used to solve the sediment problems in hydraulic engineering, the area near the main structure of a project has 3D problems of water flow and sediment m…     

利用涨落潮水流冲刷河口闸闸区淤积

河口挡潮闸闸区及其上下游河段淤积是冲积性河流河口比较常见的现象 .通过水槽模型试验 ,探讨了利用涨潮与落潮产生的潮位差冲刷闸区及其上下游河段河床淤沙的水力冲淤方式 ,对不同水力条件下水闸冲淤方式及冲淤效果进行了比较系统的研究     

黄河三角洲湿地地下水石油污染的数值模拟

以研究区抽水试验的参数作为初值,建立了相应的地下水流值模型;同时结合弥散实验所得参数建立了研究区污染物溶质运移模型,并利用模型数据差值分析对黄河三角洲湿地油气资源开发的生态环境机制进行探讨,通过水质模型预测,得出常规石油作业污染物在潜水含水层表层大量聚集,如不及时治理,污染物会向承压含水层运移。因此为了保护湿地,降低石油对湿地地下水污染及生态环境的破坏,需要地方政府和油田方面配合,加强沟通、协作和监管。     

黄河泥沙科学的新进展

泥沙问题是黄河难治的症结,本文系统回顾了黄河泥沙科学的新进展,其中包括水流泥沙运动、黄河水流挟沙力、高含沙水流运动、河床演变规律和减淤措施研究、泥沙数学模型、河工动庆模型试验研究等方面,并提出了有待于今后深入研究的主要课题。     

土工合成材料在黄河三角洲地区水利工程上的应用

近年来,随着新技术、新材料的不断出现,地处黄河三角洲地区的胜利石油管理局在水利工程施工中使用了大量的土工合成材料,包括土工布、土工膜、复合土工膜等。通过在水利工程上的不断应用和探索,摸索出了一套适合黄河三角洲地区工程特点的土工合成材料施工方案,取得了较好的社会和经济效益。就土工合成材料在黄河三角洲地区水利工程上的应用作了较详细的介绍。     

黄河调水调沙有关问题的探讨

总结了小浪底水库运用以来黄河调水调沙取得的重要成果;从小浪底水库拦沙运用变化及黄河下游河道冲淤变化两方面分析了当前小浪底水库调水调沙的运用条件;提出了今后黄河调水调沙应当关注的一些问题,如水库汛限水位、调水调沙调控指标、调水调沙运用思路等.     

黄河下游河道输沙規律及小浪底水库对下游河道减淤作用分析

本文根据黄河下游多年实测资料,分析了水流流量、含沙量以及泥沙粒径、河床形态等因素对下游河道输沙能力的影响,探讨了黄河下游河道的输沙规律,并以三门峡水库投入运用后下游实测资料,利用多元回归分析方法,建立并验证了全下游河道输沙率关系式。本文根据黄河下游河道的输沙特性,对小浪底水库的运用方式提出三个方案,分析了不同运用方式对减轻下游河道淤积的作用。结果表明,只要运用得当,减淤效果显著,在水库最初25年运用期内可使下游河道减淤近67亿吨,相当于下游河道17年以上的淤积量,水库拦沙减淤比可达1.1∶1。     

交汇角度对黄河上游高含沙交汇区淤堵影响的试验研究

黄河上游支流——十大孔兑的高含沙洪水在入黄交汇区形成沙坝、淤堵干流的过程是一种典型的干支流交汇现象,对交汇区河床演变、防洪和工农业生产有重大影响,因此研究减轻高含沙交汇区沙坝淤堵的治理措施是一项十分必要和迫切的工作。本文通过模型试验研究了干支流不同交汇角度对孔兑与黄河高含沙交汇区沙坝淤堵规模的影响。模型试验以产生的高含沙洪水淤堵黄河干流次数最多、危害最大的孔兑之一——西柳沟与黄河交汇的干支流河段为模拟对象,采用黄河高含沙水流动床模型相似律进行模型设计,选取90°、60°、30°和15°作为试验交汇角度,分别开展了清水和浑水交汇试验,获取交汇区水流分区特性和沙坝淤堵规模特征。研究结果表明：随着交汇角增大,支流对干流的顶托作用增强,交汇口上游壅水区流速逐渐减小,水深增大;交汇角较小时交汇口下游形不成回流区,交汇角增大到30°以后回流区形成并随交汇角增大而增大,伴随着高流速带向对岸移动;壅水区和回流区沙坝尺度随交汇角增大而增大,交汇角较小时形不成壅水区淤积体和回流区淤积体,但易形成交汇口对岸淤积体,其尺度随交汇角增大而减小,与回流区淤积体互为消长。交汇口以上主槽的淤堵由壅水区淤积体构成,交汇口下游主槽淤堵由回流区淤积体和对岸淤积体共同构成,当交汇角为30°时交汇口上下游主槽总体淤堵规模最小。从河道淤堵规模和河岸稳定方面综合分析认为,在现状河道和水沙条件下,30°是有利于减轻孔兑与黄河高含沙交汇区淤堵的较优交汇角,这对交汇口河道整治具有重要指导作用。     

黄河下游典型滩区“92·8”洪水分区滞洪沉沙数值模拟研究

采用平面二维水沙数学模型,依据“92·8”典型洪水情况,对黄河下游夹河滩至高村河段进行了无生产堤条件下的自然漫滩、现状生产堤条件下漫滩及典型滩区分洪淤滩,3种工况条件下的河道冲淤、洪水演进及滩区淹没的数值模拟.模拟成果分析表明,对黄河下游蓄滞洪区进行滞洪沉沙,有效增大了分洪区的削峰滞洪作用,保证和扩大了滩槽泥沙横向交换...     

黄河下游漫滩洪水含沙量和级配变化研究

通过模型试验,研究了黄河下游夹河滩到高村断面河段漫滩洪水含沙量及颗粒级配的沿程变化规律。结果表明：（1）各种流量条件下,主槽含沙量沿程增大,但差别较大。（2）漫滩挟沙水流在滩区含沙量沿程衰减,在生产堤内及滩面衰减幅度较大,在二滩衰减幅度较小;同时,漫滩挟沙水流中的泥沙颗粒在落淤过程中有明显的分选作用。（3）二滩沿程含沙量衰减率与大河洪峰流量有关,流量越小,含沙量衰减越快。     

Efficiency of sediment transport by flood and its control in the Lower Yellow River

1IntroductionIntheriversystemwithsediment-ladenflow,WaterUseforSedimentTransport(WUST)isaveryimportantcomponentofecologicalwaterdemands,whichmaintainfundamentalfunctionofallecosystemcomponentsataspecificlevelofcondition[1].EnoughWUSTisthepremisetokeepthestableriver-bedandhealthyriverecosystem;alsoitisthebaseflowofriverfortheexploitationofwaterresources.Comparingwithotherrespectsrelatedwithwaterdemandsofriverecosystemsuchastheminimumflowforfishesorripariantrees,researchesontheWUSTarequite…     

Efficiency of sediment transport by flood and its control in the Lower Yellow River

This paper presents the characteristics of sediment transport by flood in the Lower Yellow River with the reach from Huayuankou to Gaocun, which is regarded as a typical braided pattern. The Artificial Neural Network Model on Water Use for Sediment Transport (WUST) by flood was established based on the measured data from 1980 to 1998. Consequently, simulations of controlling process of sediment transport by flood were made in terms of the control theory under different scenarios. According to the situation of sediment transport by flood in the Lower Yellow River, Open-Loop control system and feedback control system were adopted in system design. In the Open-Loop control system, numerical simulations were made to reveal the relationship between average discharge of flood and the WUST with varying sediment concentrations. The results demonstrate that sediment concentration has significant influence on the controlling process of flood flow to WUST. It is practical and efficient to control WUST if sediment concentration is less than 20 kg/m³. In the feedback control system, controlling processes of sediment concentration and flood discharge for sediment transport were simulated respectively under given conditions, and it was found that sediment transport process could be controlled completely by sediment concentration and discharge at the inlet of the reach from Huayuankou to Gaocun. Using the same method, controlling processes of sediment transport by flood in other reaches in the Lower Yellow River were also simulated. For the case of sediment concentration being 20 kg/m³, the optimized controlling discharge ranges from 2390 to 2900 m³/s in the lower reach of Huayuankou. This study is also of significance to flood control and flushing sediment in the Lower Yellow River with proper operation modes of Xiaolangdi Reservoir.     

黄河下游河床变形长期预测数学模型的研究

建立了黄河下游河道纵剖面变化长期预测数学模型．对黄河下游河道在不同来水来沙条件下冲淤的发展趋势作了分析预报．