腹腔镜完全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术对睾丸的影响

目的:探讨成年男性腹股沟疝患者行腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术(totally extraperitoneal,TEP)的治疗效果及对患者睾丸的影响。方法:选取并随访2014年1月至2016年12月行腹腔镜TEP的87例男性患者,统计手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间等围手术期指标,彩超观察手术前后患者睾丸血流、睾丸体积等指标,并与健侧进行对比分析。结果:本组87例患者均成功完成腹腔镜TEP,无一例中转开腹。手术时间44~79 min,平均(58.4±15.0)min;术中出血量9~28 ml,平均(17.6±6.2)ml;术后住院4~6 d,平均(5.0±1.0)d;术后发生血肿4例,半年后复发1例。术前及术后3个月、6个月,患者睾丸动脉收缩期峰值血流速度、舒张末期血流速度健侧与患侧差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术前,患侧睾丸动脉阻力指数大于健侧(P0.05);术后3个月、6个月,两侧睾丸动脉阻力指数差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。术前及术后3个月患侧与健侧的睾丸动脉管径、睾丸体积差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜TEP治疗成年男性腹股沟疝的疗效肯定,对患者睾丸血流灌注水平有一定的改善作用。     

完全保留残端自体腱重建后交叉韧带对本体感觉恢复的影响

目的观察完全保留残端自体腱重建后交叉韧带(PCL)术后本体感觉恢复状况,探讨完全保留与非保留残端重建PCL对本体感觉恢复的影响。方法对40例PCL损伤的患者中20例行不保留残端自体腘绳肌单束重建术(非保留残端组),20例行完全保留残端自体腘绳肌单束重建术(完全保留残端组)。通过IKDC评分、Lysholm评分及CPM机等速测试膝关节本体感觉,评估两组患者术后本体感觉恢复状况。结果 40例均获随访,时间6~24(15.6±4.945)个月。两组患者术后6、12个月膝关节IKDC评分及Lysholm评分均较术前明显改善(P0.05);两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后6个月,在3个不同的膝关节复位角度下,非保留残端组患侧膝关节与健侧比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);完全保留残端组患侧膝关节与健侧比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组间患侧膝关节比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后12个月,在3个不同的膝关节复位角度下,两组患侧膝关节与健侧比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组之间患侧膝关节比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论完全保留残端重建PCL能够可靠地恢复膝关节的本体感觉,且早期恢复效果优于非保留残端重建PCL。     

关节镜保留残端前交叉韧带重建术的疗效

目的:探讨关节镜保留残端的前交叉韧带重建术的疗效。方法:选取2018年2月至2019年2月施行关节镜前交叉韧带重建的46例患者,采用随机数表法分为观察组与对照组,每组23例,对照组行关节镜下非保留残端前交叉韧带重建术,观察组行保留残端前交叉韧带重建术,观察术后治疗效果及本体感觉恢复情况。结果:术后6个月观察组患者Lysholm评分、国际膝关节文献委员会评分、膝关节稳定性及膝关节活动度均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后6个月、12个月,两组患者本体感觉评分优于术前(P0.05)。术后6个月,观察组患者患侧本体感觉评分与健侧相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),且优于对照组(P0.05),对照组患者患侧本体感觉评分低于健侧(P0.05)。术后12个月,对照组患侧本体感觉评分较健侧差异无统计学意义(P0.05),两组本体感觉评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:关节镜保留残端的前交叉韧带重建术可更好地促进膝关节功能及本体感觉的恢复,效果较好,值得推广应用。     

关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术后膝关节皮温变化的研究

目的探讨关节镜下前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)重建术后膝关节皮温变化的特点。方法2015年7月~2016年10月我院63例ACL重建,检测术前和术后3、6、12周(23例)双侧膝关节及周围皮肤温度,观察术后膝关节肿胀情况。结果健侧膝关节术前膝前方皮温低于膝内侧、膝外侧、髌骨上缘上方10 cm处大腿以及髌骨下缘下方10 cm处小腿皮温(P<0.05)。患侧术前、术后3和6周膝前与膝内侧温差差异有显著性(χ^2=41.608,P=0.000),术后3周患侧膝前和膝内侧温度接近,温差明显小于术前(P=0.000),术后6周温差与术前差异无显著性(P=0.069)。不同时间(术前、术后3和6周)膝前、膝内和外侧和大腿患侧皮温明显高于健侧(P<0.05),小腿患侧和健侧差异无显著性(P>0.05)。术后12周仅39.1%(9/23)的患者双侧膝前温度差>1℃。术后3、6周膝关节肿胀患者较不肿患者膝前温差明显升高(Z=-3.821,P=0.000;t=-5.181,P=0.000)。结论正常膝关节膝前方皮温较低,关节镜下ACL重建术后3、6周时皮温高于健侧,12周时接近正常。     

头皮冠状切口术后颧颞部软组织变化及原因分析

目的 测量分析头皮冠状切口术后软组织变化,探讨其发生机制和预防措施.方法 选取2003年3月至2008年9月经半头皮冠状切口行单侧颧骨粉碎性骨折手术,且均随访1年以上并有完整的临床及影像学资料的33例患者进行回顾性分析,对33例患者颧骨三维CT、颧面部、顾部的外形测量所得数值,包括健、患两侧差值等进行比较分析.结果 颞部最凹点健、患侧软组织厚度差值为(1.60±0.97)mm,其中12例差值大于2 mm,健、患两侧软组织厚度有显著性差异(P＜0.01);颧点表面健、患侧软组织厚度差值为(0.68±0.48)mm,差值大于2 mm 1例,两侧比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);颧突点、颧颌点及颞部最凸点表面软组织厚度差异均小于2 mm,两侧比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 头皮冠状切口术后颧面部软组织厚度无明显改变,颞部脂肪垫处软组织均有不同程度的萎缩,部分导致不对称畸形.术中应注意解剖层次,保护血管,避免过分牵拉,以尽量减少术后畸形的发生.     

膝骨关节炎患者居家康复训练后膝关节屈伸肌力的变化

目的:评估膝骨关节炎患者居家康复训练后膝关节屈伸肌力的变化。方法:前瞻性纳入2020年5月至2021年10月收治的50例单侧膝骨关节炎患者,均接受3个月居家康复训练(包括健康指导和功能训练)。居家康复训练前、训练3个月后应用Biodex等速测试系统分别在慢速60°/s等速、中速120°/s等速和90°等长模式下对患者进行双膝屈伸肌力测试,记录峰力矩,同时记录疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)及西安大略省和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数(WOMAC)评分,并进行比较。结果:训练前,患者患侧60°/s等速、120°/s等速、90°等长屈膝、伸膝肌力均弱于健侧(P均<0.05)。训练3个月后,患者除健侧60°/s等速伸膝肌力无明显变化外(P=0.183),其余肌力均较训练前提高(P均<0.05);患者患侧60°/s等速、120°/s等速、90°等长伸膝肌力仍弱于健侧(P均<0.01),但屈膝肌力差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。训练3个月后,患者疼痛VAS评分、WOMAC评分均较训练前改善(P均<0.01)。结论:膝骨关节炎患者居家康复训练3个月后膝关节屈伸肌力明显增强,...     

Endobutton钢板结合锚钉修复治疗肩锁关节脱位的病例对照研究

目的 :比较Endobutton钢板结合锚钉修复与锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析自2012年1月至2014年8月接受手术治疗的RockwoodⅢ型以上肩锁关节脱位患者83例。34例接受了Endobutton钢板结合锚钉修复治疗(Endobutton组),其中男23例,女11例;平均年龄(39.0±6.3)岁(26~51岁);受伤至手术时间平均(4.1±1.3)d(3~7 d);左侧14例,右侧20例;摔伤28例,车祸伤6例。49例接受锁骨钩钢板治疗(钢钩板组),其中男33例,女16例;平均年龄(37.9±6.3)岁(27~53岁);受伤至手术时间平均(4.1±1.1)d(2~7 d);左侧18例,右侧31例;摔伤36例,车祸伤13例。比较患者术中出血量、手术时间、切口大小、术后并发症及术后喙锁间隙、肩关节功能、生活质量评分。结果:钩钢板组49例中43例行二次手术拆除钢板,32例出现肩关节活动时疼痛或活动范围受限;Endobutton组34例术后均未出现肩关节活动时疼痛及活动范围受限。两组患者随访期间均未出现患侧肩锁关节再次脱位。两组患者手术时间、术中出血量比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),钩钢板组切口长于Endobutton组(P0.05);两组患者术后16个月时健侧和患侧喙锁间隙无明显差异,且钩钢板组和Endobutton组患侧比较喙锁间隙也无明显差异(P0.05)。术后2个月两组患侧Constant、SF-36评分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);术后16个月两组Constant评分均高于术后2个月(P0.05),且钩钢板组患侧Constant评分低于Endobutton组(P0.05),钩钢板组健侧Constant评分高于患侧(P0.05),Endobutton组健侧与患侧Constant评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后16个月两组SF-36评分均高于术后2个月,且钩钢板组SF-36评分低于Endobutton组(P0.05)。结论:Endobutton钢板结合锚钉修复能够有效固定RockwoodⅢ型以上急性肩锁关节脱位,并发症少,避免了二次手术拆除。     

银质针和中药熏蒸治疗慢性腰痛前后椎旁软组织张力变化的对比分析

目的：评价腰部软组织张力测定在慢性非特异性腰痛患者治疗过程中作为疗效评价客观指标的临床意义。方法：自2011年8月至2012年3月,选取慢性非特异性腰痛患者60例,以1∶1的比例分为银质针与中药熏蒸组。银质针组男17例,女13例,年龄28~55岁,平均（45.70±4.15）岁,采用银质针透热治疗;中药熏蒸组男19例,女11例,年龄27~55岁,平均（43.03±5.86）岁,采用中药熏蒸治疗。分别于治疗前,治疗后1周、3个月观察两组患者力-位移距离（FDD）、能量吸收比（S）的变化,并采用疼痛视觉模拟积分（VAS）、罗兰德-莫里斯功能障碍量表（RMDQ）进行疗效评价。结果：①治疗前,治疗后1周及3个月银质针组VAS评分分别为4.77±0.78、1.99±1.08、2.55±0.94,中药熏蒸组分别为4.43±0.61、2.48±0.71、3.05±0.86。两组治疗后VAS评分均较治疗前均明显降低（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）。治疗前两组比较差异无统计学意义,治疗后银质针组较中药熏蒸组镇痛效果更为明显（P〈0.05）。治疗前,治疗后1周及3个月时银质针组RMDQ分别为13.63±1.96、5.87±2.33、6.53±2.89;中药熏蒸组分别为13.40±2.01、6.90±2.31、9.23±2.87。组间比较,治疗前与治疗后1周两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,与治疗后3个月比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,银质针组与中药熏蒸组都能够一定程度上改善慢性腰痛所引起的功能障碍,银质针的治疗效果更为持久。②治疗后1周及3个月随访时,银质针组患侧多裂肌及竖脊肌、健侧多裂肌的FDD均明显增加（P〈0.05）;中药熏蒸组治疗后1周患侧和健侧多裂肌及竖脊肌的FDD均较治疗前增加（P〈0.05）,3个月时患侧多裂肌及竖脊肌FDD与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。组间比较,治疗前两组间比较差异不明显（P〉0.05）,治疗后1周,银质针组患侧多裂肌及竖脊肌FDD增加更为明显（P〈0.05）,而健侧多裂肌及竖脊肌两组间对比差异无统计学意义。治疗后3个月,银质针组患侧及健侧两组肌肉的FDD均明显较高（P〉0.01）。③患侧多裂肌与竖脊肌的FDD差值与VAS及RMDQ差值存在相关性,Spearman相关系数R分别为0.517,0.811,0.746、0.625,P值分别为0.015,0.041,0.045、0.017。腰部软组织张力指标改善的变化趋势与症状、功能、生活质量改善的变化趋势一致,具有相关性。结论：软组织张力的测试可以有效地反映慢性腰痛患者的疼痛强度和腰部功能障碍的程度,提高慢性腰痛的疗效评价的客观性。     

保守治疗对腰椎间盘突出症患者坐骨神经直径及下肢痛的影响

目的观察经保守治疗单节段腰椎间盘突出症(lumbar disc herniation,LDH)患者坐骨神经直径变化,分析保守治疗对坐骨神经直径及下肢痛的影响。方法回顾性分析2018年1月-2018年12月80例因单节段LDH于我院行保守治疗的患者资料,通过B超评估治疗前和治疗后3个月的双侧坐骨神经直径及形态变化,并对治疗前后的VAS评分和JOA评分进行评价。结果急性LDH可导致患者坐骨神经增粗,患侧直径为(5.29±1.02) mm,健侧为(4.47±0.62) mm,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。患侧坐骨神经直径由治疗前(5.29±1.02) mm下降为治疗后3个月的(4.68±0.62) mm,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000),健侧坐骨神经直径无显著变化。治疗后,患者下肢痛VAS评分和JOA评分均较治疗前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论急性单节段LDH可导致其坐骨神经出现增粗改变;保守治疗能明显减小患侧坐骨神经直径且缓解患肢疼痛症状。     

腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术对睾丸血流及血清睾酮的影响

【摘要】〓目的〓初步探讨腹腔镜完全腹膜外无张力腹股沟疝修补术(TEP)对睾丸血流及血清睾酮的影响。方法〓对我科住院行手术治疗的男性单侧腹股沟疝患者进行前瞻性研究,应用高频彩超对行腹腔镜下腹股沟疝修补的男性患者在术前48 h内,术后48 h内、2周内、1个月内用彩色超声分别测定患者患侧和对侧精索动脉血流量,包括收缩期峰值血流速度(PSV)和舒张末期血流速度(EDV)和睾丸体积,以及检测血清睾酮水平。结果〓共66例最终被选择入组。术前48 h内,患侧和对侧的PSV、EDV和睾丸体积差异均无明显异常(P>0.05);术后48 h及术后两周均检测到患侧的PSV、EDV和睾丸体积明显小于对侧,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而术后1个月内,患侧和对侧的PSV、EDV和睾丸体积差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术前48 h内,术后48 h内、2周内及1个月的患者血浆睾酮水平的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论〓TEP术治疗腹股沟疝时,术后早期(2周内)可降低患侧的睾丸血流和睾丸体积,但术后1个月可恢复正常;TEP术对腹股沟疝患者的血清睾酮无明显影响。不需进行干预。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

动静脉穿刺网络课件的开发及其应用

目的:确保护理教学效果,提高教学水平。方法:应用多项信息技术将动静脉穿刺技术制作成教学网络课件,并用于临床教学。结果:该课件在本校园网上运行半年余,2000余人次对其进行访问,受到师生好评。结论:该课件能及时反映动静脉穿刺的最新研究进展及具体操作步骤和使用方法,实现护理教学的直观性和交互性,对护理教学和临床带教指导有一定的借鉴作用。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

The physiology of nausea and vomiting is poorly understood. The initiation of vomiting varies and may be due to motion, pregnancy, chemotherapy, gastric irritation or postoperative causes. Once initiated, vomiting occurs in two stages, retching and expulsion. The muscles responsible for this sequence of events are controlled by either a vomiting centre or a central pattern generator, probably in the area postrema and the nearby nucleus tractus solitarius. Drugs which induce vomiting include ipecacuanha, a gastric irritant, and apomorphine, a dopamine-receptor agonist. Opioid drugs also induce vomiting, but opioid antagonists are not useful to treat nausea and vomiting. Anti-emetic drugs consist of a variety of neurotransmitter antagonists and may act in the periphery, the central nervous system or both sites. The most important drugs are antagonists at muscarinic, dopamine D₂, 5-HT₃, histamine H₁ and neurokinin NK₁ receptors. These drugs are discussed with particular attention to post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV).