采后钙处理对梨果实钙的形态和果胶及相关代谢酶类影响的研究

研究了黄花梨经浸钙处理后,果实钙形态转变及果胶含量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）和果胶甲酯酶（PME）活力的变化,以及果实硬度的变化。结果表明：浸钙处理的果实总钙含量显著提高,其硬度明显高于对照,且有利于细胞膜透性的保持;梨果实中的NaCl溶性钙最多,其次是水溶性钙,醋酸溶性钙和HCl溶性钙含量较少。在果实贮藏21d时,水溶性钙含量有一个上升的过程,而NaCl溶性钙则有一个下降的过程。浸钙处理后,除醋酸溶性钙外,果实中的水、NaCl和HCl溶性钙含量均有显著的提高。浸钙处理明显抑制了果胶的降解进程与PG的活力,但对PME抑制作用不明显。浸钙处理能提高果实硬度可能与浸钙处理抑制了PG活力有关。     

柿果实采收后软化生理分析（简报）

柿子(乾县火柿)采后的粗纤维、原果胶、单宁和可溶性固形物含量都随硬度的降低而降低,可溶性果胶则升高。多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和纤维素酶活性逐渐升高,果胶甲酯酶活性和蛋白质含量逐渐降低,都在果实变软时同时出现高峰;随后出现呼吸峰和乙烯峰。     

柿果实采后胞壁多糖代谢及其降解酶活性的变化

以富平尖柿为试验材料,研究了室温下柿果实硬度和细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性变化。结果表明,柿采后后熟期间果肉硬度持续下降,平均日下降3．1％,其中第7天到第16天下降最快,平均日下降6．9％。碳酸钠可溶果胶(SSP)和24％KOH可溶组分含量持续下降,与果肉硬度变化呈极显著正相关(r分别为0．9698和0．8084);而水溶性果胶(WSP)和4％KOH可溶组分含量不断上升,与果肉硬度变化呈极显著负相关(r分别为0．9566和-0．9392),螯合剂可溶果胶(CSP)与24％KOH不溶组分含量变化缓慢。多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶(Cx)活性均在采后第16天达最高值。相关性分析表明,PG活性上升可能是导致柿SSP含量下降和WSP含量上升的主要原因;而Cx活性则可能引起纤维素以及难溶性的半纤维素(24％KOH可溶组分)向易溶的半纤维素(4％KOH可溶组分)转化,从而导致了柿果肉硬度的下降。     

热处理对脱涩后火柿生理生化变化的影响

以CO2脱涩后的火柿为试材,研究了脱涩后火柿在5℃条件下贮藏过程中主要生理生化变化及35℃热处理对其软化生理的影响。结果表明,柿果可溶性单宁含量的继续下降是柿果软化的一个原因;乙烯在脱涩柿果的软化中起着主导作用,呼吸速率及PE、PG和纤维素酶活性的变化与乙烯存在着紧密的关系。35℃热处理抑制了脱涩火柿可溶性单宁含量的下降速率,使乙烯生成量降低和乙烯峰出现时间推迟,刺激了早期的呼吸速率,抑制了后期的呼吸速率,降低了PE、PG和纤维素酶的活性,从而达到了延缓脱涩柿果轮化的目的。     

柿果实采后软化过程中细胞壁组分代谢和超微结构的变化

柿果实采后果胶酯酶活性迅速上升,其活性与果实硬度的下降呈明显的负相关。多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性增加缓慢,但其活性与果实硬度的下降无明显相关性。β-半乳糖苷酶活性迅速增加,其活性与果实硬度的下降呈明显的负相关。纤维素酶活性呈逐渐上升趋势,与果实硬度的下降也呈明显的负相关。伴随着细胞壁水解酶活性的增加,果实原果胶和纤维素含量迅速下降,而水溶性果胶含量则迅速上升。柿果刚采收时细胞壁结构完整,3d后细胞壁中胶层基本被溶解,甚至初生壁也局部发生降解。     

1-MCP对柿贮藏期间几种生理变化的影响

以火柿为试验材料,研究了1-MCP处理对其在常温下贮藏效果及其生理变化的影响。结果表明,1-MCP明显降低了柿采后贮藏前期果实呼吸强度的上升,并延缓了呼吸峰出现的时间及可溶性固形物含量的变化进程,一定程度上降低了膜相对透性,提高了硬果率。但对Vc的分解无明显抑制作用,在贮藏后期处理果有呼吸峰值上升的表现。     

人工脱涩处理对广西野生柿种质果实贮藏性的影响

为研究广西野生柿种质资源果实采后软化机制,该研究以广西特有的野生柿种质‘油柿''(YS)、‘农家栽培柿''(ZP)和主栽品种‘恭城月柿''为材料,分析了人工脱涩乙烯利处理的果实采后贮藏中可滴定酸含量、可溶性糖含量、硬度、乙烯生物合成量、色差、可溶性单宁含量、果胶及细胞壁降解酶活性的变化。结果表明:(1)与‘恭城月柿''相比,‘油柿''可滴定酸含量高,可溶性糖含量低,转色缓慢,果实易软化。其中,YS-4最不耐贮藏,乙烯利处理后,贮藏第4天硬度降至1.620 N,第6天可溶性单宁含量下降至2.398 mg·g^-1,整个贮藏期原果胶含量下降最慢,末期可溶性果胶值最低,为0.832%; YS-2最耐贮藏,乙烯利处理第8天硬度为YS-4的3.6倍,贮藏末期硬度在所有‘油柿''中最高。(2)‘农家栽培柿''中乙烯利处理贮藏末期ZP-2可滴定酸含量最高,可溶性糖含量低,转色最缓慢,原果胶降幅最小,可溶性果胶含量最高; 相反ZP-3果实转色快且易软化,可滴定酸含量最低,可溶性糖含量低,原果胶降幅最大,可溶性果胶含量低。(3)‘恭城月柿''PG酶活性和Cx酶活性远远高于‘油柿'',各‘油柿''种质的果实软化程度与细胞壁降解酶活性的相关性不同,β-D-Gal酶和Cx酶在‘农家栽培柿''贮藏前期起作用,PG酶在贮藏前期和后期对果实软化起作用,说明不同柿种质品种在软化过程中起主导作用的酶不同。综上认为,与‘恭城月柿''相比,‘油柿''耐贮性差,其中YS-4极不耐贮藏,而‘农家栽培柿''ZP-2极耐贮藏,这为研究柿果实软化机制提供了基础的种质材料。     

两种三叶草萌发期和幼苗期抗性的比较研究

通过测定不同的温度、水分、盐分和光照等条件下,杂三叶和地三叶(考拉)在萌发期和幼苗期的发芽率、发芽势、生长速度、叶绿素含量、组织含水量、脯氨酸含量和细胞膜透性等指标,对两者抗性进行了比较研究。结果表明,在不同盐分浓度处理下,三叶草的叶绿素含量随盐浓度的增加而降低,组织含水量变化不明显,游离脯氨酸含量随盐浓度的增加而增加,细胞膜透性随盐浓度的增加而增强;在不同水分条件处理下,三叶草的游离脯氨酸含量和细胞膜透性随水分的增加而增加,叶绿素含量和组织含水量均变化不明显;在不同光照时间处理下,三叶草的叶绿素含量和游离脯氨酸含量均变化不明显,其细胞膜透性也无较大改变,而组织含水量则随光照时间的增加而增加;在不同温度条件下处理,三叶草的叶绿素含量、组织含水量和游离脯氨酸含量均变化不明显,细胞膜透性随温度的升高而降低。另外,从各项测定结果可以看出,杂三叶的各项性状要强于地三叶。     

干旱胁迫对烟草叶片丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性的影响

对干旱胁迫下5个烟草品种(系)丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性进行测定表明,随着干旱胁迫的不断加重,烟草叶片丙二醛含量呈现先升后降的趋势,而细胞膜透性则表现为持续升高;复水后细胞膜透性能很快恢复正常,而丙二醛含量需要较长时间才略有恢复。细胞膜透性反应了烟草受干旱胁迫的程度,而丙二醛含量的稳定对烟草的抗旱性有重要意义。     

NaCl胁迫对阿月浑子实生苗活性氧代谢与细胞膜稳定性的影响

为研究阿月浑子(Pistacia vera)的耐盐性,对新疆两个主栽品种‘长果’和`Kerman'的1年生实生苗进行了控制条件下的NaCl胁迫实验,实验浓度为50、150、250和500 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup>,NaCl胁迫5、10和20 d后取叶片测定其细胞膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化。实验结果显示,在NaCl胁迫下,‘长果’和`Kerman'的膜透性和MDA含量均随NaCl浓度的升高而增加,表明NaCl胁迫致使阿月浑子膜脂过氧化程度加强,细胞膜稳定性受到破坏,其中‘长果’品种的膜透性和MDA含量增加幅度较大,受到的盐害较大。而SOD、CAT和POD活性则随NaCl浓度的升高先增加后下降,抗氧化酶活性(SOD、POD和CAT)之间协调变化有利于清除活性氧,维持活性氧代谢平衡,保护膜结构。实验结果也显示,随着NaCl胁迫时间的延长,两个品种的细胞膜结构和功能受损害程度有所缓解。这些指标中,‘长果’和`Kerman'品种的膜透性和MDA含量与SOD活性呈显著相关,表明植物细胞的质膜透性与脂质过氧化产物(MDA)含量有关,也与组织中自由基含量和保护酶活性密切相关。综合各项生理指标,`Kerman'品种相对‘长果’品种显示了较强的抗氧化能力,具有较强的耐盐能力。     

低乙烯减压处理对柿果实乙烯生物合成的影响

在 1 0℃± 1℃的条件下 ,研究了低乙烯减压处理对火柿采后乙烯生物合成的影响。结果表明 ,低乙烯减压处理使火柿 ACC含量降低 ,EFE活性减弱 ,从而显著抑制了乙烯的产生 ,延迟了乙烯峰出现的时间。该处理能显著延缓火柿硬度的下降。     

采前6-苄基腺嘌呤处理对葡萄品质和贮藏生理特性的影响

以‘红地球’葡萄和‘克瑞森无核’葡萄为试材,研究了采前6-苄基腺嘌呤（6-BA）处理对果实采收时的品质及采后贮藏特性的影响。结果表明,采前20mg·L-1 6-BA处理可以显著提高两种葡萄果实单粒重和单穗重,有效控制贮藏过程中果实腐烂与落粒,显著抑制葡萄的呼吸速率,维持果实硬度,延缓可滴定酸的下降,提高贮藏期间可溶性固形物的含量,抑制果实细胞膜透性的增加,保持细胞膜的完整性,提高葡萄的贮藏品质。     

套袋对翠冠梨果实货架寿命及生理生化变化的影响

以翠冠梨为试材,研究了套袋对其果实货架寿命及生理生化变化的影响,试验结果表明,套袋能提高果实硬度、Vc含量及SOD活性,抑制细胞膜透性、MDA含量、呼吸速率及乙烯释放的迅速增加,从而有利于延缓果实衰老软化,且双层袋效果更好。     

采前喷施草酸对芒果果实细胞钙含量和分布的影响

利用焦锑酸钾沉淀-透射电子显微镜观察的方法, 观测了采前喷施草酸或钙后采收期芒果(Mangifera indica)果实细胞钙含量和分布情况, 探讨钙含量和分布变化对果实成熟和衰老的影响。结果表明, 与对照相比, 采前经草酸或钙处理的果实果皮和果肉细胞排列较规则且致密, 淀粉粒分布较多。采前草酸或钙处理均能显著提高芒果果皮和外果肉组织的钙含量;疏松结合态钙均匀分布在果皮和果肉细胞的细胞壁、细胞膜、液泡膜和质体中, 并在液泡内堆积; 而对照果实的液泡膜模糊, 钙颗粒较少。实验证明采前喷施草酸或钙能维持果实细胞的形态, 提高果实细胞的钙含量, 影响钙的分布, 有利于保持果实的硬度并可增加果实营养。     

Sources of variation in firmness and ester content of ''Cox'' apples stored in 2% oxygen

The contribution of various factors to variation in the quality of 'Cox' apples after storage in 2% oxygen at 3.3°C was investigated. Within one season variation in the firmness of fruits from different orchards could be largely accounted for by correlations with firmness at harvest and the position of the fruit on the climacteric at the time of harvest. However, different relationships were found between these variables in different seasons. The butyl and hexyl acetate contents of fruit were influenced by season and source of fruit, but little affected by maturity at harvest. Ester content was inversely correlated with fruit firmness after storage. Other factors which were expected to influence the ripening of fruit during storage were found to be unrelated to firmness and ester content. These included the respiration rate of fruit during storage, the resistance of the fruit to gaseous diffusion and its specific gravity. Carbon dioxide production was nearly constant at about 2.3 ml kg^-1h^-1 across seasons, sources and harvest dates. Specific gravity seemed to be particularly affected by season, whereas diffusive resistance decreased with maturity.     

Water-soaked symptom of 'Andesu' netted melon fruit does not develop under anaerobic nitrogen atmospheres during ripening

'Andesu' netted melon fruits (Cucumismelo. L.) were ventilated with pure nitrogen or air for 12 days from35 to 47 DAA or 6 days from 47 to 53 DAA (ripe and over-ripe stages,respectively). Exposure to anaerobic nitrogen atmosphere resulted in higheracetaldehyde and ethanol concentrations, while lower sucrose concentration wasrecorded in the mesocarp compared with air-ventilated fruit. However,water-soaked symptom was not developed under anaerobic nitrogen atmospheres,suggesting that the formation of water-soaking mesocarp tissue does not resultfrom increased alcoholic fermentation and/or decreased soluble sugaraccumulation in the flesh. Anaerobic nitrogen atmospheres also resulted in lowethylene production, high flesh firmness, and inhibition of depolymerisation ofpolyuronides and non-cellulosic neutral sugars in the cell walls. Theimportanceof increased intercellular spaces and membrane permeability on the developmentof water-soaked symptom was suggested.     

Effect of rootstock on mango fruit susceptibility to infestation by Anastrepha obliqua

The effect of the use of rootstock Criollo on the susceptibility of Manila mango fruit to infestation by Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) was determined in the present investigation. Growth, quality parameters (Soluble solids content (%), citric acid content (%), firmness, monoterpene volatiles (3-carene, limonene, alpha-pinene, and beta-myrcene), main flavonoids content (milligrams/100 g fresh pulp), and larvicidal activity of methanolic extracts, as well as the degree of infestation during preharvest development of the fruits were analyzed. The results indicated that the rootstock did not have any significant effect on growth, soluble solids content, or citric acid content; although it increased firmness as well as 3-carene levels and main flavonoids content, resulting in a greater resistance to infestation by A. obliqua. The obtained results support the use of this rootstock because of the beneficial effects observed on the resistance of mango fruit to infestation by this fruit fly.     

Fruit quality attributes of blackberry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rubus sanctus</Emphasis>) mutants obtained by <Superscript>60</Superscript>Co gamma irradiation

Blackberry mutants were induced by the irradiation of blackberry shoots with 5 kilo radians of cobalt (⁶⁰Co) gamma irradiation. Seven mutant plants demonstrating improved plant growth properties were selected for evaluation of the fruit quality characteristics, such as size, shape, color, firmness, soluble solids content, juice acidity, nutritive value (e.g. ascorbic acid) and overall fruit flavor. The organoleptic properties, including texture, firmness, flavor, sweetness, acidity, color, and overall fruit flavor, were evaluated by a consumer panel. The results indicated that irradiation induced changes in some of the quality parameters of blackberry fruits, as well as increased the fruit shelf-life.     

除内袋时间及摘叶对红富士苹果果实品质的影响

研究了红富士苹果除内袋时间、摘叶时间和摘叶数量对冠层光照条件、果实品质及一年生枝条贮藏营养的影响.结果表明:除内袋时间适当提前可明显提高单果质量、果皮花青苷含量和果实着色面积(P<0.05),与9月30日(果实采前18 d)除内袋处理相比,9月24日(果实采前24 d)除内袋处理的单果质量、果皮着色面积和花青苷含量分别提高了10.98%、28.15%和13.44%,但除内袋时间对果实硬度、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量的影响差异不显著.当分别摘除果实周围15、30和45 cm以内的叶片后,果实周围的光照环境得到了明显的改善,3种摘叶处理均极显著提高了果实周围的相对光照强度(P<0.01),比摘叶前分别增加了70%、95%和115%;摘除果实周围30～45 cm以内的叶片有利于果皮着色和花青苷的积累;不同摘叶处理对枝条贮藏营养和第二年的萌芽率无显著影响.表明提前摘除内袋,并摘除离果实30～45 cm距离以内的叶片对果实外观及品质有明显促进作用.