几种五倍子蚜虫的生活周期型研究

于1983—1990年在贵州五倍子产区对五倍子致瘿蚜—角倍蚜 Schlechtendalia chinensis、红小铁枣蚜Meitenaphis elongallis、蛋铁倍蚜 Kaburagia ovogallis、倍花蚜 Nurudea shirii、倍蛋蚜 S.Walker 的生活周期研究发现,在自然状况下,角倍蚜属于异寄主全周期型;其他几种倍蚜属于异寄主全周期与同寄主不全周期并行的复迁式生活周期型。此结论突破了我国有关学者提出的五倍子蚜虫均属异寄主全周期型的观点.并论证了生活周期型与五倍子产量的关系以及五倍子的发展战略问题。提出1.角倍的总体自然产量明显优于其他倍子的主要原因是:角倍蚜在藓类寄主上仅有性母世代,春季必须迁往挂倍寄主上产生两性世代,并营瘿成倍;而其他倍蚜在藓类寄主上发生侨蚜和性母两个世代,春季仅有部份侨蚜产生的性母迁往挂倍寄主,营瘿成倍。即,在挂倍寄主上倍蚜种群的总体数量,异寄主全周期型的倍蚜占有明显的优势,也反映为倍子产量的优势。2.根据各地的情况,在选择五倍子品种发展生产时,应首先考虑致瘿蚜生活周期型为异寄主全周期型的或占优势的五倍子种类。     

角倍丰产栽培技术研究

选择和创造有利于角倍蚜与夏、冬寄主生长发育的环境,使三者合理搭配,是提高倍林五倍子产量的有效方法。本文系统总结了角倍栽培过程中冬、夏寄主繁殖栽培,角倍蚜的散放、收集和保存,蚜虫袋的挂放及五倍子的采收加工等丰产技术要点,为山区五倍子产业发展提供了重要的技术基础。     

角倍蚜春季迁飞的观察

五倍子是一种重要的化工原料,主产中国。其中,由角倍蚜Schlechtendalia chinensis(Bell)所致的角倍分布最广,产量约占五倍子总量的80％。每年春,角倍蚜从冬寄主迁飞到夏寄主(结倍寄主)上。夏寄主上春迁蚜(性母)数量的多少,直接影响角倍产量。日本高木五六氏和我国唐觉教授等曾对春迁蚜的迁飞进行过观察,并指出:自然迁飞发生在晴天,对迁飞时的气候状况也作过记载。为对其迁飞规律有所认识,笔者于     

角倍高产技术

五倍子是重要的林产化工原料，供不应求。角倍是五倍子中重要种类之一，提高其单产，实现加工增值，成为开发我省山区资源，帮助群众脱贫致富的有效途径。我院科研人员经近6年的系统研究，掌握了角倍蚜的生物学特性、倍蚜及冬、夏寄主的生态学规律，探索出一整套角倍高产的综合技术措施，使亩产由原来的0．5～1．0kg提高到35～70kg，取得了显著的经济效益，该项技术成果达国内同类研究的领先水平，1992年获省政府科技进步三等奖，推广应用前景广阔。角倍高产技术$湖北省林业科学研究院     

雨水对角倍蚜婴外世代生理影响与产量关系初探

五倍子能否产结决定于倍树、倍蚜和藓类植物三要素的有机结合,同时还要具备有适合三要素生长发育的生态条件。作者经1960—1979共20年的试验、调查、观察,证实在自然环境中,影响角倍蚜婴外世代生理的主要因素是雨水,特别是连续雨日对倍蚜的数量影响极大,对当年的五倍子产量关系密切。我县是湖南省五倍子产区之一,但历年年产量波动幅度较大,丰欠极不平衡,高产     

五倍子高效栽培技术——夏寄主建园技术

五倍子是瘿绵蚜科Pemphigidae蚜虫寄生漆树科Anacardiaceae盐肤木属树种的复叶主轴、叶翅和小叶上形成的一类虫瘿,主要成分为五倍子单宁,具有敛肺、降火、涩肠、止血等作用.中国是五倍子主产国,四川、贵州、湖北、湖南、陕西和云南6省产量约占世界总产量的75％.我国科技工作者对五倍子单宁及其应用,倍蚜及其冬夏寄主种类,倍蚜生物、生态学习性等进行了较详细地研究.倍蚜—夏寄主(盐肤木)—冬寄主(苔藓)是发展五倍子生产的"三要素",五倍子种类具有不同的地域性,不同的倍类寄主不同.本文所述五倍子是指角倍蚜虫寄生在盐肤木上所形成的虫瘿(角倍).五倍子资源利用主要以野生资源为主,传统生产中利用野生倍林进行五倍子生产具有单产低、大小年现象明显、劳动强度大、经济效益低下的缺点.在生产实践中,对倍烟(粮、药、菜)间作、野生倍林改造栽培模式建立高产夏寄主倍林、人工培养苔藓、倍蚜虫等技术措施进行了探索,取得了烟倍大面积间作造林2年产量达到了121.3 kg/666.7 m2的新记录.现将高效栽培技术总结如下.     

陕西省五倍子调查报告

陕西省生产的五倍子,80％是由肚倍蚜(Kaburagia rhusicola Takagi)寄生在青麸杨(Rhus potaninii Maxim)上致瘿形成的肚倍。建国前,全省的五倍子产量最高达1000余吨。1950～1982年共约生产6956.8吨,平均年产210.8吨;1959年最高达844.7吨(详见表1),仅次于贵州、四州、湖北、湖南,居全国第五位。如以肚倍产量来说,仅次于湖北,名列全国第二。     

川东地区角倍蚜优良冬寄主筛选试验

川东地区角倍蚜优良冬寄主筛选试验袁天树，毛登龙（四川省丰都县林业局）角倍蚜冬寄主种类目前已见报道的有１４种，但各地养虫效果的报道又有所不同，有些种类在一个地方能进行养蚜，在另一个地方又被确定为非寄主藓种类。川东地区近年来五倍子生产发展较快，在生产中已...     

控温存放春迁蚜的影响

控温存放春迁蚜的影响代廷富袁天树李坚强张正昌毛登龙（重庆市丰都县林业局）在角倍蚜的生活周期中，春迁蚜迁飞损失十分巨大。据报道，在春迁蚜的迁飞过程中，因迁飞不利，其损失量达到９４．３１％。因此，如何减少春迁蚜的损失，提高春迁蚜的有效利用率，是五倍子生产...     

角倍蚜人工培育技术

角倍是五倍子中最重要的1种,富含单宁,仅次于肚倍.在发展角倍生产过程中,"树(盐肤木)、虫(角倍蚜)、藓(侧枝提灯藓)"三要素是必须把握的重要环节,它们相互依赖、相互作用,"三要素"间如何配套是角倍高产稳产的关键.     

Greenhouse trials for the control of aphids on cut-roses with the chalcidAphelinus abdominalis Dalm. (Aphelinidae,Hymen.)

For the control of the aphid speciesMacrosiphum euphorbiae, an important aphid species on greenhouse cut roses in Austria, with the parasitoidAphelinus abdominalis, trials were carried out in the rose varieties Frisco, Kardinal and Vivaldi at a commercial producer on a greenhouse area of 630 to 700m². Both the inundative release of 9,6A. abdominalis/m² in total and the release of 2,2A. abdominalis/m² in total, within an open rearing system were investigated and the percentage of infested rose shoots in combination with the degree of infestation were evaluated. The results showed that an effective reduction of present or newly developing aphid populations was possible for several weeks under the conditions of a commercial greenhouse production. The amount of insecticides used against aphids decreased by up to 75% in comparison to greenhouses were only chemical pest control was carried out. The suitability of the different introduction methods ofA. abdominalis for the control of aphids on greenhouse cut roses is discussed.     

不同保存方法对角倍蚜性蚜数量和存活率的影响

比较了不同类型虫袋和填充物对角倍春迁蚜产性蚜数量和存活率的影响,结果表明:采用柱状虫袋填充玉米苞皮及对玉米苞皮进行浸泡处理可以提高性蚜的数量和雌蚜/干母的存活数;与传统的三角纸袋填充棕丝相比较,柱状虫袋填充浸泡玉米苞皮的雌蚜数、雌蚜/干母存活数、雄蚜数和性蚜总数分别增加了107.6%、229.1%、71.1%和87.5%,雌蚜/干母存活率提高了21.1%。虫袋内的雌蚜数、雄蚜数和性蚜总数与春迁蚜数呈显著负相关;雌蚜数和雌蚜/干母存活数与雄蚜数、性蚜总数和雌雄性比分别呈极显著正相关。角倍产区的环境因子明显影响春迁蚜的羽化期,但对春迁蚜产性蚜的数量没有明显影响。     

大蚕省力化饲养技术研究

为减少大蚕饲育空间，降低劳动投入，增加经济效益，进行了大蚕期省力化饲养技术研究，介绍了利用层叠式活动蚕匾饲育大蚕的方法。     

两种接种方式下角倍蚜虫瘿对寄主盐肤木枝叶生长的影响

[目的]明确两种接种方式(自然迁飞和人工挂袋)下角倍蚜虫瘿的数量和分布及其对寄主盐肤木枝叶生长的影响。[方法]在自然迁飞和人工挂袋形成虫瘿的盐肤木林内,按随机区组设计设置样地,在样地内随机选取有虫瘿树和无虫瘿树,分别测量和统计盐肤木及虫瘿的生长指标,采用方差分析虫瘿对盐肤木生长的影响。[结果]在自然迁飞和人工挂袋两种接种方式下,盐肤木单株虫瘿数没有显著差异。但人工挂袋时,单片复叶的平均虫瘿总体积为170.92±14.85 cm~3、小叶总面积为616.26±32.73 cm~2,显著高于自然迁飞形成虫瘿的总体积85.82±9.40cm~3和小叶总面积482.81±28.51 cm~2。表明人工挂袋接种可以增加虫瘿的总体积,从而提高角倍产量;同时,较大体积的虫瘿还促进了盐肤木小叶的生长,使小叶面积增大。[结论]角倍蚜虫瘿对寄主盐肤木的枝叶生长具有促进作用,且这种生长促进与虫瘿的体积呈正相关。与自然迁飞接种相比,人工挂袋接种更能发挥盐肤木的生长和结倍潜力,提高角倍产量。     

Entomophthoralean fungi associated with the common nettle aphid (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microlophium carnosum</Emphasis> Buckton) and the potential role of nettle patches as reservoirs for the pathogens in landscape

Populations of the common nettle aphid, Microlophium carnosum Buckton, inhabiting nettle patches in an agricultural landscape were surveyed for entomophthoralean infection during 1998, 1999 and 2001. Five pathogenic species were identified from the aphid in the course of the survey. Erynia neoaphidis Remaudière & Hennebert, Neozygites fresenii (Nowakowski) Remaudière & Keller, and Neozygites microlophii Keller affected aphid colonies every year. Two minor pathogens, Entomophthora planchoniana Cornu and Conidiobolus obscurus (Hall & Dunn) Remaudière & Keller, were observed only in 2001.An artificial transmission of the three main fungi was carried out to prove horizontal transmission of infection between the common nettle aphid and different aphid species co-occurring in landscape. N. microlophii, probably monophagous pathogen, did not infect any of the six recipient aphid species in the experiment. Transmissions of E. neoaphidis and N. fresenii conidia were successful with five and four aphid species, respectively. The average mortality of tested aphids after transmission ranged from 0 to 33.33?% for E.?neoaphidis and from 0 to 15?% for N. fresenii.The potential of nettle patches as natural reservoirs for pathogens in the agroecosystem is discussed.     

The influence of the aphid-specific pathogen Conidiobolus obscurus (Entomophthoromycota: Entomophthorales) on the mortality and fecundity of bamboo aphids

Bioassays and scanning electron microscopy of Conidiobolus obscurus for bamboo aphids as well as its effects on the fecundity of bamboo aphids were carried out to estimate bamboo aphid biocontrol potential. Multi-concentration bioassay and fecundity assessment were performed on aphid species of Takecallis taiwanus, Takecallis arundinariae, Melanaphis bambusae, and Metamacropodaphis bambusisucta. C. obscurus can effectively infect four species of bamboo aphids, and most cadavers appeared in the first 2 days after inoculation. The final mortalities reached 74–91 % at high concentrations of conidia among the tested species. Based on the fitted time–concentration–mortality models, the estimates of the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of the fungal conidia differed significantly among different aphid species and decreased with observation days. The lowest LC₅₀ was estimated to be 57 conidia mm^?2 for T. taiwanus on day 5 after conidial shower. Moreover, the C. obscurus-infected aphids only produced 3.9–18.2 % progeny of the corresponding healthy aphids, which strongly presented fungal influence on host fecundity. In conclusion, C. obscurus has the ability of restraining the development of bamboo aphid populations, which is suitable for further application in aphid biocontrol in bamboo forests.     

角倍蚜及其寄主植物盐肤木游离氨基酸研究

[目的]明确角倍蚜、角倍与寄主盐肤木协同生长过程中游离氨基酸变化的营养关系。[方法]用全自动氨基酸分析仪Biochrom30+检测角倍发育初、中、后期的角倍蚜、角倍、有倍叶、无倍叶及无角倍盐肤木叶片(CK)的游离氨基酸含量,分析不同时期各试样游离氨基酸总量(FAA)、昆虫必需氨基酸总量(EAA)、昆虫必需氨基酸总量与检出物质总量比值(EAA/TAA)及几种游离氨基酸含量的变化。[结果]表明:不同时期各试样均检出32种游离氨基酸(包括17种蛋白氨基酸和15种非蛋白氨基酸),2种其他组分(不含氨),其中,游离氨基酸含量从大到小依次为角倍蚜(5.569)角倍(2.122)有倍叶(0.560)无倍叶(0.537)CK(-0.114)。从角倍生长初期至后期,角倍蚜体内必需氨基酸总量呈递增变化,而其他材料EAA/TAA变化幅度从大到小依次为CK(1.73%)有倍叶(0.52%)=无倍叶(0.52%)角倍(0.43%)角倍蚜(0.02%),但角倍蚜EAA/TAA稳定为(27.91±0.01)%,角倍蚜对寄主盐肤木叶片EAA/TAA的变化幅度有显著减缓影响。在角倍生长发育期间,角倍蚜体内精氨酸和苯丙氨酸含量均增加2.93倍;而寄主植物组织中脯氨酸含量发生变化,增幅大小为角倍(0.028)有倍叶(0.003)无倍叶(-0.001)CK(-0.018)。[结论]角倍蚜取食盐肤木不会改变寄主盐肤木叶片中游离氨基酸组分,但可使其游离氨基酸含量增加;在角倍生长过程中,盐肤木植株游离氨基酸总量与角倍蚜个体数量和角倍体积的增加趋势基本一致,反映了角倍蚜取食与盐肤木防御之间的平衡。     

The selective sequestration of glucosinolates by the cabbage aphid severely impacts a predatory lacewing

The cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae is a notorious agricultural pest that specializes on plants of the Brassicaceae family, which are chemically defended by glucosinolates. By sequestering glucosinolates from its host plants and producing its own activating enzyme (myrosinase), this aphid employs a self-defense system against enemies paralleling that in plants. However, we know little about the metabolic fate of individual glucosinolates during aphid sequestration and activation and about the biochemical effects of this defense on aphid enemies. Here, we probed these questions focusing on B. brassicae and a predatory lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea. We found that distinct glucosinolates were accumulated by B. brassicae at different rates, with aliphatic glucosinolates being taken up more quickly than indolic ones. B. brassicae myrosinase enzymatic activities toward different glucosinolates were strongly correlated to their rates of accumulation in vivo. Surprisingly, after simulated predation, the production of toxic isothiocyanate products (ITCs) was quantitatively outweighed by less toxic products such as nitriles and ITC-conjugates. Nevertheless, the defensive cocktails significantly impaired C. carnea development. Tissue-specific quantification of glucosinolate metabolites revealed that the lacewings employ both conjugation and mobilization to reduce the toxicity of aliphatic ITCs, but these strategies were only partially effective. These results clarify the metabolic fates of glucosinolates after sequestration by an aphid herbivore and further in a higher trophic level, as well as the consequences for predator survival and development, and might be instructive for integrative pest management approaches targeting the cabbage aphid.

     

Effects of neonicitinoid seed treatments on soybean aphid and its natural enemies

Insecticidal seed treatments are increasingly being applied to soybeans in North America, and several recent studies question what they add to current pest management. Here, we examine the effects of two neonicotinoid insecticidal seed treatments on insect populations (pest and natural enemies) in SD soybeans over 2 years. Moreover, we conducted laboratory experiments to determine the duration that seed treatments remained effective against the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines, Hemiptera: Aphididae) and how thiamethoxam affected survival of one of the aphid’s predators, Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on soybean. Soybean aphids, thrips, and grasshopper populations were unaffected by the insecticidal seed treatments in the field. The laboratory trial revealed that all bioactivity of the seed treatments against soybean aphids was gone within 46 days after planting, prior to aphid populations damaging the crop. Bean leaf beetles, a sporadic pest in our area, were reduced by the seed treatments. But, there were no yield benefits of insecticidal seed treatments over the 2 years of the study at this location. Natural enemy communities were significantly reduced by thiamethoxam seed treatments relative to the untreated control, particularly populations of Nabis americoferus (Hemiptera: Nabidae). Chrysoperla (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) adults were reduced in the imidacloprid-treated plots. In the laboratory, rearing O. insidiosus on soybean plants treated with thiamethoxam resulted in higher mortality for both the nymphs and the adult stage. Offering the predator insect prey on the thiamethoxam-treated plants improved survival of the adult stage, but not the nymphal stage. This work confirms that insecticidal seed treatments offer little benefit to soybean producers of the Northern Great Plains and adds to the discussion by suggesting that generalist predators are adversely affected by the insecticides.     

Aphid aqueous-extract as a source of host searching kairomones for the aphidophagous predatorCoccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae)

AdultCoccinella septempunctata, a coccinellid predator of the bean aphidAphis fabae Scop., responded to aqueous extract containing kairomones of the prey. The crude aphidextract was topically dropped onto either clean leaves ofVicia faba or clean Petri-dishes. After application of aqueous-extract at different aphid densities, the predator showed variations in the attractivity and searching behaviour in comparisons with control. The variations are summarized as follows: (1) the aqueous-extract of aphids attract or directC. septempunctata adults to the treated vials at all aphid densities. The number of attracted or directed coccinellid adults was directly proportional with aphid concentrations; (2) the predatorC. septempunctata adult intensified its searching behaviour by increasing the total path length walked; (3) the number of turns exhibited is significantly higher as compared with those of control; and (4) the arrested time spent by coccinellid adults with treated plant is much more than that with clean plant at all aphid densities. The present results show that the aphid aqueous-extract contains the active ingredients (kairomone) which induce considerable changes in the searching pattern of the predator coccinellid adults.