Shewanella oneidensis MR-1对针铁矿的还原与汞的生物甲基化

在实验室模拟条件下,研究了铁还原菌奥奈达希瓦氏菌Shewanella oneidensis MR-1对针铁矿的异化还原及其对汞生物甲基化的影响.结果表明,S.oneidensis MR-1能溶解针铁矿,并能将溶解出的Fe3+还原成Fe2+;S.oneidensis MR-1也是一种汞甲基化细菌,能够将无机汞转化成甲基汞.铁的溶解还原作用随着初始针铁矿剂量的大幅增加而减弱,针铁矿的异化还原在一定程度内促进汞的生物甲基化.弱酸性条件比中碱性和强酸条件有利于汞的甲基化;腐殖酸在低浓度促进汞甲基化,浓度过高则会抑制汞的甲基化.     

海洋沉积物中一株铁还原细菌ZQ21异化还原Fe(Ⅲ)性质分析

取渤海沉积物进行厌氧培养,富集异化铁还原细菌。采用三层平板法筛选出一株高效异化铁还原细菌ZQ21。经鉴定,该菌株为Enterococcus sp.ZQ21（GenBank号MF192756）。设置不同电子供体、电子受体和电子传递体浓度,分析菌株ZQ21异化还原Fe（Ⅲ）性质。结果表明,在乙二胺四乙酸二钠、柠檬酸钠、葡萄糖、丙酮酸钠、乙酸钠和甲酸钠为电子供体时,菌株ZQ21利用丙酮酸钠还原Fe（Ⅲ）效率最高,累积Fe（Ⅱ）浓度达到113.14 ±3.46 mg/L。菌株ZQ21以柠檬酸铁和氢氧化铁为电子受体时,累积Fe（Ⅱ）浓度分别为91.75 ±1.45 mg/L和58.39 ±4.34 mg/L,Fe（Ⅲ）还原效率存在显著差异。在电子受体为氢氧化铁时,添加不同浓度电子传递体蒽醌-2-磺酸钠（AQS）,旨在提高菌株ZQ21的Fe（Ⅲ）还原效率。当AQS浓度为1.50 mmol/L时,菌株ZQ21还原Fe（Ⅲ）效率最高,累积Fe（Ⅱ）浓度达到80.28 ±3.95 mg/L,比对照组提高27%。铁还原细菌ZQ21能够有效利用可溶性以及不溶性电子受体进行异化铁还原,可进一步应用于海洋污染环境中微生物介导的异化Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程。     

乳化植物油强化地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)的生物地球化学还原研究

设计天然细砂模拟实验,利用乳化植物油作为电子供体,研究生物地球化学作用对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原过程和机理.结果表明,乳化油可以使地下水呈弱酸性,反应体系p H值最终为6.59;并长期维持还原环境,Eh最终降低至-158.6m V.乳化油可显著促进土著微生物的异化铁还原作用,将细砂介质中的Fe(ⅡI)还原成Fe(Ⅱ)并耦合去除Cr(Ⅵ).当反应进行到14d时,Cr(Ⅵ)全部被去除,反应第28d总铬完全被去除.Fe(Ⅱ)的累积对反应体系中的氧化还原环境有重要影响.当实验结束时,Fe(Ⅱ)浓度为44.40mg/L,乳化油消耗了48.9%.XPS和XRD表征分析反应后的细砂,结果表明生成的Cr(ⅡI)最终以Fe-Cr无定型态沉淀存在.     

水体中腐殖酸与Fe(Ⅲ)的络合物对2,4-D光降解的作用

为探讨水体中腐殖酸(humic acids,HAs)和铁元素对共存系统中环境污染物迁移转化的影响,利用红外光谱、紫外/可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱仪等手段表征了腐殖酸和Fe(Ⅲ)共存时的结构形态.结果表明,二者形成了稳定的络合物.电子顺磁共振图谱表明,腐殖酸、Fe(Ⅲ)以及HAs-Fe(Ⅲ)络合物在λ=355 nm光照下均能产生.OH.氙灯光照下(λ290 nm),除草剂2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,2,4-D)的光降解遵循准一级动力学过程.单纯2,4-D(2 mg.L-1)溶液的降解速率常数为0.007 h-1,而含有HAs(5 mg.L-1)、Fe(Ⅲ)(0.2 mmol.L-1)及二者络合物的2,4-D溶液的降解速率常数分别是0.004、0.034和0.046 h-1.腐殖酸存在时,2,4-D的光降解速率受到了抑制;而Fe(Ⅲ)的存在加速了2,4-D的光降解;腐殖酸和Fe(Ⅲ)共存时,所形成的HAs-Fe(Ⅲ)络合物对2,4-D的光降解速率比单独的Fe(Ⅲ)存在时更快.     

磷酸铁污泥的生物还原释磷及其影响因素研究

以污水处理厂化学除磷工艺产生的磷酸铁(FePO4)污泥为研究对象,在厌氧条件下,考察了铁还原细菌(IRB)还原FePO4释放磷的可行性,并探讨了不同碳源、C/Fe摩尔比、添加蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸盐(AQDS)对IRB利用FePO4还原释磷的影响.研究结果表明,通过驯化可从普通活性污泥富集IRB,且利用IRB可对难溶性沉淀FePO4进行生物还原.IRB能够利用葡萄糖、乙酸钠及丙酸钠作为唯一电子供体,使FePO4发生异化还原,产生Fe(Ⅱ)并释放磷酸盐,且泥水混合液中Fe(Ⅱ)累积量与上清液中磷累积量变化趋势一致.在等摩尔碳量前提下,葡萄糖为碳源时释磷率可达51.6%,比乙酸钠和丙酸钠分别高13.8%和20.3%;以葡萄糖为碳源,C/Fe摩尔比为5:1时释磷率最大;添加电子穿梭体AQDS可使FePO4污泥释磷率提高12.6%.     

不同Fe(III)对活性污泥异化铁还原及除磷影响研究

以SBBR反应器活性污泥作为铁还原菌菌种来源,采用兼性厌氧/严格厌氧恒温培养试验,投加不同Fe(III)考察各条件下的异化铁还原能力,同时比较对磷的去除效果.结果表明:2种条件下Fe(III)还原能力具有较好的一致性,依次为:Fe(OH)3>氧化铁皮>青矿>红矿,其中严格厌氧条件下较好.同时,除磷效果与其呈正相关,富集培养至7d, Fe(OH)3及氧化铁皮体系出水磷浓度均达到2mg/L以下,之后继续降低,最终达到0.5mg/L以下.结合异化铁还原除磷机理,可以证明,不同Fe(III)表面吸附作用对TP的去除贡献较小,其主要作用为铁还原菌驱动下的化学沉淀去除.     

不同Fe(Ⅲ)对活性污泥异化铁还原及除磷影响研究

以SBBR反应器活性污泥作为铁还原菌菌种来源,采用兼性厌氧/严格厌氧恒温培养试验,投加不同Fe(Ⅲ)考察各条件下的异化铁还原能力同时比较对磷的去除效果.结果表明:2种条件下Fe(Ⅲ)还原能力具有较好的一致性,依次为:Fe(OH)3＞氧化铁皮＞青矿＞红矿,其中严格厌氧条件下较好.同时,除磷效果与其呈正相关,富集培养至7d,Fe(OH)3及氧化铁皮体系出水磷浓度均达到2mg/L以下,之后继续降低,最终达到0.5mg/L以下.结合异化铁还原除磷机理,可以证明,不同Fe(Ⅲ)表面吸附作用对TP的去除贡献较小,其主要作用为铁还原菌驱动下的化学沉淀去除.     

微生物异化还原铁氧化物体系对硝基苯的降解作用

对地下环境中铁氧化物的生物异化还原作用及其降解硝基苯的特性和效果进行了实验研究.结果表明,铁还原菌对硝基苯具有一定的降解能力,100h后硝基苯降解率>68.5%.微生物异化还原铁氧化物过程对硝基苯具有较好的降解作用,当针铁矿浓度为0.3mg/L时,协同降解效果最好,硝基苯降解率为78.5%.微生物的生长与铁氧化物的还原及硝基苯的降解之间具有明显的相关性.     

典型富氧化铁土壤基质中铁异化还原的特性

选取华南地区常见的富铁土壤:砖红壤作为研究对象,采用序批实验,破坏性取样系统,研究了葡萄糖、乙酸钠和淀粉分别作电子供体时,砖红壤中Fe(Ⅲ)的异化还原特性及促进剂蒽醌二磺酸钠(AQS)和温度的影响.结果表明,砖红壤在葡萄糖、乙酸钠和淀粉厌氧体系中,均可以通过铁异化还原反应产生较高浓度的亚铁,同时伴随体系中有机物(COD)减少,但是相同有机碳(COD)和砖红壤含量情况下,亚铁产生量在3个系统间具有显著差异,淀粉体系最高,为479.28 mg·L~(-1),乙酸钠体系最低,只有(369.50±13.00)mg·L~(-1);典型的铁异化还原促进剂蒽醌二磺酸钠(AQS)对淀粉体系中砖红壤异化还原过程具有明显的促进效果,除了可以促使更多三价铁还原为亚铁外,也可以提高铁异化还原的速率,并且较高浓度促进剂效果更好,投加与砖红壤质量比1∶20000的AQS情况下,亚铁产量最高可达1101.36 mg·L~(-1);温度对砖红壤铁异化还原速率也具有明显影响,25℃和30℃差别较小,但温度降到20℃之后反应明显缓慢.     

乳化植物油强化地下水中Cr(VI)的生物地球化学还原研究

设计天然细砂模拟实验,利用乳化植物油作为电子供体,研究生物地球化学作用对Cr(VI)的还原过程和机理.结果表明,乳化油可以使地下水呈弱酸性,反应体系pH值最终为6.59;并长期维持还原环境,Eh最终降低至-158.6mV.乳化油可显著促进土著微生物的异化铁还原作用,将细砂介质中的Fe(III)还原成Fe(II)并耦合去除Cr(VI).当反应进行到14d时,Cr(VI)全部被去除,反应第28d总铬完全被去除.Fe(II)的累积对反应体系中的氧化还原环境有重要影响.当实验结束时,Fe(II)浓度为44.40mg/L,乳化油消耗了48.9%.XPS和XRD表征分析反应后的细砂,结果表明生成的Cr(III)最终以Fe-Cr无定型态沉淀存在.     

不同源胡敏酸的表征及其对磺胺嘧啶光降解的影响

以国际腐殖酸协会(IHSS)推荐的方法为基础,对四川省绵阳市青义镇泥炭地、水稻田及凋落物覆盖土层中的胡敏酸(HA)进行提取纯化.通过元素组成、紫外-可见光谱、傅里叶红外光谱及三维荧光光谱对各HA样品的结构特性进行对比分析,并探讨各HA对磺胺嘧啶光降解行为的影响.结果表明:泥炭地HA(NTHA)、水稻田HA(SDHA)、凋落物覆盖土HA(LYHA)及市售商品HA(SPHA)均主要由C、H、O、N 4种元素构成,芳香性大小为SPHANTHALYHASDHA;与提取的HA相比,SPHA含有更多的含氮类、芳香类、脂类化合物及含氧官能团,腐殖化程度高,可能含有较多的光活性基团;磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)在黑暗条件下表现出良好的稳定性,而紫外光照条件下发生了缓慢降解,光降解过程符合一级反应动力学;添加不同来源HA后,各体系SDZ的光降解速率均大于纯水溶液,且HA表现出的促进作用大小为SPHASDHANTHALYHA,这可能与各HA的腐殖化程度相关.     

土壤腐殖酸对毒死蜱的吸附

采用平衡振荡法进行农药毒死蜱在5种土壤腐殖酸上的吸附试验.结果表明,毒死蜱在不同土壤腐殖酸上的吸附行为表现出一定的差异,并均可Linear方程和Freundlich方程来描述;5种土壤腐殖酸对毒死蜱吸附能力都很强,吸附率均较高(平均值在72.57%～88.21%之间),大小顺序为:紫色潮土HA＞黄壤HA＞中性紫色土HA＞酸性紫色土HA＞腐殖土HA,此顺序与腐殖酸腐殖化程度一致;pH=2时,腐殖酸对毒死蜱的吸附能力显著增大;离子强度对毒死蜱的吸附影响不明显;腐殖酸添加量越大,单位质量的腐殖酸吸附量越小.     

多环芳烃类有机物在腐殖酸上的吸附行为研究

利用CPMAS13CNMR与元素分析相结合的方法测定了3种固体腐殖酸颗粒的化学组成,利用1H-NMR测定了3种腐殖酸溶解部分的化学性质,研究了不同接触时间3种腐殖酸颗粒吸附3种典型多环芳烃类有机物(PAHs)——萘、菲、芘的环境行为.实验结果发现,在吸附的不同阶段,3种腐殖酸吸附PAHs的规律和模式有很大差别:开始阶段,分配作用可能是吸附的主要模式,吸附参数与腐殖酸溶解部分化学性质有一定的相关性;随着接触时间的延长,吸附参数发生突跃性变化,意味着吸附模式发生了转变,此时固体腐殖酸化学组成可能是影响吸附的主要因素.     

Comparative characterization of two natural humic acids in the Pearl River Basin, China and their environmental implications

Two humic acids (HAs) were isolated from contaminated river sediments present under comparative conditions in the Pearl River Basin, China. YFHA (the HA extracted at an open pyrite mining area in Yunfu) exhibited a lower absorption intensity for certain bands in the Fourier transform infrared spectra, a lower E4/E6 value (the UV absorbances at 465 nm (E4) and 665 nm (E6)), a lower apparent molecular weight, a lower polarity and a lower oxygen functionality in comparison with GZHA (the HA isolated at an urban living area in Guangzhou). All these differences indicated a higher degree of humification of YFHA than GZHA. Overall, the enrichment patterns of permanent heavy metals in the studied HAs were similar to those in corresponding sediments. In particular, YFHA exhibited high enrichment of trace element Tl, a characteristic concomitant from the mining of the pyrite minerals. The adsorption isotherms of two HAs for goethite and pyrolusite, two representative geological materials, conformed to the Langmuir equation. Based on the qualitative relationships between the Langmuir constants of the adsorption isotherms and the chemical characteristics of HAs, the main mechanism of HA adsorption on these materials was suggested to be hydrophobic interaction. This study highlighted the promising use of HA as a peculiar bio-indicator of uncommon trace metal contaminations. The HA adsorption mechanism on representative geological materials further provided a theoretical basis for the study on the unusual metal behavior in complex environmental settings.     

腐殖酸对红壤中铅镉赋存形态及活性的影响

深入探讨了腐殖酸不同组分对红壤中铅镉形态分级与活性的影响 .结果表明 ,腐殖酸的添加使红壤中Cd和Pb的残渣态向有机态转化 .用量越大、温度越低 ,转化效应越明显 .对植物最有效的可给态Cd和Pb的剧烈变化主要发生在加入腐殖酸 1h之内 ,随着时间的推移趋于稳定 .富里酸 (FA)促进了可给态Cd的增加 ,而胡敏酸 (HA)对可给态Cd和Pb的有一定的抑制和钝化作用 ,其作用以灰色胡敏酸 (GHA) >棕色胡敏酸 (BHA) .因此 ,在农业生产中 ,于红壤中添加HA特别是GHA成分高的有机物料 ,可部分减少Cd和Pb对作物的危害 .     

Adsorption of humic acid from aqueous solution on bilayer hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide-modified zeolite

Surfactant-modified natural zeolites (SMNZ) with different coverage types were prepared by loading hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB) onto the surface of a natural zeolite. The adsorption behavior of humic acid (HA) on SMNZ was investigated. Results indicate that the adsorbent SMNZ exhibited a higher affinity toward HA than the natural zeolite. HA removal efficiency by SMNZ increased with HTAB loading. Coexisting Ca²⁺ in solution favored HA adsorption onto SMNZ. Adsorption capacity decreased with an increasing solution pH. For typical SMNZ with bilayer HTAB coverage, HA adsorption process is well described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The experimental isotherm data fitted well with the Langmuir model. Calculated maximum HA adsorption capacities for SMNZ with bilayer HTAB coverage at pH 5.5 and 7.5 were 63 and 41 mg·g⁻¹, respectively. E2/E3 (absorbance at 250 nm to that at 365 nm) and E4/E6 (absorbance at 465 nm to that at 665 nm) ratios of the residual HA in solution were lower than that of the original HA solution. This indicates that the HA fractions with high polar functional groups, low molecular weight (MW), and aromaticity had a stronger tendency for adsorption onto SMNZ with bilayer HTAB coverage. Results show that HTAB-modified natural zeolite is a promising adsorbent for removal of HA from aqueous solution.     

不同源胡敏酸对磺胺嘧啶紫外光降解的影响及作用机制

研究了紫外光照条件下不同来源的胡敏酸（HA）,包括标准品胡敏酸（SPHA）、水稻土胡敏酸（SDHA）、泥炭土胡敏酸（NTHA）和落叶覆盖地胡敏酸（LYHA）对抗生素磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）光降解的影响以及主要活性物种对其光降解效能的贡献.结果表明：SDZ在纯水中及与HA共存条件下,其光降解过程均符合一级动力学模型,且HA对SDZ的光降解具有促进作用,其促进效果从大到小为SPHA > SDHA > NTHA > LYHA.通过羟基自由基（·OH）和单线态氧（¹O₂）淬灭实验发现,不同来源HA产生·OH和¹O₂的能力具有一定差异性.同等背景条件下,SPHA产生的·OH量相对较多,其对SDZ光降解的贡献率（26.97%）最大,而LYHA贡献相对较小（9.33%）.同时,¹O₂对SDZ光降解起主导作用,其降解贡献率为41.33%~51.95%.     

腐殖酸对苯并三唑的吸附动力学及热力学研究

HA(腐殖酸)是土壤和沉积物中有机质的重要组成部分,能在很大程度上影响有机污染物的环境行为和毒理效应. 采用批量平衡法研究了BT(苯并三唑)在HA上的吸附动力学、等温吸附和吸附热力学等内容,结果表明:拟二级动力学能较好地描述BT在HA上的吸附行为,吸附过程分为快速吸附阶段和慢速吸附阶段,但主要以快速吸附为主;0~40min为快速吸附阶段,吸附总量占平衡吸附量的89.0%以上. 吸附等温线较好地符合Freundlich模型,R2均在0.9996以上. 初始ρ(BT)为300.0mg/L时,温度由288.15K升至308.15K,吸附量从15.70g/kg降至11.58g/kg,减少了26.24%. 此外,ΔH0(吸附焓变)为-30.19kJ/mol,说明吸附过程为放热反应;ΔG0(吉布斯自由能变)小于零,说明反应是自发的. 吸附反应的E_a(活化能)为19.35kJ/mol,表明吸附属于物理吸附.      

Effects of fulvic acid and humic acid from different sources on Hg methylation in soil and accumulation in rice

Humus is often used as an organic modifier to reduce the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in plants, but the effects of different humus components from different sources on the fate of mercury (Hg) in paddy fields are still unclear. Here, fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) extracted from composted straw (CS), composted cow dung (CCD), peat soil (PM) and lignite coal (LC) were used to understand their effects on the methylation and bioaccumulation of Hg in paddy soil by pot experiments. Amendments of both FA and HA largely increased the abundance of Hg-methylating microbes and low-molecular-weight organic matters (e.g, cysteine) in paddy soil. They were also found to change the aromaticity, molecular size and Chromophoric DOM concentration of DOM, and resulted in heterogeneous effects on migration and transformation of Hg. All the FA-amended treatments increased the mobility and methylation of Hg in soil and its absorption in roots. Nevertheless, FA from different sources have heterogeneous effects on transport of Hg between rice tissues. FA-CCD and FA-PM promoted the translocation of MeHg from roots to rice grains by 32.95% and 41.12%, while FA-CS and FA-LC significantly inhibited the translocation of inorganic Hg (IHg) by 52.65% and 66.06% and of MeHg by 46.65% and 36.23%, respectively. In contrast, all HA-amended treatments reduced the mobility of soil Hg, but promoted Hg methylation in soil. Among which, HA-CCD and HA-PM promoted the translocation of MeHg in rice tissues by 88.95% and 64.10%, while its accumulation in rice grains by 28.43% and 28.69%, respectively. In general, the application of some FA and HA as organic modifiers to reduce Hg bioaccumulation in rice is not feasible.     

Comparative sorption and desorption behaviors of PFHxS and PFOS on sequentially extracted humic substances

The sorption and desorption behaviors of two perfluoroalkane sulfonates（PFSAs）, including perfluorohexane sulfonate（PFHx S） and perfluorooctane sulfonate（PFOS） on two humic acids（HAs） and humin（HM）, which were extracted from a peat soil, were investigated. The sorption kinetics and isotherms showed that the sorption of PFOS on the humic substances（HSs） was much higher than PFHx S. For the same PFSA compound, the sorption on HSs followed the order of HM 〉 HA2 〉 HA1. These suggest that hydrophobic interaction plays a key role in the sorption of PFSAs on HSs. The sorption capacities of PFSAs on HSs were significantly related to their aliphaticity, but negatively correlated to aromatic carbons,indicating the importance of aliphatic groups in the sorption of PFSAs. Compared to PFOS,PFHx S displayed distinct desorption hysteresis, probably due to irreversible pore deformation after sorption of PFHx S. The sorption of the two PFSAs on HSs decreased with an increase in p H in the solution. This is ascribed to the electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding at lower p H. Hydrophobic interaction might also be stronger at lower p H due to the aggregation of HSs.