The photo-oxidation of automobile emissions: measurements of the transformation products and their mutagenic activity

Dilute mixtures of automobile emissions (comprising 50% exhaust and 50% surrogate evaporative emissions) were irradiated in a 22.7 m³ smog chamber and tested for mutagenic activity by using a variant of the Ames test. The exhaust was taken from a single vehicle, a 1977 Ford Mustang equipped with a catalytic converter. Irradiated and nonirradiated gas-phase emissions were used in exposures of the bacteria, Salmonella typhimurium, strains TA100 and TA98. A single set of vehicular operating conditions was used to perform multiple exposures. The mutagenic activities of extracts from the particulate phase were also measured with the standard plate incorporation assay. (In most experiments only direct-acting mutagenic compounds were measured.) The gas-phase data for TA100 and TA98 showed increased activity for the irradiated emissions when compared to the nonirradiated mixture, which exhibited negligible activity with respect to the control values. The particulate phase for both the irradiated and nonirradiated mixtures showed negligible activity when results were compared to the control values for both strains. However, the experimental conditions limited the amount of extractable mass which could be collected in the particulate phase. The measured activities from the gas phase and particulate phase were converted to the number of revertants per cubic meter of effluent (i.e. the mutagenic density) to compare the contributions of each of these phases to the total mutagenic activity for each strain. Under the experimental conditions of this study, the mutagenic density of the gas-phase component of the irradiated mixture contributed approximately two orders of magnitude more of the total TA100 activity than did the particulate phase. For TA98 the gas-phase component contributed approximately one order of magnitude more. However, caution must be exercised in extrapolating these results to urban atmospheres heavily impacted by automotive emissions, because the bacterial mutagenicity assay was used as a screening method, and additional assays using mammalian systems have not yet been conducted. In addition, only limited number of conditions were able to be tested. The significance and limitations of the results are discussed.     

pH值对白腐真菌液体培养基抑制杂菌效果的影响研究

应用摇瓶试验研究了不同初始pH值对白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium液体培养基在非灭菌环境抑制杂菌效果的影响.结果表明,当采用Phanerochaete chrysosporium孢子作为种子在非灭菌环境进行培养时,初始pH值为3.6和4.4的液体培养基在培养第1d仅感染酵母菌,而初始pH值为5.6的液体培养基不仅感染了酵母菌而且还感染了细菌;正是由于非灭菌环境培养体系感染杂菌,使得后续Phanerochaete chrysosporium对活性艳红K-2BP的脱色能力大大降低甚至丧失;而采用灭菌环境培养Phanerochaete chrysosporium,非灭菌环境脱色活性艳红K-2BP的方法却获得了较好的脱色效果,3种初始pH值的氮限制液体培养基培养出的Phanerochaete chrysosporium对活性艳红K-2BP 45h的脱色率均在70%以上,接近或超过灭菌环境的结果,其中初始pH值为4.4的液体培养基培养的Phanerochaete chrysosporium在非灭菌环境对活性艳红K-2BP的脱色效果最好,其24h的脱色率达到80%以上.尽管3种pH液体培养基在脱色过程中也同样感染了杂菌,但与非灭菌环境培养体系相比含量很少,没有影响脱色效果.因此,可以得出低pH值(pH=3.6,pH=4.4)氮限制培养基虽然在一定程度上可以抑制细菌,但是却不能抑制酵母菌;当在非灭菌环境使用Phanerochaete chrysosporium脱色活性染料时,Phanerochaete chrysosporium只有在灭菌环境培养至菌丝体形成并在整个系统占优势,才能获得较高的脱色效果.     

酒糟制取高蛋白菌体饲料优质菌种对碳源氮源利用率的研究

研究了8503和8505二白种在以白酒糟、薯干酒精糟及两糟混合的培养液中培养，对该酒糟培养液中还原糖的利用率和氮的转化率的分析检测方法．通过对绝于菌体质量的时变曲线与菌种对碳源利用率和氮源转化率的时变曲线的对比研究，可以看到该菌种在酒糟培养液中对碳源和氮源的利用率与转化率的规律性，经48h或72h发酵后碳源利用率可达90％左右，本实验最高达92．92％，氮源转化率一般可达50％～70％，本实验最高达68.41％，每100ml培养液中绝干菌体质量最高达0.78399。     

Implications of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein elevation caused by transabdominal and transcervical CVS

Of 2882 women allocated to either transabdominal CVS (TA) or transcervical CVS (TC) at two large obstetric centres in Denmark, 2707 had blood samples drawn before and 30 min after CVS for maternal serum-alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) measurement. 2535 of these women had cytogenetically normal pregnancies and 2091 of them went on to have samples drawn at the 18–20 week follow-up. Post-procedure MSAFP values were correlated to the biopsy method used, with mean MSAFP values significantly higher after TA than TC, 33 and 15 kU/l, respectively (P<0·001). Following TA procedures, 18 per cent of cases had feto-maternal transfusion higher than 0·1 ml; this occurred in only 5 per cent of TC cases. MSAFP levels were associated with spontaneous fetal loss in the TA group but not in the TC group. TC, however, was followed by more losses than TA. The post-CVS MSAFP value was positively correlated with the amount of villi aspirated. The difference in post-procedure elevation in MSAFP 30 min later (average 18 kU/l higher for TA than for TC) was not reflected in raised levels at the 18–20 week follow-up. Study medians at mid-trimester did not differ from reference group medians established from a group of singleton pregnancies with sonographically determined gestational age who did not experience invasive procedures and delivered normal infants. Our findings suggest that CVS does not compromise mid-trimester MSAFP for screening for neural tube defects (NTDs). Extremely high mid-trimester MSAFP values in the TC group could predict imminent loss.     

鞘细菌细胞吸附Cr(Ⅵ)条件的研究

采用实验室保藏的鞘细菌,经过液体扩大培养后处理含Cr(Ⅵ)的废液,通过振荡吸附试验考察一系列物理化学因素对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,鞘细菌吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的适宜pH为8.0,适宜温度为30℃,适宜的菌龄是液体培养18h,适宜的吸附时间为8h,适宜的投加量是0.05g/100mL;在Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度为5mg/L时,吸附量可以达到2.25mg/g,吸附后液体中Cr(Ⅵ)残留仅为0.45mg/L;废水中的有机质浓度对吸附有很大影响,其中COD为100mg/L时可以促进Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附。结果说明鞘细菌可以很好的降低污废水中的Cr(Ⅵ)。     

Bioassay-directed fractionation of organic compounds associated with airborne particulate matter; An interseasonal study

Bioassay-directed fractionation based upon a modification of a published technique is applied to the study of three seasonal composites of dichloromethane extracts of inhalable particulate matter collected in Newarks, New Jersey The “profiles” of mass distribution and Salmonella TA98 mutagenic activity vs polarity are similar for the three seasons. Only at the second and especially the third fractionation levels are significant differents seen with a slight shift toward more polar compounds during summer. In all three seasons, polar neutral compounds make the greatest contribution toward mutagenic activity. Hydroxynitropolyciclic aromatic hydrocarbons are difficult to analyse by GC/MS) (El and negative chemical ionization), but HPLC/UV appears to be useful. A number of techniques are emplited in the analysis of specific compounds and classes of compounds. Subsequent acetone extraction of filters yields highly polar mutagens where the acidic fractions account for most of the mutagenic activity. These compounds show significantly enhanced mutagenic activity with TA100 relative to TA98 suggesting the presence of highly polar, acidic substances that are strong alkylating agents. The compound 2-acetoxyl-1-nitronaphthalene, found in fresh diesel particalates, is shown to hydrolyse during fractionation, thus introducing a note of caution into the use of such procedures.     

复合菌群产絮凝剂MAC37的特征及其在黏合剂废水中的应用

以利用复活促进因子(Rpf)从土壤和污水处理系统中分离得到的菌种作为筛选絮凝剂产生菌的菌源,采用高岭土悬浊液为活性评价体系,筛选出4株絮凝率高于50%的菌株.经两两菌株复配,构建出产高效絮凝剂的复合菌群M3+M7,该菌群经优化培养后,絮凝率达96.27%.将其产生的絮凝剂进行提纯固化得絮凝剂粗品MAC37,对其主要成分进行定性和定量分析,并将复合菌群的发酵液应用于黏合剂废水的处理.结果表明:MAC37的主要成分为多糖和蛋白质,含量分别为74.5%和20.4%;黏合剂废水经复合菌群发酵液絮凝处理后,浊度、色度及CODCr的去除率分别为92.57%、94.73%和92.12%.      

In vitro toxicity of particulate matter emissions from residential pellet combustion

Particulate matter emissions (PM₁₀) from the combustion, in a residential stove, of two commercial brands of certified (ENplus A1) pellets, a non-certified brand and laboratory made pellets of acacia were tested for their ability to induce ecotoxic, cytotoxic, and mutagenic responses in unicellular organisms and a human cell line. Ecotoxicity was evaluated through the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay. Moreover, cytotoxicity was assessed at two time points (24- and 48-hr) through two complementary techniques in order to evaluate the cellular metabolic activity and membrane integrity of human lung epithelial cells A549. The Ames test using two Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA100 and TA98) was employed to assess the mutagenic potential of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction extracted from the PM₁₀ samples. Results obtained with the bioluminescent bacteria indicated that only particles from the combustion of acacia pellets were toxic. All samples induced impairment on the A549 cells metabolic activity, while no significant release of lactate dehydrogenase was recorded. PM₁₀ emissions from acacia pellets were the most cytotoxic, while samples from both certified pellets evoked significant cytotoxicity at lower doses. Cytotoxicity time-dependency was only observed for PM₁₀ from the combustion of acacia pellets and one of the brands of certified pellets. Mutagenic activity was not detected in both S. typhimurium strains. This study emphasises the role of the raw material for pellet manufacturing on the toxicological profile of PM emissions. Alternative raw materials should be deeply investigated before their use in pelletisation and combustion in residential appliances.     

冬季NH3和液态水含量对PM2.5中SNA形成的影响与敏感性分析

为了解冬季不同污染等级下NH₃和AWC（Aerosol Water Content,气溶胶液态水含量）对PM_2.5中水溶性二次离子形成的影响,对保定市冬季颗粒物浓度、二次离子及前体物（SO₂、NO₂、NH₃）浓度进行了分析,并利用ISORROPIA-Ⅱ计算了PM_2.5中的AWC和pH.结果表明:①2017-2018年冬季保定市重污染期（AQI>200）ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（SO₂）、ρ（NO₂）和ρ（NH₃）较优良期（AQI < 100）分别升高了3.0、1.1、1.3和0.8倍,气态前体物的二次转化是污染形成的重要原因之一.重污染期ρ（NH₄+）、ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NO₃-）较冬季平均值分别升高了1.2、0.9、1.3倍,其中ρ（NO₃-）升幅最大,其次为ρ（NH₄+）.②保定市大气中过剩NH₃指数为0.1 μmol/m3,采样期间为富氨环境,NO₃-的生成主要受HNO₃限制.③重污染期PM_2.5中AWC高达93.6 μg/m3,是优良期的20.6倍,观测期间保定市SO₄2-的二次生成以颗粒物表面液相氧化为主,即SO₂被NO₂和NH₃氧化,NO₃-的二次生成包括NH₃参与的非均相转化和N₂O₅的非均相水解过程.④整体而言,pH变化的敏感性表现为TA（总氨）浓度> TS（总硫）浓度> TN（总氮）浓度≈TA+TS+TN浓度（同时改变相同比例的总氨、总硫、总氮浓度）,随污染等级的升高,pH对TS、TA浓度变化的敏感性减弱,对TN浓度变化的敏感性增强;单独改变TS、TN、TA浓度时AWC敏感性弱,同时改变TS、TN、TA浓度时AWC敏感性较强,AWC变化与二次离子浓度密切相关.研究显示,保定市冬季污染期SNA的形成以液态水参与的液相氧化为主,NH₃可以维持颗粒物的高pH,保持氧化过程.      

Isolation of Cr(VI) reducing bacteria from industrial e uents and their potential use in bioremediation of chromium containing wastewater

The present study is aimed at assessing the ability of Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and Staphylococcus capitis to reduce hexavalent chromium into its trivalent form.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 could tolerate Cr(Ⅵ) (4800 μg/mL) and S.capitis could tolerate Cr(Ⅵ) (2800 μg/mL).Both organisms were able to resist Cd2+ (50 μg/mL),Cu2+ (200 μg/mL),Pb2+ (800 μg/mL),Hg2+ (50 μg/mL) and Ni2+ (4000 μg/mL).S.capitis resisted Zn2+ at 700 μg/mL while Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 only showed resistance up to 50 μg/mL.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis showed optimum growth at pH 6 and 7,respectively,while both bacteria showed optimum growth at 37℃.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis could reduce 85% and 81% of hexavalent chromium from the medium after 96 h and were also capable of reducing hexavalent chromium 86% and 89%,respectively,from the industrial effluents after 144 h.Cell free extracts of Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis showed reduction of 83% and 70% at concentration of 10 μg Cr(Ⅵ)/mL,respectively.The presence of an induced protein having molecular weight around 25 kDa in the presence of chromium points out a possible role of this protein in chromium reduction.The bacterial isolates can be exploited for bioremediation of hexavalent chromium containing wastes,since they seem to have the potential to reduce the toxic hexavalent form to its nontoxic trivalent form.