大型地面太阳望远镜选址云量调查

利用中国756个地面基本、基准气象站1961～2008年云量年值、月值数据集,分析全国地面太阳望远镜选址的云量条件,结果表明;40°N纬度带和藏西南地区,云量条件最优;其次是新疆西部和北部、东北北部和东部、青藏高原南部拉萨、江孜一带;西藏东部、四川西部及云南大部,云量条件居中;33° N以南,包括江南华南、青藏高原东南部林芝附近及四川盆地、重庆、贵州一带,云量条件较差.     

天文选址的夜间云量处理方法

云量是影响天文台址质量最重要的因素之一,对夜间云量的检测和处理尤为重要.采用地面云量相机对全天云量进行监测,所拍摄的图像需要有效的方法进行处理以量化云量.夜间云量图像受月光的影响严重,因此将夜间的云量图像分为有月夜和无月夜两类进行处理.针对无月夜情况,给出了夜间云量的处理过程.对图像中的亮星进行定位和测光,确定星等差.以晴夜图像中亮星的星等差为参照,将星等差低于阈值条件的亮星概率作为晴夜的概率标准.选取了3类图像对该方法进行测试并确定云量,分析了阈值条件对结果的影响.最后,讨论了该方法的适用范围和不确定性.     

全国大气水汽含量分布

根据1961～2008年全国210个台站的地面气象要素资料,发现地面水汽压与降水量之间的经验关系,建立了由降水量估算地面水汽压的经验表达式,由此进一步求得天文选址所需考察的大气水汽含量.研究结果表明,不同季节的地面水汽压同降水量之间存在着稳定的函数对应关系,利用各地区的降水量计算出的水汽压,符合当地水汽压的实际测量,所求得的各地区大气水汽含量也均能较好地反映当地长年平均情况.     

65 m射电望远镜背架结构日照温度效应实验研究

借助精密工程测量手段,对65 m天线背架的日照温度效应进行了实验研究.在天线背架设计坐标系下分析实验数据,建立了日照温度变形模型,得出背架结构沿X方向变形系数为Kx=1.30×10-5,沿Z方向变形系数为Kz=-0.44×10-5,沿Y方向变形偏向太阳照射一侧.根据实验数据建立的背架变形模型,模拟分析了65 m天线背架日照温度变形对面形精度的影响,得出环境温度变化1℃带来的面形精度(均方根值rms)影响分量约为0.09 mm.实验结果为65 m天线主动面调节提供了很有价值的参考数据.     

天文选址中的地理信息处理

地理信息是地面望远镜天文选址研究中的重要内容.尤其是对现有地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)的有效利用,已成为现代选址中远程分析阶段最重要的手段之一.天文址点的考虑在地理条件上应遵循以下原则:相对落差较大、交通可行、尽量远离人口集中的区域.从未来建站维护和人员长期驻站的角度考虑,天文址点以海拔处于3000～5000 m的范围、距离城镇大本营1 h左右车程为最佳.以云南省大姚县百草岭地区为选址研究对象,展示了GIS数据处理能够为全面了解一个候选区域3维地形地貌、江川河流、道路村落、电力分布以及预测该地区未来人口和城市化发展趋势等方面内容提供准确、直观、定量的参考数据.通过基于GIS数据的科学分析,发现海拔3 600多米的大百草岭山顶平坦而又干旱、周围人口稀少、道路便利、无工厂污染源,是地方政府重要自然保护区;它与直线距离10 km外的乡镇之间的相对落差超过了1 500 m,与50km外的县城的相对落差达到1 800 m,是滇中彝州坝区一座名副其实的孤峰.因此,GIS数据分析对于远程选址十分有益,GIS技术是现代天文选址不可或缺的重要手段.     

上海地区地基GPS水汽三维层析技术和初步应用

地基GPS(Global Positioning System)探测大气水汽主要包括3个方面的内容:一是观测天顶方向的大气水汽总量(Precipitable Water vapor,PW);二是遥测倾斜的信号路径上的水汽总量(Slant-path Water vapor,SW);三是应用组网的GPS站倾斜路径观测反演局地上空的水汽三维信息,即水汽层析(watervapor tomography)技术.简单介绍了上海地区稠密的地基GPS网,并且在该网的基础上通过GAMIT软件计算出的整层水汽PW和各个方向上的梯度信息及观测残差,来获得GPS测定的SW,运用层析的技术可获得上海地区水汽的三维分布信息.以2008年8月25日上海罕见的大暴雨为例,分析了水汽三维结果在强对流天气中的应用.     

Blazar天体3C 66A光学波段准周期光变分析

研究了Blazar天体3C 66A光学波段的准周期光变行为.收集了3C 66A光学V波段将近18 yr (2003—2021年)的测光数据,观测数据主要来源是:上海天文台(ShAO)、 AAVSO (The American Association of Variable Star Observers)数据库、Steward天文台.使用了Jurkevich和Lomb-Scargle两种方法分析了光变数据.Jurkevich方法得到了(850±90) d (～2.3 yr)和(1150±140) d (～3.2 yr)的光变周期,而Lomb-Scargle方法在充分考虑了“红噪声”效应之后同样得到了(869±70) d和(1111±90) d的光变周期,它们的置信水平分别为>99%和> 95%.通过与之前的研究结果比较,发现～2.3 yr的光变周期在3C 66A的历史光变数据中是一个稳定的周期,而～3.2 yr的周期则是不稳定的.     

一种基于元学习的大口径射电望远镜俯仰轴承故障辨识方法研究

在经过长期运行后大口径射电望远镜俯仰轴会出现微小扭曲, 滚动轴承作为承载俯仰轴的核心部件, 也会因长期承受交变载荷增加疲劳风险, 导致轴承寿命以及望远镜指向精度的下降, 极大影响望远镜的性能. 以俯仰轴承为研究对象, 开展故障辨识方法研究, 可为望远镜天线的高性能运行提供重要支撑. 为实现在有限数据和复杂工作条件下准确地辨识俯仰轴承故障, 提出了一种小样本条件下基于元学习的故障辨识方法(Few-shot Meta-learning Fault Identification, FMFI). 首先将不同工况下的原始信号转换为时频图像数据, 之后按照元学习协议将数据样本随机采样到不同的学习任务中. 在有限样本的条件下, FMFI可以通过训练任务中的样本信息获取通用的先验知识, 在未知的测试任务下实现准确快速的故障辨识. 选取了与望远镜俯仰轴承工况具有相似性的变负载轴承数据集进行实验, 实验结果表明, FMFI方法具有很高的准确性和可靠性, 为大口径射电望远镜俯仰轴承的主动运维和高质量服役提供了有力的技术支持.     

超大口径射电望远镜温度场分析

随着天线口径增大、频率升高,日照热对其性能的影响愈发严重.针对待建的新疆110 m大口径全可动射电望远镜,建立其热分析有限元模型,研究天线在夏至日不同太阳时刻的温度场分布特性.结果如下:一天中,主反射面的最高温度可达42.86℃,出现在14时,同时刻撑腿的温度也达到峰值,为41.74℃.背架水平分区温差在5时、18时、19.5时均超过1℃,会对天线指向性能产生较大影响.夜间天线结构温度分布亦不均匀,俯仰结构的温差明显高于其他构件,最大温差为6.42℃,通过数值模拟与试验相结合的方法,证明了构件的壁厚差异是导致结构夜间温差较大的主要原因.     

中国第三次天文台选址高潮及对丽江高美古地区天文观测条件的初步估计

本文介绍了中国第三次天文台选址高潮的背景及最近这次台址调研的进展情况。天文气候条件普查的结果认为在中国挑选出受局部地形影响的较好台址是有可能的。报道了对华北和西北若干候选点进行踏勘和测量的结果。详细介绍了在滇西地区的选址普查和丽江高美古选址观测的经过。据云量和ＤＩＭＭ视宁度观测的初步结果来看，高美古是一个很有希望的潜在优良台址。     

Analysis of All-China Sunshine Conditions of Site Selection for Large Solar Telescopes

The yearly and monthly data sets of sunshine duration and percent- age obtained at the 756 principal and primary standard meteorological stations all over China from 1971 to 2000, compiled by the Meteorological Reference Room of the National Center for Meteorological Information, are used to study the countrywide sunshine conditions and to analyze the factors which have an effect on the sunshine, in combination with the data of the key elements, such as the cloud cover and water vapor, recorded in China from 1951 to 2008. The obtained result shows that the distributions of the sunshine duration and sun- shine percentage in China are consistent with each other: small in southeastern China and large in northwestern China, increasing from southeast to northwest. In eastern China, the sunshine duration gradually increases from south to north and the sunshine condition in the western area is integrally better than that in the eastern area, tallying with the general rule. The sunshine condition in the Shiquanhe area in southwestern Tibet is the optimum, the sunshine conditions in the vicinity of the latitude zone of 40° N and in the area of southern Tibet take the second place, those in the south of the Yangtze River, in southern China, Sichuan Basin and in the eastern area of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau are rela- tively poor, and those in the other areas are placed in the middle. The sunshine duration is affected by the key elements like the cloud cover and water vapor, exhibiting a negative correlation with them.     

An integrated geophysical and geological study of the Monturaqui impact crater,Chile

Abstract— –The Monturaqui impact crater (350–370 m in diameter and 0.1 Ma old), located in a remote area in northern Chile, was surveyed in December 2003 with detailed geophysics (gravity and magnetics), topography, petrophysics, and geology. The geology of the Monturaqui area is characterized by a basement of Paleozoic granites overlain by Pliocene ignimbrite units. No impact breccia was found in the area. The granites are the main lithology affected by the impact. Although the granite samples analyzed did not show evidence of shock metamorphism, quartz, and to a lesser extent feldspar and biotite grains from impactite samples exhibit different degrees of shock, ranging from planar microdeformation and cleavage to the development of intense planar deformation features (PDFs) and diaplectic glasses in some grains. The differential GPS survey allowed the creation of a detailed digital elevation model of the crater. Its dimensions are 370 m along the east‐west direction, 350 m along the north‐south direction, and ～～34 m deep. The crater exhibits a circular morphology with a preferred northwest‐southeast elongation that coincides with the steepest slopes (～～35°) on the southeast edge. The newly acquired gravity data shows a negative anomaly of ～～1 mGal at the center and allowed the creation of a 3‐D model with a RMS error of <0.1 mGal, which supports the predictions of a fracturing‐induced low‐density granitic layer on top of the unfractured basement.     

Simulations of water resource environmental changes in China during the last 20 000 years by a regional climate model

We utilize a regional climate model with detailed land surface processes (RegCM2) to simulate East Asian monsoon climates at 0 ka, 6 ka and 21 ka BP, and evaluate the changes in hydrology process, including vapor transportation, precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff in the eastern and western China during these periods. Results indicate that the Tibetan Plateau climate presents a wet–cold status during the LGM while it exhibits a wet–warm climate at 6 ka BP. The LGM wetter climate over the Tibetan Plateau mainly results from the increased vapor inflow through its south boundary, while the increase in the vapor import over the Tibetan Plateau at 6 ka BP mostly sources from its west boundary. The increase in the LGM runoff over the Tibetan Plateau is mainly caused by the decrease in evapotranspiration, while the increase in runoff at the 6 ka BP mainly by the enhanced precipitation. Eastern China (including southern China) presents a dry status during the LGM, which precipitation and runoff decreases significantly due largely to weakened Asian summer monsoon that results in the decreased vapor inflow through the south boundary of eastern China. The variation pattern in the hydrological cycle in eastern China is contrary to that in western China during the LGM. The increase in precipitation and runoff at 6 ka BP in eastern China is tightly related to the strong Asian summer monsoon that leads to increased vapor import through the south boundary. Long term decrease trend in precipitation and runoff in northern China since the last 20 000 years may be attributed to the steady increase in vapor export through the east boundary as a result of the changes of East Asian monsoon and the adjustments of local atmospheric circulations in this area.     

Distribution of Atmospheric Water Vapor Content over China

Based on the data of 210 ground meteorological stations over China from 1961 to 2008, an empirical relation between the ground water vapor pressure and precipitation has been discovered. Then the equations used for estimating the ground water vapor pressure based on the precipitation are developed, and thereby to derive the atmospheric water vapor content, which is one of the important parameters for astronomical site survey. The results of this study show that in different seasons, there exists a stable correlative relation between ground water vapor pressure and precipitation, the water vapor pressures calculated from the precipitation data of different areas are consistent with the local practical measurements, and that the calculated atmospheric water vapor contents correspond well to the local long-term averages.     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Measurements of water vapor in Mars' Antarctic

A complete Mars year of measurements of atmospheric water vapor in the south arctic have been obtained from the Viking Orbiters. Analysis of the observations indicates that, except for the south remnant cap, the southern hemisphere of Mars is devoid of any substantial reservoirs of water in contact with the atmosphere, and that, in the summer time, the top layer of soil is desiccated. Small amounts of water ice are incorporated into the annual CO₂ cap; this water is released at the cap margin when it retreats in the spring. The first global dust storm resulted in heating of the south arctic atmosphere and a transport of water in from the equatorial region. The second global dust storm had a negligible effect on atmospheric water vapor; the dust contained little water.     

OMEGA/Mars Express: South Pole Region, water vapor daily variability

Polar regions on Mars are the most suitable places to observe water vapor daily variability because in any observation crossing the Pole we can observe very different local time and because the poles are considered to be the main permanent and seasonal water reservoir of the planet. We report on a daily variability of water vapor in the South Pole Region (SPR), observed by OMEGA/Mars Express during the south spring-summer period (Ls∼250°-270°) outside the CO₂ ice cap, that has never been observed before by other instruments. We have been able to estimate an increase of few precipitable microns during the day. A possible scenario includes the presence of regolith, or another component that could gather water from the atmosphere, adsorbing the water into the surface during the night time and desorbing it as soon as the Sun reaches sufficient height to heat the ground. This hypothesis is even more plausible considering the presence of observed local enhancements in the morning sections associated with the illumination of the Sun and the total absence in the data for water ice.     

The H i Parkes All Sky Survey: southern observations, calibration and robust imaging

The acquisition of H  i Parkes All Sky Survey (HIPASS) southern sky data commenced at the Australia Telescope National Facility's Parkes 64-m telescope in 1997 February, and was completed in 2000 March. HIPASS is the deepest H  i survey yet of the sky south of declination +2°, and is sensitive to emission out to 170 h₇₅⁻¹ Mpc. The characteristic root mean square noise in the survey images is 13.3 mJy. This paper describes the survey observations, which comprise 23 020 eight-degree scans of 9-min duration, and details the techniques used to calibrate and image the data. The processing algorithms are successfully designed to be statistically robust to the presence of interference signals, and are particular to imaging point (or nearly point) sources. Specifically, a major improvement in image quality is obtained by designing a median-gridding algorithm which uses the median estimator in place of the mean estimator.     

Forecast daily indices of solar activity, F10.7, using support vector regression method

The 10.7cm solar radio flux (F10.7), the value of the solar radio emission flux density at a wavelength of 10.7cm, is a useful index of solar activity as a proxy for solar extreme ultraviolet radiation. It is meaningful and important to predict F10.7 values accurately for both long-term (months-years) and short-term (days) forecasting, which are often used as inputs in space weather models. This study applies a novel neural network technique, support vector regression (SVR), to forecasting daily values of F10.7. The aim of this study is to examine the feasibility of SVR in short-term F10.7 forecasting. The approach, based on SVR, reduces the dimension of feature space in the training process by using a kernel-based learning algorithm. Thus, the complexity of the calculation becomes lower and a small amount of training data will be sufficient. The time series of F10.7 from 2002 to 2006 are employed as the data sets. The performance of the approach is estimated by calculating the norm mean square error and mean absolute percentage error. It is shown that our approach can perform well by using fewer training data points than the traditional neural network.     

太阳活动的不对称性研究

从三方面概述了太阳活动不对称的进展;不对称性的特征及其演化行为、周期性和可能的解释。太阳活动的南北半球及东西半球人发布是不均匀的,且在南北半球上分布不对称;但目前仍无法确定东西半球分布不对称。在众多的解释太阳活动不对称的理论中,没有一种理论被广泛接受。对将来开展太阳活动不对称性研究工作提出了一些看法。