多发性硬化患者外周血单个核细胞Toll样受体9的表达及血清白介素-10水平的研究

目的 研究Toll样受体9(TLR-9)在多发性硬化(MS)患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)上的表达水平及MS患者血清白介素-10(IL-10)水平,探讨其潜在的机制.方法 分离23例活动期、19例缓解期MS患者及20例正常对照组PBMCs,用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测PBMCs中TLR-9mRNA的表达水平,酶联免疫吸附试验法检测其血清白介素-10水平.结果 活动期MS患者PBMCs的TLR-9mRNA表达水平高于缓解组(P<0.01)及正常对照组(P<0.01),缓解期和正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).MS缓解期患者血清IL-10水平显著高于活动期患者(P<0.01),活动期和缓解期的患者均高于正常对照组(P<0.01).TLR-9mRNA表达水平与血清IL-10水平呈负相关(r=-0.224,p=0.013).结论 活动期MS患者PBMCs的TLR-9mRNA的表达水平增高,并且与MS患者血清IL-10水平呈负相关,TLR9在MS免疫发病机制中具有重要的作用,在MS中IL-10是一种保护性抑炎因子,可能有利于疾病的缓解.     

多发性硬化患者白介素18的表达与临床相关研究

目的探讨IL-18在多发性硬化患者血清和脑脊液（CSF）中的含量变化及其在发病机制中的作用。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定多发性硬化患者和对照组血清及脑脊液IL-18水平。结果（1）MS患者血清及脑脊液IL-18水平均明显高于其他神经疾病组和对照组，并且血清高于脑脊液（P〈0．01），但后两者差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（2）MRI显示有增强病灶的MS患者其IL-18水平高于没有增强病灶的。结论IL-18可能在中枢神经脱髓鞘的病理损害的发病机制中起着十分重要的作用。     

多发性硬化患者脑脊液一氧化氮水平的检测及意义

目的探讨多发性硬化患者脑脊液(CSF)一氧化氮(NO)含量变化.方法采用硝酸还原酶法检测43例多发性硬化(MS)患者、25例吉兰-巴雷综合症(GBS)患者及39例对照者CSF的NO水平,同时进行其生化和细胞学成分及寡克隆IgG区带(IgG-OB)分析.结果MS组CSF的NO水平明显高于对照组(P＜0.01).结论硝酸还原酶法能快速、准确地检测CSF的NO含量;NO参与了MS的免疫发病机制,并在一定程度上反映机体细胞免疫的状态.     

多发性硬化患者血清及脑脊液中干扰素-γ水平的研究

目的研究多发性硬化患者血清及CSF中干扰素-γ水平的变化,探讨干扰素-γ在MS发病中的作用。方法选择58例河北医科大学第二医院住院MS患者,临床表现符合Poser等制定标准的确诊(definite)或很可能(probable)MS诊断。选择40例无血缘关系的健康人,年龄、性别均与病例组匹配,近期无感染、未应用免疫抑制剂。血液及CSF标本应用双抗体夹心酶联免疫(ELISA)方法测定干扰素-γ含量。结果急性期MS组血清及脑脊液IFN-γ水平较正常对照组及缓解期MS组明显升高,且脑脊液INF-γ增高程度明显。结论 INF-γ水平在MS急性期增高,并随病情的缓解而逐渐恢复正常,说明INF-γ在MS发病过程中起促进作用。     

多发性硬化患者脑脊液中生长抑素含量观察及其临床意义

选择符合Poser(Ann Neurol1983;13:227)临床诊断标准的多发性硬化(MS)患者共21例,其中男6例,女15例。平均年龄31.8岁。这些MS患者中,处于稳定期的6例,复发期15例。对照组18例,为同期住院的神经官能症病人。所有患者初次腰穿术取脑脊液前,至少3月以上无激素治疗史。15例复发期MS于初次腰穿术后应用15～20mg地塞米松静注,14天后减量并行第二次腰穿术取CSF,每次腰穿术的同时经肘静脉取血。血浆和CSF生长抑素(SS)含量采用放射免疫法测定。结果复发期MS、CSF、SS含量显著低于对照组和稳定期组(P<0.01),稳定期MS、CSF、SS含量与对照组比较有下降趋势,但无显著性差异(P>     

瘦素对MS患者外周血单个核细胞分泌细胞因子影响的研究

目的探讨外源性瘦素(leptin)对多发性硬化(MS)患者外周血单个核细胞分泌细胞因子的影响。方法采集31例活动期MS患者、22例缓解期MS患者和40名健康对照者外周静脉血,常规制备外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)悬液,分别在leptin、植物血凝素(phytohemagglutinin,PHA)l、eptin PHA的不同刺激条件下培养,72 h后收集培养上清液,于-20℃冻存,批量进行IL-4、INF-γ检测。结果活动期MS患者PBMC在leptin、PHAl、eptin PHA干预下其培养上清液INF-γI、L-4水平均明显高于缓解期MS组和对照组(均为P<0.01)。活动期MS患者PBMC在leptinl、eptin PHA干预下培养上清液INF-γ水平显著高于PHA干预培养上清液(P<0.01),而IL-4水平却明显降低(P<0.01)。干预条件对缓解期MS组和对照组培养上清液细胞因子水平无明显影响(P>0.05)。结论leptin能够影响MS患者PBMC分泌细胞因子,增加炎性细胞因子产生,抑制抗炎性细胞因子分泌,这可能与leptin增加MS的易感性相关。     

高同型半胱氨酸血症与多发性硬化的关系初探

目的:探讨血清总同型半胱氨酸(tHcy)与多发性硬化(MS)的关系。方法:采用高效液相色谱法检测37例MS患者(MS组)和40名正常对照(NC组)血清中tHcy浓度。结果:MS组和NC组血清中tHcy浓度分别为(23.76±1.659)μmol·L-1、(15.50±1.764)μmol·L-1。MS组tHcy浓度明显高于NC组(P<0.01),而两组叶酸、维生素B12浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);原发进展型、继发进展型和缓解复发型,各型MS组血清tHcy、叶酸、维生素B12水平相比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:MS患者血清中tHcy水平升高,可能在病理过程中发挥作用。     

脑囊虫病患者脑脊液中NO、IL-1β和TNF-α的研究

目的 检测脑囊虫患者脑脊液内NO、IL-1β和TNF-α含量变化,探讨NO及细胞因子参与人体对脑囊虫的免疫作用。方法 分别采用比色法、酶联免疫吸附法(双抗体夹心法)检测实验组和对照组脑脊液NO、IL-1β和TNF-α含量。结果 脑囊虫病组脑脊液NO、IL-1β和TNF-α含量显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01),癫痫发病组脑脊液NO、IL-1β明显高于非癫痫发病组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论 单核巨噬细胞在抗脑囊虫感染中发挥重要作用,NO参与对脑囊虫的免疫过程,并可能通过某些作用影响中枢神经系统正常功能,过量NO可能参与癫痫过程。     

难治性癫痫患者血清和脑脊液中MCP-1表达的研究

目的研究单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemottractant protein-1 MCP-1)在难治性癫痫患者血清和脑脊液中的表达。方法采用RT-PCR和ELISA技术测定难治性癫痫患者、非难治性癫痫患者、正常对照组血清及/或脑脊液中MCP-1 mRNA及蛋白的含量。结果难治性癫痫患者血清及脑脊液中的MCP-1 mRNA及蛋白的含量较非难治性癫痫明显升高(P<0.01),血清中含量较正常对照组明显增高(P<0.01);非难治性癫痫患者血清中MCP-1 mRNA及蛋白的含量与正常对照组比较差别无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论MCP-1在难治性癫痫患者血清及脑脊液中均升高,MCP-1可能参与了难治性癫痫的发病过程。     

糖皮质激素对多发性硬化患者血清肿瘤坏死因子-α和白介素-4水平的影响

目的 探讨糖皮质激素(GC)对多发性硬化(MS)患者血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白介素-4(IL-4)水平的影响.方法 对41例MS患者应用甲泼尼龙1000 mg/d静脉滴注治疗,每3 d减半量,12 d后改为口服治疗,直至4 mg/d服用3 d后停用.用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测41例MS患者GC治疗前后的血清TNF-α和IL-4水平,并与正常对照组比较.结果 MS组GC治疗前的血清TNF-α水平显著高于正常对照组(P<0.05);GC治疗后血清TNF-α水平比治疗前显著降低(P<0.05),而与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义.MS组GC治疗前血清IL-4水平与其治疗后及正常对照组比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 GC治疗使MS患者血清TNF-α水平显著降低,而IL-4水平无明显变化.     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

Abstract

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Presence and severity of anorexia and bulimia among male and female Omani and non-Omani adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The population of Oman is a heterogeneous mix of nationalities providing a natural setting for studying the cross-cultural differences in the presence and severity of eating disorders as well as an opportunity for evaluating the performance of measurement instruments for these disorders. METHOD: Disordered eating screening instruments (the Eating Attitude Test and the Bulimic Investigatory Test) were administered to Omani teenagers, non-Omani teenagers, and Omani adults. RESULTS: On the Eating Attitude Test, 33% of Omani teenagers (29.4% females and 36.4% males) and 9% of non-Omani teenagers (7.5% of males and 10.6% females) showed a propensity for anorexic-like behavior. On the Bulimic Investigatory Test, 12.3% of Omani teenagers showed a propensity for binge eating or bulimia (13.7% females and 10.9% males). Among the non-Omani teenagers, 18.4% showed a tendency toward bulimia, with females showing a slightly greater tendency than males. In contrast, barely 2% of Omani adults showed either a presence of or a severity of disorderly behavior with food. CONCLUSION: Omani teenagers scored significantly higher than other ethnic groups and Omani adults. This finding is discussed in the light of emerging evidence from many parts of the world suggesting that cultural transition, compounded by demographic constraints, plays a significant role in abnormal eating attitudes.     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Relationship Between Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Age and IQ in Preschool and School-Age Children and Adolescents with Autism and with ADHD

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders - Relationships between sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and age and IQ were investigated in children with autism and/or ADHD covering broader age and IQ...     

Synaptic plasticity and learning and memory: LTP and beyond.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic activity is by far the most popular and widely researched model of synaptic plastic changes that might occur during learning. Numerous recent reports, however, have not found a correlation between the inducibility of LTP in the hippocampus and the ability of animals to learn hippocampus-dependent tasks. For example, some experiments with gene deletion (knockout) mice strains have shown that in some strains LTP is not inducible in the dentate gyrus, in area CA3, or CA1, but the animals are still able to learn spatial tasks. This apparent mismatch has rejuvenated the discussion concerning whether LTP is a good model for mechanisms that underlie memory formation in the nervous system. This review analyzes the conditions under which LTP is induced or learning takes place and suggests reasons for the mismatches that can occur and what we can learn from them. High-frequency stimulation protocols and in vitro assays cannot be seen to resemble natural firing patterns or conditions found in the brain. More physiological experimental conditions, especially in vivo recording in awake animals, could lead the way to the development of improved models of learning mechanisms that better correlate with learning abilities of animals.