C-1.5Mn-2.5Ni-0.5Cr-0.5Mo合金焊缝组织的演化机制

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜研究了C-1.5Mn-2.5Ni-0.5Cr-0.5Mo合金系焊缝金属的微观组织,并通过Thermal-calc软件计算焊缝金属Fe-Ni相图,进而研究了焊缝金属从液相凝固到室温组织整个相变过程。此外还测试了焊缝金属的基本力学性能。研究表明:液态金属初生相为δ-铁素体,并以柱状方式生长,形成δ-铁素体柱状晶。温度下降,δ-铁素体开始向奥氏体转变,奥氏体晶粒也以柱状方式生长,形成柱状奥氏体晶粒。温度继续下降,在奥氏体晶界处最先发生相变形成贝氏体,而奥氏体内部最后发生相变转变成马氏体。原奥氏体晶界形核以及贝氏体侧向形核导致贝氏体呈交织状分布。焊缝金属具有良好的低温韧性,这是因为组织中含有大量交织状贝氏体。     

一种铁路辙叉用贝氏体钢的焊接热模拟

针对一种辙叉用贝氏体钢,采用Gleeble-3500对其焊接热循环过程进行了热模拟试验.采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和硬度试验对不同冷却速度下焊接热影响区的组织和性能进行研究.作出加热和冷却膨胀曲线,并采用切线法测定奥氏体转变开始温度(A_c1)、奥氏体转变结束温度(A_c3)和不同冷却速度下的相转变温度.根据试验结果绘出辙叉用贝氏体钢的焊接热影响区连续冷却转变(simulated heat affected zone continuous cooling transforming,SHCCT)曲线,为其焊接性研究提供了基础数据,并用于预测热影响区的组织和性能,可用于指导贝氏体钢辙叉焊接及焊补工艺的优化设计.     

锰硅系贝氏体／马氏体复相钢中贝氏体精细结构的研究

利用原子力显微镜（AFM）、扫描隧道显微镜（STM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、光学显微镜（OM）等分析手段对锰硅系贝氏体／马氏体复相钢中贝氏体的结构进行了研究。观察到氏碳锰硅钢中的贝氏体组织由亚片条、亚单元组成,利用原子力显微镜（AFM）及透射电子显微镜（TEM）在贝氏体单元中发现有以残余奥氏体膜为分界面的精细结构的存在。观测结果可用贝氏体相变的激发形核－台阶长大机制做合理解释,为锰硅系贝氏体／马氏体复相钢的合金组织设计、组织结构和性能关系的研究提提供了实验依据。     

Acceleration of regeneration treatment for nanostructured bainitic steel by rotary impacting trailed welding

The method called rotary impacting trailed welding (RITW) was proposed to accelerate the regeneration treatment of nanostructured bainitic steel welded joint. Stress and strain behaviors of welding metal under this mechanical process were analyzed using finite element software. Rotary and impacting could simultaneously take effect to generate large plastic deformation in the welded joint. Detailed changes of microstructures in the welded joints were characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results show that the large deformation of austenite in the welded joint can accelerate the bainite transformation and reduce the regeneration time. Meanwhile, large shear deformation in the austenite generated during welding has a strong effect on the bainite growth, which results in curved bainite plates.     

贝氏体相变的过渡性特征

对35CrMo钢等多种材料奥氏体化后进行贝氏体等温淬火,得到少量贝氏体+马氏体+残留奥氏体的整合组织。应用JEM-2100透射电镜和QUANTA-400环扫电镜等设备观察了贝氏体组织的形貌和亚结构。综合分析了贝氏体相变的特征。研究表明,过冷奥氏体随着温度的降低具有转变贯序,贝氏体相变在组织形貌、亚结构方面具有过渡性。贝氏体相变动力学具有交叉性、重叠性、变温性和等温性的过渡性特征。贝氏体相变中铁原子和置换原子以非协同热激活跃迁方式位移,表明贝氏体形核长大具有过渡性。     

A study of microstructure,transformation mechanisms and correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties of a low alloyed TRIP steel

Differently heat treated samples of a low alloyed TRIP steel have been investigated using electron diffraction techniques in SEM and TEM. Aim was, first, to discriminate the microstructure constituents, austenite, ferrite, bainite, and martensite, second to gain information on the γ–α phase transformation mechanisms and third to correlate the mechanical properties and the microstructure of the samples. Bainite always occurs in conjunction with an orientation gradient in the surrounding ferrite matrix. It consists of fine lamellae of ferrite and austenite which show a sharp Kurdjumov–Sachs orientation relationship with each other. This was interpreted in terms of a displacive bainite formation mechanism. The microstructure is formed by growth of γ-grains during intercritical annealing and shrinking of these grains during the subsequent cooling without nucleation of new α-grains. The transformation first occurs reconstructively into ferrite and then, at lower temperature, displacively into bainite. The mechanical properties of differently heat treated samples are most strongly influenced by the amount and distribution of carbon in the retained austenite and by the degree of recovery in bainite and austenite.     

贝氏体铁素体的形核

采用60Si2CrV、20CrMo等工业用钢,在贝氏体转变开始线附近进行短时间的贝氏体等温淬火,获得少量贝氏体,然后水冷,得到少量贝氏体＋马氏体＋残留奥氏体组织。应用QUANTA-400环扫电镜对贝氏体相变的形核进行了观察,发现贝氏体铁素体在晶界、相界面、晶内等处形核。研究了形核机制和形核时的能量变化,计算了晶核的临界尺寸、形核功,获得贝氏体临界晶核尺寸a＊=16.7 nm（b=25 nm）,形核功△G＊=2.7×102 J.mol-1。     

A model for predicting austenite to bainite phase transformation in producing dual phase steels

Based on the theory of free energy change between austenite and bainite phases during the cooling period, a material model is developed to predict the incubation time of the transformation from austenite to bainite for 50CrNiMo deformed at different strain levels and austenite states. Further constitutive equations are developed to model the growth of the nucleated bainite phase. These enable the bainite volume fraction to be predicted for different material cooling conditions after hot forming. To determine the material constants within the phase transformation model, an objective function is formulated to quantify the relative errors between experimental and computed data. The phase transformation model and the objective functions are implemented into an Evolutionary Programming (EP) based software package through a user defined subroutine for the optimisation. The experimental data of 50CrNiMo is used to evaluate the capability of the model in prediction of TTT diagrams and bainite phase growth for pre-plastic deformations of 0, 25 and 50%.     

CARBIDE PRECIPITATION AND BAINITE TRANSFORMATION IN Fe-C-Si ALLOY

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Nucleation Analysis of Variant Transformed from Austenite with Σ_3 Boundary in High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel

We elucidate here the effects of annealing twins on phase transformation products based on electron back-scatter diffraction analysis and corresponding microstructure visualization and quantification methods.Martensite and bainite were obtained by rapid continuous cooling and isothermal processing at different temperatures,respectively,which were designed to study variants formed in austenite with Σ_3 boundary.The isothermal transformation near martensite start(M_s) temperature was most conducive in obtaining the highest content of twin-related V_1/V_2 variant pair.Based on the classical nucleation theory of martensite and bainite,respectively,the role of austenite Σ_3 boundary in martensite and bainite transformation is illustrated.     

A novel thermomechanical approach to produce a fine ferrite and low-temperature bainitic composite microstructure

A novel thermomechanical processing was developed in the present study to produce a unique microstructure consisting of fine ferrite grains (i.e. ～4 μm on average) and low-temperature bainite in a relatively low-carbon steel with a modest hardenability. The thermomechanical route consisted of warm deformation of supercooled austenite followed by reheating in the ferrite region and then cooling to the bainitic transformation regime (i.e. 400–200 °C). The low-temperature bainite consisted of high dislocation density bainitic laths and very fine retained austenite films. This microstructure offered a high work hardening rate leading to a unique combination of ultimate tensile strength and elongation. This was due to the presence of ductile fine ferrite grains and hard low-temperature bainitic ferrite laths with retained austenite films. The microstructural characteristics of bainite were studied using optical microscopy in conjunction with scanning and transmission electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction and atom probe tomography techniques.     

碳含量对铬钼钢贝氏体组织形貌的影响

取超低碳的高纯钢和12CrMo、20CrMo、35CrMo、9Cr2Mo和GCr15等工业用钢,淬火时发生中温转变．然后应用QUANTA-400型环境扫描电镜观察贝氏体组织形貌的变化。发现,随着碳含量的增加,过冷奥氏体在中温区的转变,由块状相变到低、中碳无碳化物贝氏体转变,演化到高碳羽毛状上贝氏体和竹叶状下贝氏体。表明含碳量对贝氏体形貌产生显著的影响。探讨了影响机制,认为：（1）块状转变与贝氏体相变有亲缘关系。贝氏体相变时由成分涨落形成贫碳区,并且在贫碳区中形核（BF）,它与块状转变的γ→α没有本质上的区别,属于非协同型的无扩散相变。依靠原子的热激活跃迁进行界面移动的过程,新相可连续长大。（2）随着碳含量的增加,在贝氏体铁素体片条之间留下富碳的奥氏体薄膜,铁素体片条之间不能融合时,则得到无碳贝氏体;如果BF片条之间的富碳奥氏体中析出碳化物,则形成羽毛状上贝氏体;如果在BF／γ相界面上析出碳化物,将贝氏体片分割成许多细小的亚单元,则得到竹叶状下贝氏体。     

下贝氏体铁素体宽面上的台阶结构

采用透射电镜技术研究高碳钢下贝氏体铁素体与母相奥氏体界面结构,发现铁素体宽面上存在可移动的生长台阶、巨型台阶以及它们的三维形态;在下贝氏体铁素体宽面上还存在结构台阶,生长台阶也可以由结构台阶演变而来,为下贝氏体的台阶生长机制提供了实验证据。     

高强度桥梁钢Q690q的连续冷却转变行为

利用MMS-200热模拟试验机、Imager M2m光学显微镜、JSM-6490LV扫描电镜和FV-ARS9000全自动维氏硬度计,对高强度桥梁钢Q690q在细晶奥氏体(晶粒度10级)、粗晶奥氏体(晶粒度6.5级)和细晶形变奥氏体(晶粒度10.5级、压缩变形30%)3种奥氏体状态下的连续冷却转变行为进行了比较研究。结果表明,冷却速率相同时,细晶奥氏体使相变开始温度、转变速率峰值温度和相变结束温度升高,而粗晶奥氏体有助于板条贝氏体和板条马氏体等中低温组织生成,而且生成的板条变得更为细长,但组织中原奥氏体晶界更清晰可见,其硬度明显提高;细晶奥氏体变形后,相变开始温度和转变速率峰值温度更高,从而使铁素体变得粗大,但能减少珠光体转变、促使无碳贝氏体生成,其硬度在冷却速率较低时比细晶奥氏体时要大,冷却速率较高时二者的硬度相差不大。     

贝氏体相变机制与块状转变

应用JEM-2010高分辨电镜和Quanta-400型环境扫描电镜,运用试验与综合分析的方法,研究了纯铁的块状转变和钢中的贝氏体相变.通过对相变的形核、长大,贝氏体亚单元和组织的形成的综合研究和分析,认为贝氏体相变与块状转变存在亲缘关系.依靠随机涨落,形成贫碳区,贝氏体铁素体在贫碳的奥氏体中形核.Fe原子和替换原子通过热激活跃迁、界面扩散或切变等方式,重复产生亚单元.在亚单元边界处的富碳奥氏体中析出碳化物,或成为残留奥氏体.贝氏体相变机制具有过渡性,即切变-扩散整合机制.     

Study on microstructure and properties of 590 MPa class welding wire deposited metal on hull

By means of metallographic microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), back scattering electron diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), the effect of Cu on microstructure transformation and mechanical properties of deposited metal of 590MPa class steel welding wire was studied. The results show that the microstructure of deposited metal is composed of acicular ferrite, lamellar bainite, granular bainite and residual austenite. With the increase of Cu content, the phase transition temperature of the deposited metal decreases, making the phase transition region of ferrite and pearlite shift to the right, expanding the phase transition region of bainite and shrinking the phase transition region of ferrite and pearlite. The microstructure of deposited metal changed, the content of M-A elements increased but the size decreased, and the ferrite-bainite biphasic microstructure was matched. The reduction of M-A component content in strips and blocks and the reduction of effective grain size will reduce the nucleation probability of microcracks, increase crack growth resistance, and improve the impact toughness of the deposited metal.     

Three-dimensional atom probe analysis of solute distribution in thermomechanically processed TRIP steels

Complex multiphase microstructures were obtained in transformation induced plasticity C–Mn–Si–(Nb–Al–Mo) steels by simulated controlled thermomechanical processing. These microstructures were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and three-dimensional atom probe tomography (APT), which was used to determine the partitioning of elements between different phases and microconstituents. The measured carbon concentration (∼0.25 at%) in the ferrite of carbide-free bainite was higher than expected from para-equilibrium between the austenite and ferrite, while the concentrations of substitutional elements were the same as in the parent austenite suggesting that incomplete bainite transformation occurred. In contrast, the distribution of substitutional elements between the ferrite lath and austenite in carbide-containing bainite indicated a complete bainite reaction. The average carbon content in the retained austenite (3.2 ± 1.6 at%) was somewhat higher than the T₀ limit. On the basis of the APT measured composition, the calculated M_s temperatures for retained austenite were above room temperature, indicating its low chemical stability.     

LEDGE STRUCTURE ON BROAD FACES OF FERRITE PLATES IN LOWER BAINITE

The ferrite/austenite interfacial structure in lower bainite has been studied in ahypereutectoid steel by means of electron microscopy.It is found that the mobile growthledges and superledges and their three-dimensional morphologies exist on the broad faces offerrite plates.Structural ledges were also observed on the broad faces of lower bainite.Basedon TEM observations,the viewpoint that the growth ledges can also evolve from structuralledges is proposed.These observations provide evidences to the ledge growth mechanism oflower bainite.     

Mn-Cr-Mo系贝氏体轨钢连续冷却转变的原位观察

采用原位观察法研究不同奥氏体化温度1250、950 ℃及不同相变冷速0.8、1.5 ℃/s对Mn-Cr-Mo系贝氏体轨钢连续冷却转变的影响。结果表明,贝氏体板条形核长大在晶界处以有序同时或不同时生长、晶粒内部无序不同时生长的特点;晶界、晶粒内形核的贝氏体板条都以近似相等的恒定速率生长,不同位向板条遇晶界或预先形成的贝氏体板条停止生长而形成“交叉”板条组织。板条生长速率主要受相变驱动力控制,而奥氏体晶粒大小及强度是影响最终贝氏体板条长度的主要因素。降低奥氏体化温度、加快相变冷速,可加快板条生长并缩短相变时间,减少贝氏体转变量,并获得细小均匀稳定的贝氏体板条组织。Mn-Cr-Mo系贝氏体轨钢中贝氏体板条平均生长速率为4.053 μm/s,支持贝氏体扩散控制相变机制。     

X90管线钢的微观组织和残余奥氏体稳定性分析

利用金相、扫描电镜（SEM）、电子背散射衍射（EBSD）、X射线衍射（XRD）和磁性法等手段对 X90管线钢中夹杂物、显微组织、残余奥氏体的含量、形貌及分布进行了分析,并通过分析冲击和拉伸试验前后残余奥氏体含量的变化,研究了残余奥氏体的稳定性。结果表明： X90管线钢中的夹杂物不严重,主要为 D类球状氧化物夹杂; X90管线钢的显微组织以板条贝氏体为主,也含有少量的粒状贝氏体和残余奥氏体; X90管线钢中的残余奥氏体不稳定,在冲击和拉伸试验时发生马氏体转变。