新疆木垒波斑鸨生态学研究初报

1997年至 2 0 0 0年 ,作者等在新疆准噶尔盆地东部木垒县境内开展了波斑鸨 (Chlamydotisundulata)的生态学研究工作。研究内容涉及栖息地 ,种群数量和密度 ,巢与卵 ,筑巢成功率和孵化率 ,食性 ,迁徙。研究结果表明 ,波斑鸨多在植被盖度 ,高度和草本植物丰富度较低的地带繁殖栖息 ;研究区内约有成年波斑鸨 2 5 1- 2 93只 ,平均密度为 0 .0 838只 /km2 ;从 1998年至 2 0 0 0年 ,平均巢卵数分别为 :3.9± 0 .8,3.7± 0 .9和 3.0± 0 .9。孵化成功率为 0 .83～ 1。营巢成功率为 0 .2 5～ 0 .775 ;波斑鸨以多种植物和无脊椎动物为食 ,其中猪毛菜 (Salsolaarbuscula)是一类重要的食物 ;波斑鸨多在 9月中至 10月中开始秋季迁飞 ,平均迁徙天数为 2 4± 17天 ,飞越 34 0 0 - 470 0km ,在伊朗、印度和巴基斯坦越冬     

准噶尔盆地东部波斑鸨秋季种群

对木垒繁殖区波斑鸨秋季迁飞前种群动态的研究发现 ,秋季波斑鸨有集群现象 ,多以家族或成体与亚成体组成小群 ,数个小群集合形成大的迁飞群。秋季波斑鸨的警觉性非常高 ,距观察者 30 0 - 10 0 0m甚至更远 ,即惊飞。与夏季分布区相比 ,秋季波斑鸨分布区向西南移动约14km至E90°36’。     

内蒙古乌拉盖地区景观破碎化与土地利用对策的研究

本文利用ＲＳ,地面调查和ＧＩＳ相结合的手段,对位于内蒙古锡林郭勒盟东北部的乌拉盖草甸草原区景观破碎度分３个时期（１９８８－１９９２,１９９３－１９９５,１９９６－１９９７年）进行动态研究,并选用３种不同的指标：斑块密度指数、廊道密度指数、景观班块破碎化指数,对该区的景观破碎度进行了测算分析,进而探讨了该区土地利用存在的问题和对策。结果表明：１．总体班块密度指数在三个时期分别为０．０１２５个．ｋｍ－２、０．０５８２个．ｋｍ－２、０．１１２．ｋｍ－２;２．廊道密度指数在三个时期都约为０．０５３８ｋｍ．ｋｍ－２;３．整体景观斑块数破碎化指数在三个时期分别为０．００２５、０．０１１６、０．０２２３。说明,随着人类干扰的增加,景观的破碎化程度加大,土地利用不合理的有关问题不容忽视。     

苏云金素对东亚小花蝽捕食作用的影响

采用二次回归最优设计，研究苏云金素对东亚小花蝽捕食作用的影响，得出日均捕食量（ｙ）与猎物（ｘ１）和捕食者（ｘ２）之间互作关系模型。处理捕食数量回归方程：ｙ＝－０．００２１ｘ２１＋１．２１１２ｘ２２＋０．８８２２ｘ１－１０．３４６５ｘ２－０．０６４９ｘ１ｘ２＋１．７１７４；对照捕食数量回归方程：ｙ＝－０．００１７ｘ２１＋０．７７３４ｘ２２＋０．６９４１ｘ１－６．４９１４ｘ２－０．０４７４ｘ１ｘ２－０．４６３６。综合定性分析和定量分析结果，苏云金素处理东亚小花蝽若虫，减弱了其对二斑叶螨卵的捕食能力，但二者的差异不显著，对种群变化影响不明显     

天然湖泊蒸发量之测算

用基本站上的φ２０ｃｍ水面蒸发器，埋于湖边滩地的Ｅ５０１ｋ型水面蒸发器和湖泊附近的２０ｍ＾２与Ｅ６０１之比值（Ｋ２）测算湖泊蒸发量，取得成功，由于湖面蒸发的不均匀性，基本站在上风的湖边时折算系数（Ｋ１．Ｋ２）为０．４５；在上风向离湖边１．５ｋｍ时为０．４０；在湖的下风向，离湖边１５ｋｍ时，折算系数为０．６１－０．６２；在上风的湖边为０．３８－０．３９。用经验公式计算也应做站址位置修正（Ｋ４）和风向     

苏云金素对东亚小花蝽捕食作用的影响

采用二次回归最优设计，研究苏云金素对东亚小花蝽捕食作用的影响，得出日均捕食量（ｙ）与猎物（ｘ１）和捕食者（ｘ２）之产作关系模型。处理捕食数量回归方程：ｙ＝－０＼００２１ｘ１＾２＋１．２１１ｘ２＾２＋０．８８２２ｘ１－１０，３４６５ｘ２－０．０６４９ｘ１ｘ２＋１．７１７４；对照捕食数量回归方程：ｙ＝－０．００１７ｘ１＾２＋０．７７３４ｘ２＾２＋０．６９４１ｘ１－６．４９１４ｘ２－０．０４７４ｘ１ｘ２     

水稻孕穗期稻茎毛眼水蝇经济阈值的研究

试验表明，水稻孕穗期每丛水稻茎毛眼水蝇卵数（Ｘ_１）、被害穗数（Ｘ_２）与产量损失（Ｙ）的关系符合下列方程：Ｙ＝－２．０１＋４．５２４Ｘ_１±２．２，ｒ＝０．９９１４；Ｙ＝－０．０７６＋４．９１２Ｘ_２±２．７８，ｒ＝０．９８６３。产量损失的主导因素是水稻受害后，早稻实粒数减少，晚稻总粒数和实粒数减少。根据防治费用，稻谷价格等，导出孕穗期稻茎毛眼水蝇的经济阈值为每丛禾１．９粒卵或１．３４株受害穗。经大田验证，与实际基本相符。     

水稻苗期稻茎毛眼水蝇经济阈值的研究

接虫试验表明，水稻苗期每丛稻茎毛眼水蝇卵数（Ｘ_１）、为害株数（Ｘ_２）与产量损失（Ｙ）的关系符合下列方程：Ｙ＝－７．３１＋３．０１６ｘ１±２．１５，ｒ＝０．９８０４；Ｙ＝－６．７＋３．５３ｘ２±２．１９，ｒ＝０．９８０２。早稻产量损失的主要原因是受害后千粒重和实粒数减少；晚稻为千粒重下降。根据当前的稻谷价格、防治费用等，导出水稻苗期稻茎毛眼蝇的经济阈值为每丛４．６粒卵或３．７４株受害。经大田验证，与实际基本相符     

苏云金杆菌SD—5菌剂防治大豆银纹夜蛾的研究

试验结果表明ＢｔＳＤ－５对银纹夜蛾幼虫具有高毒力、纯化晶体的毒力比孢昌混合物高，毒杀速度也较快；ＳＤ－５对银纹蛾化蛹和羽化均有明显影响；田间小区药效试验表明ＳＤ－５ ０．２×１０＾８、０．５×１０＾８、１×１０＾８活芽孢／ｍＬ６天的防效分别为９０．１％、９６．９％和９７．８％；示范推广１２３．６ｈｍ＾２，平均防效为９１．８５％；ＳＤ－５处理区天敌种类和数量明显高于化防区；ＳＤ－５田间喷施后第８天毒     

零频率估计二化螟危害株密度方法的研究

零频率估计二化螟危害株密度的３种方法为：（１）Ｘ＝０．８７４３（Ｐ０－１．１４３８－１）；（２）Ｘ＝ｅｘｐ｛［ｌｎ（－ｌｎＰ０）＋０．６９９７］÷０．９５１４｝；（３）Ｘ＝２．０１３１（－ｌｎＰ０）１．０１５３。其中以第３种方法估计精度最高，误差小，应用效果最好。依据Ｇｅｒｒａｒｄ方法建立了理论抽样数模型：ｎ＝ｂ２（１－Ｐ０）／Ｐ０（ｌｎＰ０）２（ｃｖ）２。田间验证表明，样本数５０～１００丛，即可把抽样误差控制在２０％以内，完全符合田间调查精度要求，可提高工效３～５倍     

新疆准噶尔盆地东部波斑鸨夏季栖息地选择

1999～ 2 0 0 1年 6～ 7月 ,利用粪便示踪和野外直接观察法对准噶尔盆地东部波斑鸨 (Chlamydotisundula tamacqueenii)夏季栖息地进行了采样研究。结果表明 :波斑鸨夏季栖息地地势平坦 ,视野开阔 ,沙质土和粘土上旱生和盐生荒漠植被广泛分布 ,植被稀疏、低矮 ,并镶嵌有相对较高的灌丛块 ;影响波斑鸨夏季栖息地选择的环境因子是植物种数、植被密度和植被盖度 ;栖息地内的植被盖度、植被密度、草本植物种数、角果藜密度和距邻近灌丛块距离都显著低于对照地内的相应成分。     

波斑鸨雏鸟生长发育初步研究

对新疆准噶尔盆地东部木垒县境内波斑鸨 (Chlamydotisundulatamacqueenii) 雏鸟的生长发育进行了观察和研究。结果表明 ,在雏鸟初生的第一个月内 ,体重和外部器官生长迅速 ,生长速度随着日龄的增长而减缓。在生长发育过程中 ,体重的增长保证了生长发育所需营养的供给和热调节机能的发育 ,较其它外部器官更重要。在外部器官的生长发育中 ,跗 止口庶和翅的发育要优先于头骨和尾的发育 ,这与波斑鸨是早成鸟及其营地栖生生活的习性有关。     

波斑鸨的生态生物学研究现状

波斑鸨是生存于荒漠和半荒漠地区的一种中型鸨科鸟类,全世界共3个亚种,被IUCN列为易危种。近几十年来,由于工农业用地的扩大和过度放牧造成的栖息地退化和丧失,以及狩猎等因素导致波斑鸨野外种群数量锐减。为有效保护这一物种,有关学者在波斑鸨的生物生态学领域开展了广泛而又深入的研究。从地理分布与种群数量、栖息地选择、采食习性、活动模式与节律、行为、巢域、繁殖生物学、迁徙、致危原因和保护与恢复生态学10个方面,对波斑鸨研究现状进行了综述。     

中国鸨类的分布与现状

依据1990-2002年调查资料,分析了我国国家一级保护动物3种鸨类的分布和现状.大鸨(Otis tarda):东方亚种(O.t.dybowskii)中国种群繁殖于黑龙江西南部、吉林西部、内蒙古东部和中部、宁夏北部和甘肃,少数个体滞留在南部繁殖地越冬.指名亚种(O.t.tarda):中国种群繁殖于新疆北部和西部.越冬区尚不清楚,推测可能在南亚一带,新近在新疆察布查尔发现越冬个体.繁殖地生境为草原、荒漠草原和农田;越冬地生境为挥湖沿岸滩涂、草甸、草甸草原和麦地等.波斑鸨(Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni):中国种群繁殖于准噶尔盆地周边、乌伦古河两岸、巴里坤及吐鲁番盆地南部、内蒙古西部和甘肃西部.准噶尔盆地东部木垒东北为国际间的主要繁殖区之一.生境为荒漠和荒漠草原,越冬地在西亚和南亚一带.小鸨(Tetrax tetrax ):中国种群繁殖于新疆北部,我国为繁殖区的东界.生境为草原和半荒漠,越冬于南亚一带.我国种群数量十分稀少.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad