基于功率扰动单相光伏并网系统的孤岛检测方法

由于光伏发电系统是通过逆变器作为桥梁与电力系统实现并网,为了保障电网安全稳定,抗孤岛检测成为光伏并网的关键技术之一。在研究现有传统被动式和主动式孤岛检测方法的基础上,根据电网稳定电压边界条件,通过设定阈值提出了基于光伏逆变输出功率扰动的复合式孤岛检测方法。结合IEEE.Std.2000-929和UL1741技术规范,阐述了该方法的工作机理、阈值整定与实现过程。仿真分析表明,该方法在逆变器输出功率与负载消耗功率匹配度较高时,能够实现快速的孤岛检测,无检测盲区和谐波污染,验证了理论方法的正确性,实现了光伏系统友好型并网。     

A $Q$– $f$ Droop Curve for Facilitating Islanding Detection of Inverter-Based Distributed Generation

This paper presents a new method for islanding detection of distributed generation (DG) inverter that relies on analyzing the reactive power versus frequency (Q-f) characteristic of the DG and the islanded load. The proposed method is based on equipping the DG interface with a Q-f droop curve that forces the DG to lose its stable operation once an islanding condition occurs. A simple passive islanding detection scheme that relies on frequency relays can then be used to detect the moment of islanding. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated under the IEEE 1547 and UL 1741 antiislanding test configuration. The studies reported in this paper are based on time-domain simulations in the power systems computer-aided design (PSCAD)/EMTDC environment. The results show that the proposed technique has negligible nondetection zone and is capable of accurately detecting islanding within the standard permissible detection times. In addition, the technique proves to be robust under multiple-DG operation.     

光伏并网系统反孤岛控制策略研究

随着分布式供电系统的逐步发展,反孤岛控制已成为并网供电中不可缺少的环节。文中结合光伏并网逆变器的控制过程介绍了几种传统的反孤岛方法,分析了这些方法中的检测盲区,详细介绍了正反馈频率法的控制原理和控制过程,并给出程序控制流程图,运用Matlab对该方法进行了仿真。仿真结果表明该方法能够快速地检测出孤岛的发生并断开逆变器与电网的连接,无检测盲区,对孤岛效应能够做到有效的防范。     

Development of a robust anti-islanding algorithm for utility interconnection of distributed fuel cell powered generation

In this paper, a robust anti-islanding algorithm for distributed fuel cell powered generation (DFPG) is proposed. Three different islanding scenarios are explored and presented based on analysis of real and reactive power mismatch. It is shown via analysis that the islanding voltage is a function of real power alone, whereas its frequency is a function of both real and reactive power. Following this analysis, a robust anti-islanding algorithm is developed. The proposed algorithm continuously perturbs (/spl plusmn/ 5%) the reactive power supplied by DFPG while simultaneously monitoring the utility voltage and frequency. If islanding were to occur, a measurable frequency deviation takes place upon which the real power of DFPG is further reduced to 80%; now a drop in voltage positively confirms islanding, and the DFPG is safely disconnected. This method of control is shown to be robust, able to detect islanding under resonant loads, and fast acting (operable in one cycle). Possible islanding conditions are simulated and verified with analysis. Experimental results on a 0.5 kW fuel cell inverter connected to 120 V 60 Hz utility are discussed.     

Investigation of anti-islanding protection of power converter based distributed generators using frequency domain analysis

The anti-islanding algorithm proposed by the Sandia national laboratories is analyzed in this study because this scheme, also known as the Sandia scheme, is considered to be effective in detecting islanding of distributed generation systems. Previously, other than heuristic approaches, there has not been any quantitative analysis for tuning the control gains of the algorithm based on the power rating and bandwidth of the distributed generation (DG) power converter. The paper interprets the components of the algorithm that affect the voltage magnitude and frequency into block diagrams that can be linearized and studied using continuous time approximations. This paper uses a frequency domain approach to analyze the range for the gains required by anti-islanding algorithm to effectively determine the disconnection of the mains grid within an acceptable time duration. The analysis provides guidelines for using Sandia's national laboratory schemes under different application conditions. The results are validated using detailed time domain DG and power system simulations.     

Improved Active Islanding Detection Technique for Multi-Inverter Power System

Due to the increased penetration of multi-inverter distributed generation (DG) systems, different DG technologies, inverter control methods, and other inverter functions are challenging the capabilities of islanding detection. In addition, multi-inverter networks connecting the distribution system point of common coupling (PCC) create islanding at paralleling inverters, which adds the vulnerability of islanding detection. Furthermore, available islanding detection must overcome more challenges from non-detection zones (NDZs) under reduced power mismatches. Therefore, in this study, a new method called parameter self-adapting active islanding detection was utilized to minimize the dilution effect and reduce NDZs in multi-inverter power systems. The method utilizes an active frequency drift (AFD) method and applies a positive feedback gain of adoption parameters, which significantly minimizes NDZs at parallel inverters. The simulation and experimental outcomes indicate that the proposed method can effectively weaken the dilution effect in multi-inverter networks connecting the distribution system PCC.     

光伏系统中孤岛效应检测技术的仿真分析

在简述了孤岛效应的原理及其危害的基础上,介绍了目前所采用的被动式和主动式孤岛检测技术。被动式检测方法存在检测盲区;主动式检测方法虽提高了检测的可靠性,但对逆变器的输出添加了扰动量,影响了输出电能的质量。最后对文中介绍的几种孤岛检测方式用MATLAB软件进行了仿真,实验结果符合美国IEEE2000-929的要求。     

光伏并网逆变器孤岛测试技术研究

国内的光伏发电技术中,孤岛检测及孤岛保护常常被忽视,而孤岛的发生可能会带来巨大危害,因此,研究孤岛检测及其保护具有重要的现实意义。文章结合光伏并网逆变器的并网控制过程提出了一种正反馈频率漂移反孤岛检测方法,并详细介绍了该方法的原理和实现过程,并结合IEEE.Std.2000-929标准中的技术规范对仿真模型进行了分析,验证并比较了此类方法的有效性和适用性。     

主动电流幅值扰动的孤岛检测方法

本文根据光伏并网逆变器发生的孤岛效应原理,分析了被动式与主动式孤岛检测的优缺点,并提出了一种电流幅值扰动的孤岛检测方法,该方法有效地降低了被动式检测的非检测区域,同时不会对电网产生谐波污染。根据IEEE Std.1547中的规定对所提方法进行了理论分析,介绍了其工作过程,并给出了工作流程图,同时利用Matlab进行仿真,验证了该方法的有效性。     

Wavelet-Based Islanding Detection in Grid-Connected PV Systems

Distributed power generation systems (DPGSs) based on inverters require reliable islanding detection algorithms (passive or active) in order to determine the electrical grid status and operate the grid-connected inverter properly. These methods are based on the analysis of the DPGS voltage, current, and power in time or frequency domain. This paper proposes a time-frequency detection algorithm based on monitoring the DPGS output power considering the influence of the pulsewidth modulation, the output LCL filter, and the employed current controller. Wavelet analysis is applied to obtain time localization of the islanding condition. Simulation and experimental results show the performance of the proposed detection algorithm in comparison with existing methods.     

基于注入电流扰动法的光伏直流模块的防孤岛控制

传统的交流型并网发电系统中,可以通过检测电网电压或频率,采用有功扰动、无功扰动或频率扰动等方法实现防孤岛控制。而在共直流母线系统中,母线直流电压是唯一可检测的变量,因此传统的防孤岛控制策略无法适用。以共直流母线分布式系统中光伏直流模块的防孤岛控制为研究对象,建立了模块正常运行和孤岛运行时的数学模型,推导得到了在两种工况下模块输出电压的时域表达式,并在此基础上提出了一种基于注入电流扰动法的新型防孤岛控制策略。该控制策略的核心思路是通过控制模块输出电流和扰动步长来改变在扰动时间内模块的输出电压特性,并根据检测判据来决策是否发生孤岛。最后,本文以Boost+FB-LLC的两级式结构作为光伏直流模块的工作拓扑,并设计了一台1000W的实验样机,样机实验结果验证了本文所提出的防孤岛控制策略的有效性。     

一种新的频率偏移技术在光伏并网发电系统孤岛检测中的应用

目前通过频率偏移技术进行孤岛检测的方法有很多,但是这些方法一般都是在假设并网失败后,逆变器电压的频率一直朝某个方向变化(变大或变小)直到超出额定频率范围为止的前提下才成立的。而实际中,当负载的品质因数比较高时,逆变器频率将围绕某个值震荡而不会超出额定频率范围。本文提出一种新的频率偏移技术———自适应逻辑频率偏移技术。他以一般频率偏移技术为基本扰动工具,必要时再叠加一新的偏移量,从而可以快速检测到弧岛效应,并且正常并网时频率扰动量也较小。     

Design method of single-phase inverters for UPS systems

This article presents the complete design of a low power voltage source inverter (VSI) dedicated for a UPS system. The analysis of the rectangular PWM-AC voltage spectrum allows for a choice of the basic architecture of the inverter. Output filter parameters were calculated to reduce the maximum amplitude of the output VSI voltage harmonics for the steady-state inverter mode. The choice of the feedback loop type was based on a discussion of the inverter output impedance using a continuous model of the inverter. The parameters of the inner loop digital control for the discrete inverter model were calculated using the Coefficient Diagram Method. The influence of the step load was modelled. The time constant of the inverter closed loop system was selected to ensure sufficient system robustness. An outer feedback loop with a plug-in repetitive controller, simplified owing to the properties of the PID/CDM inner loop control, was introduced to eliminate the periodic disturbances generated by the non-linear rectifier load and the deadtime influence. The experimental verification of the design method is presented.     

Design, analysis, and real-time testing of a controller for multibus microgrid system

This paper concentrates on the design and analysis of a controller for multibus microgrid system. The controller proposed for use with each distributed generation (DG) system in the microgrid contains inner voltage and current loops for regulating the three-phase grid-interfacing inverter, and external power control loops for controlling real and reactive power flow and for facilitating power sharing between the paralleled DG systems when a utility fault occurs and the microgrid islands. The controller also incorporates synchronization algorithms for ensuring smooth and safe reconnection of the micro and utility grids when the fault is cleared. With the implementation of the unified controller, the multibus microgrid system is able to switch between islanding and grid-connected modes without disrupting the critical loads connected to it. The performance of this unified controller has been verified in simulation using a real-time digital simulator and experimentally using a scaled laboratory prototype.     

A Simplified Control Method for the Grid-Connected Inverter With the Function of Islanding Detection

In this paper, a novel method for the voltage-controlled grid-connected inverter with the function of islanding detection is proposed for the distribution power generation system. The salient features of the proposed voltage-controlled grid-connected inverter are simple control circuit and fast transient response. Besides, an islanding detection method is proposed and incorporated into the controller of a voltage-controlled grid-connected inverter. The proposed islanding detection method will cause variation in amplitude and frequency of the load voltage when the utility is interrupted so as to immediately detect the islanding operation. A prototype is developed and tested to demonstrate the performance of the proposed voltage-controlled grid-connected inverter. The experimental results show that the performance of the proposed voltage-controlled grid-connected inverter is as expected.      

Sensorless speed measurement using current harmonic spectralestimation in induction machine drives

This paper proposes a sensorless speed measurement scheme that improves the performance of transducerless induction machine drives, especially for low-frequency operation. Speed-related harmonics that arise from rotor slotting and eccentricity are analyzed using digital signal processing. These current harmonics exist at any nonzero speed and are independent of time-varying parameters, such as stator winding resistance. A spectral estimation technique combines multiple current harmonics to determine the rotor speed with more accuracy and less sensitivity to noise than analog filtering methods or the fast Fourier transform. An on-line initialization routine determines machine-specific parameters required for slot harmonic calculations. This speed detector, which has been verified at frequencies as low as 1 Hz, can provide robust, parameter-independent information for parameter tuning or as an input to a sensorless flux observer for a field-oriented drive. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated over a wide range of inverter frequencies and load conditions     

变频器的功能设置概述：第一讲 变频器的控制方式（上）

根据不同的变频控制理论，可以发展为几种不同的变频器控制方式，即V／f控制方式（包括开环V／f控制和闭环V／f控制）、无速度传感器矢量控制方式（矢量控制VC的一种）、闭环矢量控制方式（即有速度传感器矢量控制VC的一种）、转矩控制方式（矢量控制VC或直接转矩控制DTC）等。这些控制方式在变频器通电运行前必须首先设置。本文主要阐述的就是变频器的这几种控制方式。     

光伏并网系统反孤岛控制策略仿真分析

结合光伏并网逆变器的并网控制过程,介绍了一类基于主动偏移技术的反孤岛检测方法原理和实现过程,并结合IEEE Std.2000-929标准中的技术规范对仿真模型进行了分析,验证并比较了此类方法的有效性和适用性。     

有源逆变器的电流移相多重叠加并联运行分析

有源逆变器是近年来电力电子领域的一个热点,它可实现电能的再生利用。本文首先对三种有源逆变模式相位控制,相移控制,PWM控制模式的单元电路进行研究,分析其网侧功率因数、电流谐波等各方面的特性。然后提出两种可行的有源逆变器并联运行方案,通过在Marlab中的汾真研究,比较它们在网侧功率因数,电流谐波,器件开关频率,系统实现难易程度等方面的特性。     

基于相位突变与电流扰动结合的并网孤岛检测

孤岛检测是分布式发电并网研究的难点,特别是在逆变器输出与负载功率平衡时难以检测出孤岛。针对常规孤岛检测方法存在检测盲区的缺陷,文中采用电压相位突变与主动电流扰动相结合的检测方法,该方法克服了采用单一的被动检测方法在近乎阻性负载下失效的问题,不存在检测盲区,可以实现快速有效的孤岛检测功能。仿真验证了该方法的正确性。