三维液氮空化的大涡模拟和机理

以三维扭曲翼型(Twist-11N)为研究对象,基于大涡(LES)湍流模型开展了三维液氮空化的数值模拟。通过压力波动曲线得到了液氮空化的空泡脱落周期,观察周期内空泡脱落的过程,与常温空化的数值模拟结果对比,得出了低温空化具有脱落更彻底、过程更复杂的特性。从压力分布和气相云图观察到了三维模拟特有的尾部回射流和侧面射流,分析了三维空化不同于二维的独特性。从涡旋角度分析了空泡脱落与流场的关系,认为空化的发生首先导致了流场的不稳定和涡旋的产生,而涡旋的发展造成了流场边界层分离和空泡的脱落。     

空化射流流场数值模拟的研究进展

空化射流因具有高效能、无污染等优点而被广泛应用,但是由于其流场结构和水动力学性能过于复杂,使得对其的应用受到限制,为进一步认识和研究空化射流流场特性,对空化射流数值模拟过程中的空化模型、数值计算方法和流场特性影响因素的研究进行了综合论述.阐述了数值模型中不同的空化模型、湍流模型和多相流模型各自的特点、适用条件及存在的问题;对比分析了拉格朗日和欧拉数值计算方法在空化射流模拟中的应用,以及空化射流自身特点对计算方法的要求;对空化射流流场特性的影响因素研究情况进行了综合概述,使复杂的空化射流流场结构有更加清晰的表现,为以后的研究与应用提供了依据.通过以上论述,对目前空化射流数值模拟研究进展中存在的问题进行了分析,并根据所提出的问题,对以后的研究方向提出展望,有助于以后在空化射流流场的数值模拟研究中取得进展.     

液氮超声空化CFD模拟及实验研究

基于计算流体力学（CFD）和实验方法,研究频率为20 kHz的超声波诱导的液氮空化特性。数值建模采用Mixture多相流模型,Singhal空化模型和Realizable k-ε湍流模型,并通过动网格方法实现边界正弦振荡来模拟超声波发生器界面。模拟计算获得超声空化结构的周期变化特性,与实验观察相比发现现象上一致性较好。基于数值结果,分析了超声影响区压力和温度等参数的变化特性;发现由于热效应,使得液氮超声空化相比水超声空化具有不同特性。模拟了振子振幅、超声频率及系统压力等参数对空化的影响特性,并提出超声波诱导的空化数表达式,结果证明空化数越小越容易发生空化。计算结果深入揭示了液氮超声空化机理。     

超声速气体浸没射流的数值计算和实验

从实验和数值计算两方面研究了超声速气体射流在水中的喷射过程.用高速摄影机拍摄了三维水下超声速气体射流的流场.针对实验工况,基于VOF方法,建立水下超声速气体射流的二维轴对称数值计算模型,并开展了相关数值模拟.成功模拟了射流初期气泡运动演化的复杂过程;分析了水下超声速气体欠膨胀射流的流场结构,包括流场的压力和速度等参数分布以及变化规律.数值结果与实验结果对比得知数值计算结果不仅与实验数据吻合较好,而且给出了实验中没有发现的激波、膨胀波等流场结构.     

基于大涡模拟方法的可压缩空化流流场数值模拟分析

针对可压缩空化流流场细节特征,对空化的回射流机制与凝结激波机制下的空化云演化过程进行大涡模拟。通过对比文献实验数据验证了可压缩空化流数值模拟方法的可靠性,并分析了空化数σ、CN空化数、St数和压力损失系数K等无量纲参数,发现数值模拟对空化流压力-速度耦合计算的准确性方面还有待进一步提升。两种空化机制情况下,涡环生长是空化云脱落后耗散过程,涡环溃灭成游离涡是耗散结果;通过大涡模拟实现两种机制下的空化模拟,对比发现回射流机制的空化的无量纲参数偏差较少,凝结激波具有一定偏差;凝结激波的功率谱密度分析发现满足-7/3标度律,回射流满足-5/3标度律。     

液滴内空泡生长控制机理及影响因素的研究

在超空化燃油射流使得喷雾中部分燃油分裂液滴内含有空化气泡;空化气泡的生长对液滴的分裂与雾化具有重要的影响。研究基于VOF方法对燃油液滴内空化气泡的生长过程进行了数值模拟,结合R-P方程对单液滴内空化气泡生长控制机理及影响因素进行了分析。结果表明,单液滴内空化气泡的生长可以按控制机理划分为表面张力控制阶段、综合竞争阶段和惯性力控制阶段。在第I生长阶段,空泡的生长主要受表面张力的控制作用;在第II生长阶段,空泡的生长主要受表面张力、惯性力及黏性力三者的综合作用;在第III生长阶段,空泡的生长主要受惯性力的控制作用。最后,利用建立的数值计算模型对表面张力系数、液体黏度及液体密度对液滴内气泡生长过程的影响进行了分析。     

周向多入口凹壁面切向射流流动特性分析

为了探究三维凹壁面切向射流周向入口数量对流场的影响,选取Realizable k-ε模型,并使用非平衡壁面函数处理近壁面湍流流动,数值模拟了周向多入口流场的流动特性。流场研究表明,随着入口数量增加,前入口对后入口流动参数的叠加先增强后降低,在入口后周向角度30°~40°,射流区域叠加最强,射流外侧靠近入口处的影响最大。多股射流流场叠加使立式圆筒体内部的流动更加均匀,涡旋结构稳定在轴线附近。周向多入口凹壁面射流相较于单入口在切向速度、湍流动能、静压力最大值等参数上均产生叠加作用,其中三入口与单入口更接近,叠加作用最小。对总流量相同的不同入口结构设备内旋流流动研究表明,离心分离因数、湍流动能和静压力与入口速度相关性较大,叠加特性对旋流流动的增强作用不明显。可通过提高多入口射流速度提高离心分离因数及物料的处理量。     

低压水射流空化喷嘴油管清洗数值模拟与试验研究

油管内壁结垢、结盐、结蜡、锈皮、稠油堆积等现象会造成内壁空间减小,增大了输油阻力,耗费了大量的电能,严重时甚至造成油管堵塞。为了揭示空化射流清洗油管的清洗机理,研究空化射流喷嘴的射流特性,提出了一种角形空化喷嘴模型。课题设计制造了低压空化水射流油管内壁清洗实验台,利用空化产生的气泡在破灭瞬时产生高温高压来清洗油管内壁。实验台采用电动控制小车在滑道上前后限位行走,转杆带动前端空化喷头在油管内壁进行旋转喷射,低压清洗油管内壁。采用ICEM软件进行了模型的网格划分,采用VOF模型对空化喷嘴内部流场进行了数值模拟,得到了速度场、压力场、气相体积分数的分布规律。通过高速摄像机拍摄了清洗内壁过程,模拟结果与试验验证结果符合良好,效果显著,既降低了高压设备清洗带来的危险,又降低了高压射流带来的不必要的成本。研究结果表明:进水压力在11~13 MPa左右时,喷嘴空化性能和冲洗效果最好;射流液体的温度对空化的影响较大,在50℃附近时气体含量开始起主导作用。该研究成果对于油管清洗实验台及喷嘴选择具有一定的指导意义。     

文丘里管空化器内空泡动力学特性的数值模拟

研究了文丘里管空化发生器内空泡的成长、溃灭特性,根据基本的R-P空泡运动方程,考虑了液体粘性、表面张力和可压缩性等因素的影响,运用四阶Runge-Kutta法对空泡径向非线性运动方程进行求解,得到空泡径向演变过程以及溃灭压力的变化趋势.讨论了初始汽泡半径、入口压力和文丘里管的喉径比等因素对空泡演变过程的影响.结果表明,流体的可压缩性对空泡溃灭的影响最大;空化发生器结构参数以及操作参数均对空泡运动特性产生影响,从而影响空化强度.所得结果对空化流场中空化泡演变规律的研究以及水力空化发生器的设计具有指导意义.     

振荡流结晶过程传热效应的模拟分析

通过振荡流调控传热特性以获得结晶器中分布特征良好的局部过饱和度,是有效优化冷却结晶过程的新设想。对具有光滑周期收缩孔(SPC)的振荡流结晶器,进行了三维非稳态数值模拟。考察了振荡流产生的时变流场结构,应用涡量表征涡旋强度,并得到剪切应变率分布,表明涡旋促进了流场混合,增强了剪切成核的调控能力。分析了振荡参数对结晶器传热特性的影响,结果表明振荡流导致了努塞尔数Nu随时间呈周期性变化,并且其周期特征与强度受振荡雷诺数Reo和斯特劳哈尔数St控制。因此,可以通过调节振荡参数达到对过饱和度的调控,这为结晶过程分析提供了依据。     

Flow regime maps and optimization thereby of hydrodynamic cavitation reactors

Hydrodynamic cavitation reactors are known to intensify diverse physical and chemical processes. In this article, flow regime maps have been proposed that give an overview of the operation of hydrodynamic cavitation reactor for different combinations of design and process parameters. These maps are based on simulations of cavitating flow using mathematical model that couples continuum mixture model with diffusion limited model. Specific flow regimes have been identified depending on the energetics of the collapse of cavitation bubble as sonophysical, sonochemical, and stable oscillatory (no physical or chemical effect). The radial motion of the bubble in the cavitating flow is governed by the mean and turbulent pressure gradients, which in turn, are decided by the design parameters. An analysis of variations in the pressure gradients in the cavitating flow with design parameters has been given. The flow regime maps form a useful tool for identification of most optimum set of design parameters for hydrodynamic cavitation reactor for a physical or chemical process. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 3858–3866, 2012     

Sonochemical effect induced by hydrodynamic cavitation: Comparison of venturi/orifice flow geometries

This study presents comparative assessment of four cavitation devices (three venturis and an orifice) in terms of cavitational yield. A fourfold approach was adopted for assessment, viz. CFD simulations of cavitating flow, simulations of individual cavitation bubble dynamics, high speed photographs of cavitating flow and model reaction of potassium iodide oxidation. Influence of design parameters of cavitation devices on nature of cavitation produced in the flow was studied. Number density of cavitation bubbles in the flow and interactions among bubbles had critical influence on cavitation yield. Orifice gave the highest cavitational yield per unit energy dissipation in flow (despite lower working inlet pressure) due to low density of cavitation bubbles in flow. On contrary, occurrence of large cavitation bubble clouds in venturi flow had adverse effect on cavitational yield due to high interactions among cavitation bubbles resulting in interbubble coalescence and recombination of oxidizing radicals generated from cavitation bubbles. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 4705–4716, 2017     

Numerical simulation of cavitation in the conical-spray nozzle for diesel premixed charge compression ignition engines

The conical-spray injector is capable of achieving lean mixture with high homogeneity in the cylinder for diesel Premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine with advanced injection timing. To better understand the cavitating flow inside the conical-spray injector, numerical simulations have been conducted by using a mixture multiphase model and a full cavitation model in this study. The results indicate that the cavitation evolution significantly affects the liquid sheet thickness and velocity at nozzle exit, which further change the spray angle and droplet Sauter mean diameter (SMD) dramatically. Based on the cavitation distribution inside the nozzle, the cavitating flow inside the conical-spray nozzle can be classified into four regimes with no cavitation, cavitation inception at inlet, developing cavitation at nozzle exit and super cavitation respectively. The extension of cavitation to nozzle exit in the super cavitation regime significantly improves the fuel atomization by increasing the injection velocity and decreasing the thickness of the liquid sheet. A cavitation map for the conical-spray injector has been developed by sweeping the ambient pressure and injection pressure simultaneously. It is found that the phenomenon of super cavitation only occurs in a narrow region where ambient pressure is very low. Therefore, the start of injection timing should be kept well before top dead center (TDC) to ensure the occurrence of super cavitation inside the nozzle in order to provide more homogeneous fuel/air mixture for diesel PCCI engines.     

Modeling of hydrodynamic cavitation reactors: a unified approach

An attempt has been made to present a unified theoretical model for the cavitating flow in a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor using the nonlinear continuum mixture model for two-phase flow as the basis. This model has been used to describe the radial motion of bubble in the cavitating flow in two geometries in hydrodynamic cavitation reactors, viz., a venturi tube and an orifice plate. Simulations of the bubble dynamics in a venturi flow demonstrate the stable oscillatory radial bubble motion due to a linear pressure gradient. Due to an additional pressure gradient due to turbulent velocity fluctuations the radial bubble motion in case of an orifice flow is a combination of both stable and oscillatory type. The results of numerical simulations have been explained on the basis of analogy between hydrodynamic cavitation and acoustic cavitation.     

声空强化渗透脱水过程质扩散研究

An experimental study on intensifying osmotic dehydration was carried out in a state of nature and with acoustic cavitation of different cavitating intensity (0.5A, 0.7A and 0.9A) respectively, in which the material is apple slice of 5mm thickness. The result showed that acoustic cavitation remarkably enhanced the osmotic dehydration, and the water loss was accelerated with the increase of cavitating intensity. The water diffusivity coefficients ranged from 1.8×10-10m2·s-1 at 0.5A to 2.6×10-10m2·s-1 at 0.9A, and solute diffusivity coefficients ranged from 3.5×10-11m2·s-1 at 0.5A to 4.6×10-11 m2·s-1 at 0.9A. On the basis of experiments, a mathematical model was established about mass transfer during osmotic dehydration, and the numerical simulation was carried out. The calculated results agree well with experimental data, and represent the rule of mass transfer during osmotic dehydration intensified by acoustic cavitation.     

Experiments and Computational Fluid Dynamics on Vapor and Gas Cavitation for Oil Hydraulics

A compressible Euler-Euler computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for vapor, gas, and pseudo-cavitation in oil-hydraulic flows is presented. For vapor, the Zwart-Gerber-Belamri (ZGB) model is used and for gas cavitation, the Lifante model. The aim is to determine the empirical parameters within the cavitation models for hydraulic oil by comparing CFD results to experiments in a realistic valve. The cavitating flow is visualized and measured for numerous operating points. By degassing, states of pure vapor cavitation are generated. The major findings are: (1) large eddy simulation turbulence modeling is essential, (2) vapor cavitation in mineral oil can be simulated very well with the ZGB model using the determined parameter, and (3) gas cavitation model provides useful results although not all details can be reflected and its scope is limited.     

Conceptual design of a novel hydrodynamic cavitation reactor

Hydrodynamic cavitation has been increasingly used as a substitute to conventional acoustic (or ultrasonic) cavitation for process intensification owing to its easy and efficient operation. In this paper, we have put forth conceptual design of a new kind of hydrodynamic cavitation reactor that uses a converging-diverging nozzle for generating pressure variation required for driving radial motion of cavitation bubbles. Moreover, the reactor uses externally introduced bubbles of a suitable gas (argon or air) for cavitation nucleation. This design differs from earlier designs used by researchers where an orifice plate is used for creating cavitating flow. The new design offers a good control over two crucial parameters that affect the cavitation intensity produced, viz. rate of nucleation and nature of pressure variation driving bubble motion. Using numerical simulations of bubble dynamics and associated heat and mass transfer, trends in cavitation intensity produced in the reactor are assessed with varying design parameters. The results of simulation show that the externally introduced bubbles undergo transient motion in the flow through the nozzle generating moderate cavitation intensity. On the basis of results of simulation, some recommendations have been made for the effective design and scale up of the new kind of hydrodynamic cavitation reactors using concept introduced in this paper.     

Comparison of effectiveness of acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation in combined treatment schemes for degradation of dye wastewaters

Cavitation has shown promising applications but individually it cannot prove to be an energy efficient approach for wastewater treatment. The present study reports the use of combined treatment strategies based on cavitation and different oxidizing agents (H₂O₂, Na₂S₂O₈ and NaOCl). Decolorization of two biorefractory dye pollutants viz. orange acid-II (OA-II) and brilliant green (BG) has been investigated as model systems for comparison of the effectiveness of cavitating conditions generated by acoustic and hydrodynamic modes. The optimum conditions for temperature, pH and power dissipation in the case of acoustic cavitation and inlet pressure in the case of hydrodynamic cavitation have been established initially. At the optimum operating conditions, the effect of combination of different oxidizing agents has been examined with an objective of obtaining the maximum decolorization. Basic extent of decolorization due to the use of oxidizing agents has also been quantified by performing experiments in the absence of cavitating conditions. The obtained results for cavitational yields indicate that the decolorization is most efficient for the combination of hydrodynamic cavitation and chemical oxidation as compared to chemical oxidation and acoustic cavitation based combination for both the dye effluents.     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of canola oil with hydrodynamic cavitation

A hydrodynamic cavitation system based on a venturi was used to test the effectiveness of cavitation for enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis of canola oil using lipase from Candida rugosa. Cavitation led to the production of fine oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions with the enzyme in the water phase. Using venturi inlet pressures of up to 8 bar, the yield of fatty acids was only about 60% of the maximum possible. In contrast, a simple stirred batch reactor produced over 90% of the maximum possible yield with reaction rates equal to, or better than, those obtained in a cavitating system. It was concluded that cavitation inhibited the reaction in some way and is not effective for intensification of hydrolysis.