赋能教育在癌痛患者中的应用

目的探讨赋能教育对癌痛患者疼痛控制的影响。方法将80例癌痛患者随机分为干预组与对照组各40例,对照组给予常规癌痛知识教育,干预组在此基础上结合赋能教育进行干预。观察两组癌痛患者在出院后4周服药依从性、癌性爆发痛发生率、癌痛控制障碍得分及疼痛应对策略得分情况。结果出院后4周干预组服药依从性及疼痛应对策略评分显著高于对照组,爆发痛发生率及癌痛控制障碍得分显著低于对照组(P 0. 05,P 0. 01)。结论对癌痛患者实施赋能教育能提高患者的服药依从性,减少癌性爆发痛发生率,减轻患者癌痛控制障碍,有利于患者采取积极的应对策略,从而更好地控制癌痛。     

自知力教育对抑郁症病人自知力及服药依从性的影响

目的探讨自知力教育对抑郁症病人自知力恢复及服药依从性的影响。方法将 6 0例抑郁症病人随机分为对照组和观察组各 30例 ,对照组单纯进行常规药物治疗 ,观察组在常规药物治疗基础上进行自知力教育。以自知力与治疗态度问卷 (ITAQ)和汉密顿抑郁量表 (HAMD)进行评定 ,观察两组自知力恢复情况及服药依从性变化。结果治疗 6周后 ,观察组ITAQ评分 (14 .5 8± 9.78)显著高于对照组 (11.4 6± 8.6 5 ) ,服药依从性明显提高 ,两组比较 ,差异有显著性意义 (均P <0 .0 5 ) ;ITAQ与服药依从性、HAMD评分呈显著负相关。结论自知力教育可有效恢复抑郁症病人自知力 ,提高病人服药依从性 ,从而提高疾病治疗效果。     

康复阶梯图在脑卒中患者康复护理中的应用

目的提高脑卒中康复期患者康复治疗依从性及效果。方法将60例脑卒中康复期患者按时间段分为对照组与观察组各30例,两组均给予常规治疗,在此基础上对照组行常规康复治疗及护理,观察组按照康复阶梯图实施康复训练。连续4周后评价效果。结果观察组患者康复训练依从性、CSS评分、Fugl-Meyer运动量表评分及Barthel指数显著优于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论康复阶梯图的应用可有效提高患者康复训练依从性,从而提高康复治疗效果。     

介护师参与下多学科延续护理对脑卒中肢体功能障碍患者康复的影响

目的 探讨介护师参与下的多学科延续护理对脑卒中肢体功能障碍患者康复效果的影响。方法 将104例脑卒中肢体功能障碍患者按照入院时间分为对照组与观察组各52例。对照组实施常规出院护理模式,观察组在此基础上实施介护师参与下的多学科延续护理模式。出院后6个月对两组患者康复依从性,焦虑、抑郁评分,肢体运动功能,生活自理能力及再入院等情况进行比较。结果 对照组完成随访48例,观察组完成随访49例。出院后6个月观察组患者康复依从性、运动功能及生活自理能力评分显著高于对照组(均P<0.05),焦虑、抑郁评分,急诊及门诊就诊次数显著低于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论 对脑卒中肢体功能障碍患者实施介护师参与下多学科延续护理能提高患者的康复依从性,改善其焦虑、抑郁情绪,有助于患者肢体运动功能恢复,提高生活自理能力。     

团体认知行为治疗对抑郁症患者应对方式的影响

目的探索团体认知行为治疗对抑郁症患者应对方式的影响。方法将160例住院抑郁症患者随机分为对照组和观察组各80例,对照组接受药物治疗及常规心理护理,观察组在对照组的基础上给予团体认知行为治疗。比较两组入院时及出院前简易应对方式问卷评分。结果观察组出院前积极应对评分显著高于对照组,消极应对评分显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论团体认知行为治疗可以改善抑郁症患者的应对方式。     

腺垂体功能减退症患者的延续性健康管理

目的探讨延续性健康管理对提高腺垂体功能减退症患者服药依从性及生活质量的影响。方法将84例腺垂体功能减退症患者随机分为观察组和对照组各42例。对照组给予常规的饮食、活动、服药等健康指导;观察组在此基础上实施延续性健康管理,比较两组患者服药依从性及生活质量。结果出院3个月后两组服药依从性评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);观察组在躯体功能、躯体疼痛、社会功能等方面的生活质量评分显著高于对照组(均P0.01)。结论延续性健康管理能够提高腺垂体功能减退症患者的服药依从性,改善疾病状态及整体健康水平,提高患者生活质量。     

居家癌痛管理APP软件的研制及应用评价

目的探讨护患APP在居家癌性疼痛患者中的应用效果。方法将80例出院癌痛患者随机分为对照组和观察组各40例,对照组实施常规出院后电话随访,观察组通过护患APP进行居家癌痛管理,出院3周后比较两组患者服药依从性、镇痛效果、满意度及疼痛评分。结果观察组患者服药依从性、镇痛效果、满意度显著高于对照组,疼痛评分显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论通过护患APP进行居家患者癌痛管理,可提高患者的遵医行为及镇痛满意度。     

基于网络的医院-社区-家庭管理模式在抑郁症患者中的应用

目的探索基于网络平台的医院-社区-家庭管理模式在抑郁症患者出院管理中的应用效果。方法将150例住院抑郁症患者随机分成观察组和对照组各75例。对照组患者给予常规出院后随访,观察组采用基于网络APP的医院-社区-家庭联合的管理模式。分别在出院后1个月、3个月和6个月时评估两组患者的服药信念和服药依从性。结果观察组患者出院后不同时间点感知到的服药必要性得分显著高于对照组,抑郁及服药顾虑得分显著低于对照组(均P0.05)。出院后3个月、6个月,观察组患者服药依从性显著高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论构建基于网络平台的医院-社区-家庭联合的管理模式可以为抑郁症患者提供出院后的延续治疗护理,帮助其树立正确的服药信念,提高服药依从性。     

初治HIV阳性患者同伴支持效果探讨

目的探讨同伴支持对初治HIV阳性患者服药依从性、自我效能及抑郁情绪的干预效果。方法将111例初治HIV阳性患者随机分为干预组(56例)和对照组(55例);对照组行门诊健康教育与随访指导;干预组采取培训同伴支持者,组成同伴、患者、个案管理师参与的健康教育小组,开展小组主题活动、微信群教育及督导等。干预6个月后评价效果。结果干预第3个月、6个月干预组服药依从性显著高于对照组(均P0.05),自我效能、抑郁评分两组差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论同伴支持可提高初治HIV阳性患者后期服药依从性,对自我效能及抑郁干预效果尚不显著。     

团体心理咨询对脑卒中后抑郁患者心理及生活质量的影响

目的 探讨团体心理咨询对脑卒中后抑郁患者心理及生活质量的影响.方法 将58例脑卒中后抑郁患者随机分为观察组和对照组各29例,两组均予以药物治疗及常规护理,观察组在此基础上应用团体心理咨询治疗6周,采用汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、生活质量指数问卷(QLI)评价其效果.结果 治疗6周后,两组HAMD、QLI评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 团体心理咨询在脑卒中后抑郁患者治疗护理中起重要作用,可显著改善患者的心理健康状况和生活质量.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.