铱192放射治疗结合腔内手术治疗短段前尿道狭窄的探讨

目的：探讨铱192放射治疗结合腔内手术治疗短段前尿道狭窄,降低腔内手术术后复发率。方法：短段前尿道狭窄患者286例,均行尿道内切开术,再将其随机分为两组,一组为173例,术后尽早行狭窄段铱192放射治疗;另一组为113例,未行放疗。术后随访1年,比较两组之间的复发率（X^2检验）。结果：286例均手术成功,放疗组1年内19例复发,复发率为10．98%;未放疗组1年内62例复发,复发率为54．86％。两组之间比较差异有统计学意义（P=0．003）。结论：腔内手术治疗短段前尿道狭窄术后尽早行狭窄段铱192放射治疗是预防狭窄术后复发的有效手段。     

The treatment of urethral strictures

Analysis of the results of many-year treatment of 788 patients with traumatic urethral strictures indicated that it was advisable to perform Khol'tsov's operation without leaving a catheter in the urethra in short strictures of the anterior urethral segment, Solovov's operation was indicated for occlusive strictures of the posterior urethral portion, whereas endourethral interventions (urethrotomy, resection) were beneficial in short patent strictures. Vesicourethral strictures required transurethral electroresection. Stenotic urethral changes were seen at different levels in 3.7% of postoperative patients. Some recommendations were proposed by the authors for prevention of the changes. A classification of urethral strictures was also presented.     

Endourethral urethroplasty: a simple method for treatment of urethral strictures by internal urethrotomy and primary split skin grafting.

Primary endourethral split skin grafting was performed in 4 patients operated upon for stricture of the bulbous urethra by internal urethrotomy. Post-operatively, all grafts were found to have taken. Follow-up has ranged from 4 to 12 months. The results were considered good in all patients and after release from the hospital they had no subjective symptoms. Further urethral dilation has not been necessary in any of the patients.     

Long-Term Results of Internal Urethrotomy

Purpose

A retrospective analysis was done of long-term results of internal urethrotomy to evaluate risk factors of stricture recurrence.

Materials and Methods

Followup studies were performed of 937 patients with urethral strictures treated with internal urethrotomy. Of the patients 357 were treated at Mainz University between 1977 and 1989 (mean followup 4.6 years) and 580 were treated at Bonn University between 1974 and 1986 (mean followup 3.2 years).

Results

Strictures recurred in 96 of 357 (26.9 percent) and 260 of 580 (44.8 percent) patients, respectively. Risk factors for recurrence were etiology (post-transurethral resection and inflammation), stricture longer than 1 cm. and postoperative catheter drainage for longer than 3 days.

Conclusions

Urethroplasty should be considered in patients at high risk for stricture recurrence and with more than 1 treatment failure after urethrotomy.     

Internal urethrotomy and intraurethral submucosal injection of triamcinolone in short bulbar urethral strictures

Objectives

In clinical practice, internal urethrotomy is an easy procedure and is offered as a first modality for treatment of short urethral strictures. Internal urethrotomy refers to any procedure that opens the stricture by incising or ablating it transurethrally. The most common complication of internal urethrotomy is stricture recurrence. The curative success rate of internal urethrotomy is approximately 20%. Triamcinolone has antifibroblast and anticollagen properties. This study evaluated the efficacy of triamcinolone in the prevention of anterior urethral stricture recurrence after internal urethrotomy.

Methods

Fifty male patients with anterior urethral stricture were randomized to undergo internal urethrotomy with or without urethral submucosal injection of triamcinolone. Using general anesthesia urethrotomy was performed. Triamcinolone (40 mg) was injected submucosally at the urethrotomy site in 25 patients. The patients were followed for at least 12 months and the stricture recurrence rate was compared between the two groups.

Results

23 patients in the triamcinolone group and 22 in the control group completed the study. There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics of the patients or the etiology of the stricture between the two groups. Mean follow-up time was 13.7 ± 5.5 months (range: 1–25 months). Urethral stricture recurred in five patients (21.7%) in the triamcinolone group and in 11 patients (50%) in the control group (P = 0.04).

Conclusions

Injection of triamcinolone significantly reduced stricture recurrence after internal urethrotomy. Further investigations are warranted to confirm its efficacy and safety.     

Internal urethrotomy, a modern method in the treatment of urethral strictures

The aim of this study was to evaluate the internal urethrotomy in the treatment of urethral strictures, by the retrospective analysis of 54 cases. The patients' age ranged between 18-92. 35 patients (64.8%) had iatrogenic strictures and 10 (18.5%) had traumatic ones. 35 patients presented with urinary infections before the procedure. Following internal urethrotomy, the medium hospital stay was 3.15 days. There were only 7 patients with postoperative fever and no death was recorded. The follow-up period was between 1-12 months with a medium of 9 months and only 2 patients required recurrent internal urethrotomy. Out of the 54 patients, 8 had recurrent urethral stricture disease and 6 of them had posttraumatic membranous urethral strictures. Optical internal urethrotomy appears to be the ideal therapeutic method of urethral strictures, because it has a low morbidity, it is safe to perform and the postoperative results are good. The hospitalization and the recovery periods are short, allowing a quick socio-professional reintegration. Most of the recurrencies occur with posttraumatic strictures.     

Low-power holmium:YAG laser urethrotomy for treatment of urethral strictures: functional outcome and quality of life

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of endourethrotomy with the holmium:YAG laser as a minimally invasive treatment for urethral stricture. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2002 and January 2004, 32 male patients with symptomatic urethral strictures (8 bulbar, 9 penile, 9 combined) were treated with Ho:YAG-laser urethrotomy in our department. The stricture was iatrogenic in 60% (N = 18), inflammatory in 16.6% (N = 5), traumatic in 13.3% (N = 4), and idiopathic in 7% (N = 3). The stricture was incised under vision at the 12 o'clock location or the site of maximum scar tissue or narrowing in asymmetric strictures. Laser energy was set on 1200 to 1400 mJ with a frequency of 10 to 13 Hz. Postoperatively, drainage of the bladder was performed for 4 days using a 18F silicone catheter. Triamcinolone was instilled intraurethrally after removal of the catheter in all patients. Patients were followed up by mailed questionnaire, including International Prostate Symptom Score and quality of life. RESULTS: Retrograde endoscopic Ho:YAG laser urethrotomy could be performed in all 32 patients. Most patients (22; 68.7%) did not need any reintervention. Ten patients developed recurrent strictures that were treated by another laser urethrotomy in 4 patients (12.5%), while 6 patients (18.7%) needed open urethroplasty with buccal mucosa. Including 2 patients treated with repeat laser urethrotomy, 24 patients (75%) were considered successful after a mean follow-up of 27 months (range 13-38 months). No intraoperative complications were encountered, although in 5% of patients, a urinary-tract infection was diagnosed postoperatively. No gross hematuria occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The Ho:YAG laser urethrotomy is a safe and effective minimally invasive therapeutic modality for urethral stricture with results comparable to those of conventional urethrotomy. Further data from long-time follow-up are necessary to compare the success rate with that of conventional urethrotomy and urethroplasty. Nevertheless, the Ho:YAG laser urethrotomy might at least be an alternative to urethroplasty in patients with high comorbidity who are not suitable for open reconstruction.     

复杂性尿道狭窄和尿道闭锁的腔内治疗体会

目的:探讨复杂性尿道狭窄和尿道闭锁经尿道腔内治疗效果。方法:回顾性总结46例采用冷刀、等离子体双极电切术或激光技术行窥视下经尿道内切开、切除尿道瘢痕组织治疗复杂性尿道狭窄或尿道闭锁的经验。结果:46例1次手术成功率80.43%(37/46);需2~3次手术者13.04%(6/46);腔内手术失败率6.52%(3/46)。手术失败原因为尿道狭窄或尿道闭锁段过长、两断端严重移位、骨盆骨折畸形愈合严重压迫尿道和术后感染。39例(84.78%)获得随访6~84个月,均排尿通畅。结论:内窥镜下经尿道手术是治疗复杂性尿道狭窄和尿道闭锁的有效方法,具有操作简便、创伤小、安全等优点。术前了解尿道狭窄和尿道闭锁段长度、数目、有无假道;术中充分切开并彻底切除瘢痕组织;术后预防感染、正确保留导尿管、定期尿道扩张是保证手术成功的关键。     

经尿道钬激光内切开术治疗尿道狭窄（附32例报告）

目的探讨经尿道钬激光内切开术治疗尿道狭窄的可行性和安全性。方法分析2002年5月至2008年3月32例尿道狭窄和闭锁患者行经尿道钬激光内切开术治疗的临床资料。结果31例患者一次性腔内钬激光内切开治疗成功，1例因狭窄段长达3cm，钬激光内切开失败而改开放手术。无大出血、尿瘘、尿失禁等并发症发生。术后随访3～12个月，均排尿通畅。结论经尿道钬激光内切开术是治疗尿道狭窄的一种简单安全有效的手术方法，创伤小，并发症少，疗效确切。     

Adult anterior urethral strictures: a national practice patterns survey of board certified urologists in the United States

PURPOSE: We determined the methods and patterns of the evaluation of and treatment for adult anterior urethral stricture disease by practicing urologists in the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A nationwide survey of practicing members of the American Urological Association was performed by a mailed questionnaire. A total of 1,262 urologists were randomly selected from all 50 states, of whom 431 (34%) completed the questionnaire. RESULTS: Most urologists (63%) treat 6 to 20 urethral strictures yearly. The most common procedures used by those surveyed for urethral strictures were dilation (92.8%), optical internal urethrotomy (85.6%) and endourethral stent (23.4%). Minimally invasive procedures are used more frequently that any open urethroplasty technique. Furthermore, most urologists (57.8%) do not perform urethroplasty surgery. When used, the most common urethroplasty surgeries performed were end-to-end anastomotic urethroplasty, perineal urethrostomy and ventral skin graft urethroplasty. Few urologists (4.2%) performed buccal mucosa grafts. For a long bulbar urethral stricture or short bulbar urethral stricture refractory to internal urethrotomy 20% to 29% of respondents would refer to another urologist, while 31% to 33% would continue to manage the stricture by minimally invasive means despite predictable failure. Of the urologists 74% believed that the literature supports a reconstructive surgical ladder, in which urethroplasty is only performed after repeat failure of endoscopic methods. CONCLUSIONS: Most urologists in the United States have little experience with urethroplasty surgery. Most urologists erroneously believe that the literature supports a reconstructive surgical ladder for urethral stricture management. Unfamiliarity with the literature and inexperience with urethroplasty surgery have made the use of endoscopic methods inappropriately common.     

Open appendectomy for pediatric ruptured appendicitis: a historical clinical review of the prophylaxis of wound infection and postoperative intra-abdominal abscess

Background

We conducted a 3-decade clinical review of prophylaxis for wound infection and postoperative intra-abdominal abscess after open appendectomy for pediatric ruptured appendicitis.

Methods

We reviewed the charts of patients with ruptured appendicitis who underwent open appendectomy performed by the same pediatric surgeon at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada between 1969 and 2003, inclusive. We evaluated 3 types of prophylaxis: subcutaneous (SC) antibiotic powder, peritoneal wound drain and intravenous (IV) antibiotics. We divided the sample into 4 treatment groups: peritoneal wound drain alone (group 1); peritoneal wound drain, SC antibiotic powder and IV antibiotics (group 2); SC antibiotic powder and IV antibiotics (group 3); and IV antibiotics alone (group 4). We used the χ² test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.

Results

There were 496 patients: 348 (70%) boys and 148 (30%) girls, with a mean age of 7 (range newborn to 17) years. There were 90 (18%) wound infections. Compared with the current standard of practice, IV antibiotics alone (group 4), peritoneal wound drain (group 1) was associated with the lowest number of wound infections (7 [7%], p = 0.023). There were 43 (9%) postoperative intra-abdominal abscesses. Compared with IV antibiotics alone, SC antibiotic powder with IV antibiotics (group 3) was associated with the lowest number of postoperative intra-abdominal abscesses (14 [6%], p = 0.06).

Conclusion

Over a 35-year period of open appendectomy for pediatric ruptured appendicitis, wound infection was least frequent in patients who received prophylactic peritoneal wound drain, and postoperative intra-abdominal abscess was least frequent in those who received prophylactic SC antibiotic powder and IV antibiotics.     

镍钛记忆合金网状支架治疗前列腺增生伴尿潴留175例远期疗效评估

目的 评估镍钛记忆合金网状支架治疗前列腺增生(BPH)伴尿潴留远期疗效.方法 对175例年龄61～103岁,平均(83.5±4.2)岁BPH患者应用镍钛记忆合金网状支架治疗,术后36、60个月进行随访.结果 术后36、60个月的总有效率分别为75%、58%.结论 镍钛记忆合金网状支架治疗前列腺增生伴尿潴留远期疗效不如近期疗效,但对高龄、高危BPH伴尿潴留的患者是一种有效的方法.     

Endoscopic Evaluation and Treatment of Anastomotic Strictures After Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy

Purpose

We describe endoscopic findings and treatment outcome in 17 men who presented with a symptomatic anastomotic stricture after radical prostatectomy.

Materials and Methods

Endoscopic evaluation revealed an immature stricture in 6 men, which was treated by initial dilation and subsequent cold-knife urethrotomy. The 11 men with a mature anastomic stricture were treated by initial cold-knife urethrotomy (10) or dilation followed by urethrotomy (1).

Results

There were no long-term complications from treatment, which was successful in 15 of the 17 men (88 percent).

Conclusions

Initial dilation with subsequent urethrotomy for immature or initial urethrotomy for mature anastomotic strictures is a safe and effective treatment plan.     

Endoluminale Brachytherapie zur Vorbeugung von rezidivierenden Strikturen nach Urethrotomia interna

METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between November 2000 and December 2002 endoscopic incision or transurethral scar resection was followed by endourethral brachytherapy (BT) which was performed in patients with recurrent bulbar strictures ( n=9), bladder neck stenosis after transurethral prostatectomy (TUR-P) ( n=3), anastomotic stricture after radical prostatectomy ( n=2) or penile urethral stricture ( n=1). High dose rate (HDR) iridium-192 BT started on the day of the endoscopic incision or resection and continued for the following 3 days. The BT fractionation scheme was 4x3 Gy in the first three patients (until first relapse) and 4x4 Gy in all following patients. The dose was calculated at 3 mm tissue depth using 3-dimensional CT-planning. As of February 2004, the median follow-up of all patients reached 22 months. RESULTS: Seven of 15 patients (46%) are recurrence free. In two patients (13.3%), recurrent strictures developed 12 month later, outside of the region of initial treatment. In six patients (40%) the treatment was considered to be unsuccessful as recurrent strictures were found between 2 and 12 months after the initial or second course of treatment. CONCLUSION: Endourethral brachytherapy after endoscopic incision or resection is a promising treatment for the prevention of recurrent strictures of the urethra, bladder neck or vesicourethral anastomosis. The initial results have been very good, but with longer follow-up recurrence occurred in the irradiated area in 40% of patients. Prospective randomized studies in patients with a strictly defined type of recurrent stricture, or even after the first internal urethrotomy, should be done in the future.     

Results of infected total knee arthroplasty treated with arthroscopic debridement and continuous antibiotic irrigation system

Background:

Arthroscopic debridement with continuous irrigation system was used with success in treating infective arthritis. We evaluated the effectiveness of arthroscopic debridement coupled with antibiotic continuous irrigation system in acute presentation of late infected total knee arthroplasty.

Materials and Methods:

We performed a retrospective review of medical record of patients with acute presentation of late infected total knee arthroplasty who were treated by arthroscopic debridement coupled with continuous postoperative antibiotic irrigation system.

Results:

Seventeen patients were included in our study. 15 (88%) patients preserved their total knee prosthesis at mean of followup of 27.5 months (range, 14-28 months). Two (12%) patients failed arthroscopic protocol and finally needed two stages revision. Our study showed an 88% prosthesis retention rate in patients with acute presentation of late prosthetic knee infection. No complication was associated with use of antibiotic irrigation system.

Conclusion:

Arthroscopic debridement combined with continuous antibiotic irrigation and suction is an effective treatment for patients with acute presentation of late infected total knee arthroplasty.     

Core through urethrotomy with the neodymium:YAG laser for posttraumatic obliterative strictures of the bulbomembranous urethra

PURPOSE: We studied the safety and efficacy of core through urethrotomy with the neodymium (Nd):YAG laser for posttraumatic obliterative strictures of the bulbomembranous urethra. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight patients a mean of 27.5 years old with posttraumatic (motor vehicle accidents) obliterative strictures of the bulbomembranous urethra were treated from May to December 1997. Laser treatment selection criteria were stricture length 2.0 cm. or less, good alignment between the urethral ends and no history of rectal injury or erectile dysfunction. All patients underwent core through urethrotomy with the Nd:YAG contact laser delivered with the 600 micro bare fiber at 15 to 25 W. The urethrotomy was guided only by a metal sound introduced through the suprapubic tract. RESULTS: Blood loss was negligible and excellent visualization was maintained throughout the procedure. Operating time ranged from 45 to 70 minutes. There were no perioperative complications. Hospital stay was 24 hours in the first case and 6 to 8 hours in subsequent cases. All patients returned to work within 5 days. Urethroscopy was performed 4 and 12 weeks after catheter removal in all patients. Only 1 patient required repeat internal urethrotomy. Voiding cystourethrography revealed a stricture-free urethra in 7 cases. At last followup 7 to 14 months (mean 10.25) after the procedure mean maximum flow rate was 18.6 ml. per second (range 16.5 to 22.4) in the patients who were stricture-free and 11.8 ml. per second in 1 with recurrent stricture. CONCLUSIONS: Core through urethrotomy with the contact Nd:YAG laser seems to be a safe and effective treatment option for select strictures. The hospital stay is remarkably short and complications are negligible. Re-stricture rates are likely to be low but more experience and longer follow-up are needed.     

微通道经皮肾镜与组合式输尿管软镜碎石术治疗肾结石比较性研究

目的 比较微通道经皮肾镜与组合式输尿管软镜碎石术两种方式治疗肾结石的疗效和并发症.方法 100例体外冲击波碎石无效的肾结石患者,分为两组,51例患者行微通道经皮肾镜碎石术,49例患者行组合式输尿管软镜碎石术,比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、术后住院时间、术后清除率.结果 51例微通道经皮肾镜组手术时间(53.5±19.6)min,术中出血(75.0±18.5) mL,术后住院时间为(8.0±1.5)d;术后总并发症发生率80.4％:47例结石清除,总清石率为92.16％.49例输尿管软镜组手术时间为(49.0±25.6)min,术中出血(15.2±2.9) mL,术后住院时间为(4.5±0.6)d;术后总并发症发生率为30.6％;32例结石清除,总清石率为65.31％.两者比较手术时间无明显差别;术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后并发症发生率、总清石率微通道经皮肾镜组大于组合式输尿管软镜组;但分组分层发现在多部位、多发结石方面清石率组合式输尿管软镜组优于微通道经皮肾镜组.结论 微通道经皮肾镜在治疗结石负荷＜2 cm、下盏结石、单个结石优于组合式输尿管软镜,但在多部位、多发结石方面清石率组合式输尿管软镜优于微通道经皮肾镜.     

Adherence to perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis among orthopedic trauma patients

Background

The goal of this study was to assess whether patients receive their antibiotic prophylaxis as prescribed. We also investigated what doses and durations of antibiotics are typically ordered, which patients actually receive antibiotics and factors causing the ordered antibiotic regimen to be altered.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of 205 patient charts and sent a national survey to all surgeon members of the Canadian Orthopaedic Trauma Society (COTS) about antibiotic prophylaxis in the setting of surgical treatment for closed fractures.

Results

In all, 93% (179 of 193) of patients received an appropriate preoperative dose of antibiotics, whereas less than 32% (58 of 181) of patients received their postoperative antibiotics as ordered. The most commonly stated reason for patients not receiving their postoperative antibiotics as ordered was patients being discharged before completing 3 postoperative doses. There was a 70% (39 of 56) response rate to the survey sent to COTS surgeons. A single dose of a first-generation cephalosporin preoperatively followed by 3 doses postoperatively is the most common practice among orthopedic trauma surgeons across Canada, but several surgeons give only preoperative prophylaxis.

Conclusion

Adherence to multidose postoperative antibiotic regimens is poor. Meta-analyses have failed to demonstrate the superiority of multidose regimens over single-dose prophylaxis. Single-dose preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis may be a reasonable choice for most orthopedic trauma patients with closed fractures.     

尿道内切开术治疗24例外伤性尿道狭窄

目的探讨尿道内冷刀切开术治疗外伤性尿道狭窄的效果。方法24例尿道狭窄患者,均采用尿道镜下经尿道内切开术治疗,现对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果24例手术均顺利完成。术后随访6～12个月,14例术后排尿通畅。最大尿流率〉15ml／s,8例术后出现尿流变细行定期尿道扩张,2例再狭窄者行二次尿道内切开手术治愈。结论尿道内切开术治疗尿道狭窄疗效可靠,具有创伤小、并发症少等优点,而且要求硬件条件低,适应于基层医院开展。尿道扩张可以巩固手术效果和降低狭窄复发率。     

The treatment of post-urethrotomy incontinence in pediatric and adolescent females

PURPOSE: Until 1986 many urologists performed currently outdated, redundant internal urethrotomy as standard therapy for recurrent urinary tract infection in girls. We describe the results of therapy in patients who became incontinent due to previous internal urethrotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1986 and 1995, 21 female patients with post-Otis urethrotomy incontinence have presented at our department with combined dysfunctional voiding, recurrent urinary tract infection and various types of urinary incontinence partially based on bladder instability and often provoked by abdominal straining. All cases were diagnosed by repeat video urodynamics and ultrasound of the open bladder neck. Endoscopy provided proof of scarring in the bladder neck and urethra. All patients except 1 underwent conservative treatment for at least 2 years, consisting of pharmacological therapy, physical therapy and biofeedback training. Surgical therapy to cure incontinence was performed in 14 cases, including a conventional Burch-type colposuspension in 5, modified needle colposuspension in 4 and complete endoscopic excision of the urethral scars followed by open reconstruction of the bladder neck and urethra in an abdominoperineal procedure in 5. RESULTS: Conservative treatment has been completely successful in 7 patients. Primary open or needle colposuspension was unsuccessful in 6 of 9 cases, including several requiring further surgery to achieve dryness. The results of excising urethral scars with bladder neck and urethral reconstruction were good in 4 of 5 patients at a followup of at least 4 years. CONCLUSIONS: When previous internal urethrotomy appears to be an important factor in the evaluation of incontinence, conservative therapy is the treatment of choice. Conservative therapy should consist of biofeedback reeducation of the voiding pattern and physical therapy. When surgery is needed, excision of the urethral scars with reconstruction of the bladder neck and urethra plus colposuspension is superior to colposuspension only.