人精液中白细胞与NO和UA的关系探讨

目的探讨白细胞精子症不育精液中白细胞(W BC)密度、一氧化氮(NO)和尿酸(UA)之间的关系。方法依据WHO诊断标准,选择白细胞精子症不育者40例,非白细胞精子症不育者35例,生育者30例,采用过氧化物酶染色法进行精液W BC密度计数;采用镀铜镉还原荧光法检测NO代谢产物硝酸盐(NO3-);UA含量测定采用尿酸酶-过氧化物酶偶联法。结果白细胞精子症组精液NO 106.95±4.13μm o l/L,W BC(1.985±0.696)×109/L显著增高,而UA含量166.9±68.1μm o l/L降低;生育组NO 41.31±3.67μm o l/L,W BC(0.038±0.024)×109/L和UA含量398.6±52.3μm o l/L(P<0.01)。UA与NO及W BC均呈显著性负相关(r=-0.795,P<0.01;r=-0.857,P<0.01)。结论白细胞精子症患者精液NO产生增多致UA含量下降,使精子中毒受损。提示临床在治疗时应加用抗氧化药物,可提高疗效。     

精液白细胞浓度与精浆尿酸及锌的相关性研究

目的探讨白细胞精子症不育患者白细胞（WBC）浓度与精浆尿酸（UA）、锌（Zn）含量的关系。方法选取白细胞精子症不育患者108例，非白细胞精子症不育患者72例，健康对照组22例。采用过氧化物酶法进行精液WBC浓度计数，用日立7170S全自动生化分析仪检测精浆中UA及zn含量。结果白细胞精子症患者精浆UA及zn含量显著低于非精子症患者组及健康对照组，精液中WBC浓度与精浆UA、Zn含量呈显著负相关（P〈0．01）。结论白细胞精子症患者精液中WBC产生的过多氧自由基可能是导致精浆UA、Zn含量降低的原因之一。     

精液中一氧化氮含量与精子凋亡关系的初探

目的研究精液中一氧化氮(NO)含量对精子凋亡的影响及其与男性不育之间的相关性,寻找治疗男性不育的有效途径。方法依据世界卫生组织(WHO)标准进行精液常规检测。应用硝酸还原酶法测定不育组和对照组精液中NO的含量。应用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶(TdT)介导的原位末端标记(TUNEL)法检测精子凋亡情况,观察不育组精子凋亡的形态结构改变,统计2组间精子凋亡率。结果不育组精液中NO含量[(58.37±14.14)μmol/L]高于对照组[(35.20±8.23)μmol/L](P<0.01);对照组精子凋亡率为9.67%±2.54%,低于不育组精子凋亡率33.98%±10.54%(P<0.01)。将不育组分为弱精组、少精组和畸形精子组,以畸形精子组NO含量最高,凋亡率也为最高,弱精组及少精组次之。结论不育组高浓度NO和精子凋亡率呈正相关,随着NO浓度增高,精子凋亡率增加。精液中高浓度NO可能是男性生育力下降的原因之一。     

无精子症患者精浆高迁移率族蛋白B1检测的临床意义

目的:通过检测不育症患者精浆中高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)、C-反应蛋白的含量,探讨HMGB1、C-反应蛋白在不育症患者中的临床意义。方法:采用酶联免疫吸附试验对61例不育(其中梗阻型无精子症18例)患者、20例正常生育男性精浆中HMGB1进行检测,C-反应蛋白采用散射比浊法检测。结果:无精子症患者精浆中HMGB1[(22.68±4.45)μg/L]、C-反应蛋白[(33.71±6.96)mg/L]含量显著高于正常生育组[(12.88±6.84)μg/L;(1.73±0.78)mg/L]及一般不育组[(14.68±8.25)μg/L;(2.34±1.78)mg/L];无精子症患者精浆HMGB1水平与C-反应蛋白水平有很好的相关性,相关系数为0.97。结论:无精子症患者精浆炎性介质HMGBl水平明显升高,可能与炎症免疫反应有关。     

转铁蛋白水平与男性生育及睾丸足细胞功能的关系

目的：探讨转铁蛋白（Tf）水平与男性生育及睾丸足细胞功能的关系。方法收集临床男性不育症患者和正常生育者的精液标本,采用精子质量分析仪进行精子密度及活动率分析,并检测精液 Tf 水平;无菌切取大鼠睾丸,经胶原酶及透明质酸酶消化,分离出纯度较高的足细胞并培养,测定细胞培养液 Tf 水平;Tf 水平测定均采用免疫速率散射比浊法。结果男性不育症患者精液 Tf 水平[（15±5）μmol／L]低于正常生育者[（24．5±6．5）μmol／L,P ＜0．01],而且与精子密度和活动率呈正相关（P ＜0．01）。正常生育组大鼠睾丸足细胞悬液 Tf 水平[（25±8）μmol／L]高于不育组[（15±6）μmol／L,P ＜0．01]。结论精液 Tf 水平的测定可作为反映足细胞功能,评价曲细精管生精功能及精子质量的指标,对男性不育症的诊断、治疗具有重要的价值。     

感染致不孕症精浆MDA分析

目的 探讨丙二醛(MDA)测定在生殖系统感染中的诊疗价值。方法 比色测定35例白细胞精子症不育患者和26例正常对照者精浆MDA含量。结果 白细胞精子症组精浆MDA含量明显高于对照组(P<0.01),且与精液中白细胞数呈正相关(r=0.895,P<0.01)。抗感染治疗前后精浆MDA含量有明显差异,且与精液中WBC下降同步。结论 MDA含量为反映生殖系统感染的诊断及疗效判断、了解精子膜功能的良好指标。     

特发性肺纤维化患者发生肺动脉高压的危险因素分析

目的探讨特发性肺纤维化(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,IPF)患者发生肺动脉高压(pulmonary hypertension,PH)的危险因素。方法 IPF患者64例,其中24例有PH者为PH组,40例无PH组者为无PH组。比较2组肺一氧化碳弥散量(carbon monoxide diffusing capacity,DLCO)占预计值百分比(DLCO%pred)、DLCO与肺泡通气量(alveolar volume,VA)比值(DLCO/VA)、用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)占预计值百分比(FVC%pred)、第1秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)占预计值百分比(FEV1%pred)、肺总容量(total lung capacity,TLC)占预计值百分比(TLC%pred)、FEV1/FVC、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、血红蛋白、血小板计数、谷草转氨酶(glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase,GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(glutamic-pyruvic transaminase,GPT)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)、尿酸(uric acid,UA)、肌酐(creatinine,Cr)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、三酰甘油(triacylglycerol,TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)水平,以及血气分析结果差异;多因素logistic回归分析IPF患者合并PH的危险因素。结果无PH组DLCO%pred[(59.26±16.07)%]高于PH组[(40.53±14.79)%](P0.05),DLCO/VA[(79.88±21.81)%]、FVC%pred[(81.88±24.21)%]、FEV1%pred[(82.94±23.00)%]、TLC%pred[(78.38±16.51)%]、FEV1/FVC[(80.48±11.69)%]与PH组[(63.50±29.94)%、(73.80±24.81)%、(77.72±24.88)%、(70.38±16.73)%、(82.93±6.28)%]比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);无PH组血小板计数[(210.20±73.20)×109/L]低于PH组[(265.40±95.50)×109/L](P0.05),白细胞计数[(8.25±1.96)×109/L]、中性粒细胞计数[(4.96±1.81)×109/L]、血红蛋白[(125.50±17.60)g/L]、GPT[(29.10±26.90)u/L]、GOT[(24.37±16.83)u/L]、LDH[(255.90±103.60)u/L]、UA[(261.20±111.70)μmol/L]、Cr[(63.07±17.99)μmol/L]、FPG[(6.25±2.74)mmol/L]、TG[(1.31±0.99)mmol/L]、TC[(4.36±1.20)mmol/L]、LDL-C[(2.52±0.92)mmol/L]、HDL-C[(1.09±0.37)mmol/L]水平与PH组[(9.06±3.31)×109/L、(6.67±3.51)×109/L、(125.80±24.30)g/L、(15.4±12.5)u/L、(19.91±10.86)u/L、(266.20±61.00)u/L、(301.40±115.20)μmol/L、(55.24±13.42)μmoI/L、(6.61±2.45)mmol/L、(1.08±0.55)mmol/L、(4.29±1.26)mmol/L、(2.68±1.06)mmol/L、(0.92±0.28)mmol/L]比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);2组血气分析指标pH、pa(O2)、pa(CO2)、HCO3-及乳酸水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,DLCO%pred降低是IPF患者发生PH的危险因素(OR=1.095,95%CI:1.023～1.138,P=0.029)。结论 DLCO%pred降低的IPF患者易发生PH。     

中青年急性心肌梗死猝死患者血液指标特征分析

目的分析中青年急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)猝死患者的血液学指标特征。方法年龄60岁AMI患者127例,61例猝死者为猝死组,治疗后病情稳定者66例为对照组。比较2组基本资料及入院24h内实验室检查结果。结果猝死组年龄[(54.1±4.9)岁]、肌红蛋白[(6.0±1.0)mg/L]、氨基末端脑钠肽前体含量[(8.3±1.3)ng/L]、白细胞计数[(13.0±6.3)×109/L]、谷丙转氨酶[(4.5±1.1)u/L]、血肌酐[(4.7±0.7)μmol/L]、三酰甘油[(2.0±1.4)mmol/L]、低密度脂蛋白[(2.8±1.3)mmol/L]高于对照组[年龄(50.0±7.4)岁、肌红蛋白(5.5±1.2)mg/L、氨基末端脑钠肽前体(7.3±1.6)ng/L、白细胞计数(11.8±5.1)×109/L、谷丙转氨酶(4.1±0.9)u/L、血肌酐(4.4±0.3)μmol/L、三酰甘油(1.6±0.9)mmol/L、低密度脂蛋白(2.7±0.9)mmol/L](P0.05),男性比例(73.77%)、血红蛋白[(127.2±28.7)g/L]、血清白蛋白[(34.5±6.2)g/L]低于对照组[男性比例78.79%、血红蛋白(137.5±19.4)g/L、血清白蛋白(39.3±4.6)g/L](P0.05)。结论年龄、性别及血液生化指标的变化可为AMI患者预后提供预测依据。     

精液抗氧化物尿酸与生殖细胞凋亡的关系

目的探讨人精液抗氧化物尿酸与生殖细胞凋亡的关系。方法参照WHO标准方法,进行精液常规分析,按精子密度(×109/L)、活动率(%)不同分为4个组(正常、<20、20~40、>40)。采用尿酸酶—过氧化物酶偶联法检测精液尿酸含量。用脱氧核苷酸末端转移酶(T dT)介导的缺口末端标记(TUNEL)和瑞-姬染色法,分别检测和观察生殖细胞的凋亡。结果75例不育者精液尿酸含量和生殖细胞的凋亡率分别为163.37±57.15μm o l/L和(16.38±1.25)%,与正常生育组397.60±52.1μm o l/L、(4.61±1.23)%比较呈显著性差异(P<0.01)。精子密度和活动率随精液尿酸含量减少而降低,生殖细胞凋亡率随之上升(P<0.01)。不育组精液尿酸含量与生殖细胞的凋亡率呈显著性负相关(r=0.93,P<0.05)。凋亡的生殖细胞体积缩小,核染色质致密,凝聚在核周围形成新月形,或核裂解形成凋亡小体。结论精液尿酸含量与生殖细胞的凋亡有着密切关系。精液低尿酸含量时睾丸生殖细胞凋亡率高,精子密度和活率下降致男性不育。     

急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者亚砷酸治疗前血清巯基水平与高白细胞血症的关系

目的探讨急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者应用亚砷酸治疗前血清巯基水平与高白细胞血症的关系。方法初治急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者20例,均给予亚砷酸一线治疗,每28d为1个疗程,至出现无法耐受的不良反应停药。采用DTNB法检测治疗前血清巯基水平,并依据巯基中位数分为高巯基组和低巯基组各10例。比较2组高白细胞血症发生时间、白细胞计数最高值出现时间及白细胞计数最高值。结果高、低巯基组分别有9、10例发生高白细胞血症;高巯基组治疗前血清巯基[178.93(82.11,180.16)μmol/L]水平高于低巯基组[42.15(26.78,69.81)μmol/L](P0.05);低巯基组高白细胞血症发生时间[(7.0±5.5)d]、白细胞计数最高值出现时间[(10.8±5.9)d]均较高巯基组[(14.6±8.5)、(19.3±5.5)d]早(P0.05),白细胞计数最高值[(24.04±15.05)×109/L]较高巯基组[(42.95±25.57)×109/L]低(P0.05)。结论急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者应用亚砷酸治疗前低巯基水平可使高白细胞血症发生时间提前,但白细胞计数最高值较低。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.