300MW机组滑压运行若干问题的研究

简要介绍了300MW机组定、滑压运行方式的经济性比较,分析了滑压运行对锅炉内部过程的影响,并就锅炉滑压运行的限制因素进行了讨论。     

超临界600MW汽轮机滑压优化运行的试验研究

介绍了某电厂超临界600MW机组滑压优化运行的试验研究.通过分别在510MW、480MW、420MW、360MW、300MW工况下进行定滑压运行性能对比试验,得到了机组调门管理曲线优化后的滑压运行曲线.新的滑压运行方式有效地降低了汽轮机热耗率,提高了机组变负荷时的运行经济性.     

660MW超超临界汽轮机配汽方式的节能优化

某电厂1#机组为东方汽轮机有限公司生产的N660-25/600/600型超超临界、一次中间再热、冲动式、单轴三缸四排汽、凝汽式汽轮机。本文重点介绍了对该机组的配汽特性曲线以及定滑压曲线进行的优化设计,从而达到提高机组在部分负荷运行经济性的目的。采用优化后的配汽特性曲线和滑压曲线,在350～590MW,机组的热耗值得到了明显的改善,运行经济性得到提高。     

汽轮机滑压运行方式的经济性实验分析

以国电电力某电厂2号汽轮机为例,通过对汽轮机机组滑压运行方式优化试验,对不同运行方式不同负荷下的汽轮机经济性进行了分析和比较,确定了部分负荷时,阀点滑压和部分阀门全开滑压运行的经济性,给出了滑压运行状态下的优化曲线,并探讨了滑压运行方式阀门的控制策略。随后得出了机组采用复合滑压运行时,可以提高整个机组的经济性,可以增加机组使用寿命。汽轮机滑压运行方式的优化研究对热经济性的影响以及对现场节能降耗都具有十分重要的意义。     

间接空冷机组定滑压曲线优化试验研究

随着电力系统能源结构的变化,大量火电机组开始承担电网调峰任务。鉴于传统的定滑压曲线均以背压保持不变为基础,无法满足背压变化受气温影响较大的空冷机组的变负荷经济运行要求。在分析了空冷机组背压大范围变化对汽轮机最优滑压运行曲线影响的基础上,提出一种结合试验比较和局部能耗分析的方法;并以某300MW间接空冷机组为例,开展间接空冷机组定滑压运行曲线的优化工作,结果证明该方法对于提高空冷机组变背压、变负荷运行的经济性具有一定实际应用价值。     

汽轮机定滑压曲线在实际应用中的计算寻优

分析了机组实际运行时的安全性、可调性和经济性对汽轮机部分负荷下滑压压力的要求,构建了将现实问题转化为粒子运动位置及维度限制的粒子群算法,并将其应用在某350 MW机组定滑压曲线的寻优计算中.结果表明:该方法具有快速的收敛能力,能够实现诸多限制条件下的寻优计算且通用性强,优化后的定滑压曲线考虑了机组的实际运行特性及负荷响应能力,改善了低负荷时机组的经济性;与优化前运行工况相比,热耗率平均下降约0.2%.     

定负荷下火电机组最优运行初压的确定

针对传统的压力优化方法在迭代寻优过程中存在的一些问题,结合汽轮机变工况理论,提出汽轮机定负荷下主蒸汽压力的优化计算方法,利用粒子群算法(PSO)对最优压力进行求取,得出不同负荷下主蒸汽压力的最优运行值,并以某1 000 MW汽轮机为例进行了分析.结果表明:该方法很好地解决了定负荷下压力寻优问题,且可以得出机组的最佳滑压运行方式和最优运行初压,即80％负荷以上时,保持25 MPa定压运行;80％负荷以下时,机组保持2阀全开滑压运行模式,在低负荷区2阀全开滑压运行模式的热经济性明显高于3阀全开滑压运行模式.     

1GW超超临界机组阀点滑压的自动寻优与精确控制

滑压运行是提高机组部分负荷运行经济性的主要手段,为了进一步降低机组能耗,在汽轮机传统滑压运行的基础上,通过试验分析了阀点滑压对机组各项参数的影响,充分利用了新阀门配汽方式,确定合理的阀门重叠度,进一步采用了阀点滑压运行,得出汽轮机阀门最佳运行方式,并通过背压校正机前压力,实施新协调控制系统优化机组参数等控制策略,使汽机调门实时处于最佳阀点运行,并实现了机组全季节经济滑压运行,有效降低了机组能耗。     

电厂汽轮机组变负荷运行安全经济性分析

电厂汽轮机组变负荷运行时常采用定压运行和滑压运行两种方式,但这两种运行方式对机组运行的经济性和安全性的影响是完全不同的。借助某电厂600MW汽轮机组运行数据,通过计算和分析,比较了汽轮机组不同负荷下定压运行和滑压运行的汽耗率、热耗率、绝对电效率、调节级温度、高压缸排汽温度等重要指标。研究证明,部分负荷下采用滑压运行方式,既可以提高机组的热经济性、降低机组能耗,又能够保证设备的运行安全性、改善整个机组的调峰性能。     

国产600MW汽轮机组定滑压运行方式测试方法研究

为了提高汽轮机变工况运行的经济性,研究机组滑压优化运行方式,提出了联合使用负荷与阀位基准的测试方法,针对具有4个高压调门的机组结合实例进行了详细的描述.试验结果表明该测试方法得到的滑压曲线更精细,可以快捷、准确地找到机组最经济的滑压运行方式.     

Optical properties and thermal stability of pulsed-sputter-deposited AlxOy/Al/AlxOy multilayer absorber coatings

Spectrally selective Al_xO_y/Al/Al_xO_y multilayer absorber coatings were deposited on copper (Cu) and molybdenum (Mo) substrates using a pulsed sputtering system. The Al targets were sputtered using asymmetric bipolar-pulsed DC generators in Ar+O₂ and Ar plasmas to deposit an Al_xO_y/Al/Al_xO_y coating. The compositions and thicknesses of the individual component layers were optimized to achieve high solar absorptance (α=0.950-0.970) and low thermal emittance (ε=0.05-0.08). The X-ray diffraction data in thin film mode showed an amorphous structure of the Al_xO_y/Al/Al_xO_y coating. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data of the Al_xO_y/Al/Al_xO_y multilayer absorber indicated that the Al_xO_y layers present in the coating were non-stoichiometric. The optical constants (n and k) of the multilayer absorber were determined from the spectroscopic ellipsometric data. Drude's free-electron model was used for generating the theoretical dispersion of optical constants for Al films, while the Tauc-Lorentz model was used for modeling optical properties of the dielectric Al_xO_y layers. In order to study the thermal stability of the Al_xO_y/Al/Al_xO_y coatings, they were subjected to heat treatment (in air and vacuum) at different temperatures and durations. The multilayer absorber deposited on Cu substrates exhibited high solar selectivity (α/ε) of 0.901/0.06 even after heat-treatment in air up to 400 °C for 2 h. At 450 °C, the solar selectivity decreased significantly on Cu substrates (e.g., α/ε=0.790/0.07). The coatings deposited on Mo substrates were thermally stable up to 800 °C in vacuum with a solar selectivity of 0.934/0.05. The structural stability of the absorber coatings heat treated in air (up to 400 °C) and vacuum (up to 800 °C) was confirmed by micro-Raman spectroscopy measurements. Studies on the accelerated aging tests suggested that the absorber coatings on Cu were stable in air up to 75 h at 300 °C and the service lifetime of the multilayer absorber was predicted to be more than 25 years. Further, the activation energy for the degradation of the multilayer absorber heat treated for longer durations in air is of the order of 64 kJ/mol.     

Hydrogen storage properties of multi-principal-component CoFeMnTixVyZrz alloys

This study presents an innovative multi-principal-element CoFeMnTiVZr alloy system for the absorption and desorption of hydrogen. Pressure-composition-isotherms (PCIs) demonstrate that CoFeMnTi_xVZr, CoFeMnTiV_yZr, and CoFeMnTiVZr_z can absorb and desorb hydrogen for x, y, and z that satisfy 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 2.5, 0.4 ≤ y ≤ 3.0, and 0.4 ≤ z ≤ 3.0, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals that CoFeMnTi_xV_yZr_z alloys have a simple C14 Laves phase with a single set of lattice parameters before and after PCI tests. The distributions of each element in CoFeMnTi_xV_yZr_z alloys are roughly equal, as revealed by SEM/EDS mapping. The effects of values x, y, and z on the hydrogen storage properties are elucidated in terms of lattice constant, element segregation, hydride formation enthalpies of the alloy components and hydrogen, and the averaged formation enthalpy. The high-entropy effect promotes the formation of a single C14 Laves phase, and the maximum hydrogen storage capacity is strongly related to the hydride formation enthalpy of the alloy and hydrogen.     

Explosion behavior of CH4/O2/N2/CO2 and H2/O2/N2/CO2 mixtures

In this work, the explosion behavior of stoichiometric CH₄/O₂/N₂/CO₂ and H₂/O₂/N₂/CO₂ mixtures has been studied both experimentally and theoretically at different CO₂ contents and oxygen air enrichment factors. Peak pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise and laminar burning velocity were measured from pressure time records of explosions occurring in a closed cylindrical vessel. The laminar burning velocity was also computed through CHEMKIN–PREMIX simulations.     

C/H/O/N/S/Cl/K/Na元素的详细化学反应机理的简化与验证

基于Senkin模型,应用自编化学反应机理简化程序,结合Kinalc和Mechmod开源程序,发展了详细化学反应机理的简化与验证方法.以电站锅炉燃烧的计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟为应用背景,建立了考虑C/H/O/N/S/Cl/K/Na元素的详细化学反应机理(115组分,1,342基元反应),并运用此方法得到简化反应机理(28组分,20反应).验证结果表明,该简化机理在锅炉运行的主要参数变化范围内(温度T=1,100～1,500,℃,过量空气系数λ=0.8～1.2)具有较好的准确性和较高的计算效率,可应用于锅炉燃烧的CFD计算.     

Structural and transport properties of LixNi1−y−zCoyMnzO2 cathode materials

In this work structural and transport properties of layered LiNi_1−y−zCo_yMn_zO₂ (y = 0.25, 0.35, 0.5 and z = 0.1) cathode materials are presented. In the considered group of oxides, LiNi_1−y−zCo_yMn_zO₂, there is no clear correlation between electrical conductivity and the a parameter (M-M distance in the octahedra layers). A non-monotonic modification of electrical properties of Li_xNi_0.65Co_0.25Mn_0.1O₂ cathode materials is observed upon lithium deintercalation.     

Metal/CdTe/CdS/Cd1−xZnxS/TCO/glass: A new CdTe thin film solar cell structure

The potential of CdTe/CdS/Cd_1−xZn_xS structure as an alternative to CdTe/CdS structure in photovoltaic application has been demonstrated. The unoptimized solar cell structure grown on transparent conducting oxide coated soda lime glass of 3 mm thickness with no antireflection coating yielded a 10% efficiency. This efficiency is the highest ever recorded in any Cd_1−xZn_xS film containing CdTe solar cells.     

Preparation and electrochemical properties of layer-structured LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3−yAlyO2

Layer-structured LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3−yAl_yO₂ has been synthesized via a sol–gel method. The lattice constants of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3−yAl_yO₂ decrease with the concentration of aluminum ions. XANES analysis further confirms that the valence of cobalt ion is 3+, and that of Ni is between 2+ and 3+ in LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3−yAl_yO₂. With doping aluminum ions, the redox centers for the electrochemical reaction change from nickel ions alone to both nickel and cobalt ions. The amounts of de-intercalatable lithium ions are affected by the concentration of aluminum ions; however, the extracting efficiency of lithium ions is improved by doping aluminum ions. Among all the samples, LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_0.23Al_0.1O₂ exhibits the best capacity retention and the least irreversible capacity.     

Highly structured TiO2/In(OH)xSy/PbS/PEDOT:PSS for photovoltaic applications

A system of highly structured TiO₂/In(OH)_xS_y/PbS/PEDOT:PSS has been developed and investigated by photovoltage spectroscopy, X-ray photo- and Auger electron spectroscopies, electron microscopy, and photovoltaic response. TiO₂, In(OH)_xS_y, PbS, and PEDOT:PSS serve as electron conductor, buffer layer, absorber, and hole conductor, respectively. Both buffer and absorber layers were prepared by chemical bath deposition. The band gap of as-prepared In(OH)_xS_y varied between 2.4 and 3.5 eV depending on the pH-value of the solution. In addition, the band gap of the PbS could be widened to about 0.85 eV making the application as absorber for solar cells feasible. At present, corresponding solar cell devices reach short-circuit current densities of about 8 mA/cm² and open-circuit voltages of about 0.3 V.     

Experimental and modeling studies of C2H4/O2/Ar, C2H4/methylal/O2/Ar and C2H4/ethylal/O2/Ar rich flames and the effect of oxygenated additives

The addition of dimethoxymethane (DMM or methylal) and diethoxymethane (DEM or ethylal) to a rich ethylene/oxygen/argon flame has been investigated by measuring the depletion of soot precursors. Three rich premixed ethylene/oxygen/argon (with and without added methylal or ethylal) flat flames have been stabilized at low-pressure (50 mbar) on a Spalding–Botha type burner with the same equivalence ratio of 2.50. Identification and monitoring of signal intensity profiles of species within the flames have been carried out by using molecular beam mass spectrometry (M.B.M.S.). The replacement of some C₂H₄ by C₃H₈O₂ or C₅H₁₂O₂ is responsible for a decrease of the maximum mole fractions of the detected intermediate species. This phenomenon is noticeable for C₂–C₄ intermediates and becomes more effective for C₅–C₁₀ species, mainly when C₃H₈O₂ added.A new kinetic model has been elaborated and contains 546 reactions and 107 chemical species in order to simulate the three investigated flames: C₂H₄/O₂/Ar, C₂H₄/DMM/O₂/Ar and C₂H₄/DEM/O₂/Ar. The reaction mechanism well reproduces experimental mole fraction profiles of major and intermediate species, and underlines the effect of methylal and ethylal addition on species concentration profiles for these flames.     

Burning velocities and kinetics of H2/NF3/N2, CH4/NF3/N2, and C3H8/NF3/N2 flames

The combustion characteristics and reaction mechanism of mixtures containing nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃) were investigated. Burning velocities for H₂/NF₃/N₂, CH₄/NF₃/N₂, and C₃H₈/NF₃/N₂ flames were determined for the first time at various equivalence ratios and N₂ mole fractions. The burning velocities of the latter two flames were similar and showed peaks at equivalence ratios of ∼1.0, while those of the H₂/NF₃/N₂ flames had the pronounced peak at low equivalence ratios where the formation of the wrinkled flames was observed. A detailed kinetic model was constructed to simulate the laminar burning velocities of H₂/NF₃/N₂ and CH₄/NF₃/N₂ flames. The model accurately reproduced the experimental results. Analyses of the reaction mechanism revealed the major reaction pathways that involve the decomposition of NF₃, the oxidation and chain-fluoridation of H₂ and CH₄, and the formation of N₂.