营养盐浓度对胶结重塑泥岩试样力学特性及微观结构的影响试验研究

采用一次浸泡菌液的方式,制备不同浓度(0、0.3、0.5、0.7mol/L)营养盐处理的微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)胶结重塑泥岩样。基于直接剪切、碳酸钙酸洗法、扫描电镜(SEM)等试验测试胶结试样,分析了营养盐浓度对胶结试样力学性能、碳酸钙含量及微观结构的影响。结果表明:同等反应条件下(相同时间、体积),随着营养盐浓度的增加抗剪强度先增大后减小,当营养盐浓度达到0.5mol/L时抗剪强度最大,此时,试样黏聚力、内摩擦角分别为15.5kPa、18.83°;碳酸钙含量随着营养盐浓度的增加而增加,当营养盐浓度达到0.7mol/L时,试样平均碳酸钙含量提高较少;碳酸钙晶体分布均匀性随着营养盐浓度由低到高变化呈凸字形态;胶结试样的强度依赖于生成的CaCO3晶体量及其分布形态;生成的方解石型碳酸钙晶体主要沉积在颗粒接触处形成积聚晶体或填充在孔隙中形成"胶结桥",产生胶结效果而增强试样的力学性能。     

微生物固化砂土强度增长机理及影响因素试验研究

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)可以显著改善砂土的工程力学特性,但其固化效果易受诸多因素影响。基于不同胶结水平微生物固化砂土试样,开展固结排水三轴剪切试验和扫描电镜测试,探讨了MICP技术的固化效果及其相关机理;在此基础上,研究了胶结液浓度、砂土初始密实度、胶结液浓度配比等因素对微生物固化砂土抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:随着胶结水平的提高,微生物固化砂土试样强度提高,试样的脆性也越显著。微生物固化砂土强度的增长主要源于碳酸钙晶体对土体黏聚强度的提高。微生物固化砂土的强度主要包括土骨架强度和碳酸钙晶体胶结强度两部分,前者受土体性质及相关参数影响,后者主要取决于碳酸钙晶体的含量。采用合适的砂土初始密实度,适当提高胶结液浓度以及胶结液中尿素的浓度占比,均可提高微生物固化砂土试样的胶结强度。     

微生物注浆固化砂土若干因素的影响机制研究

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)由于其良好的粘结性和环境友好性,近年来已广泛应用于砂土固化领域。通过测试2种嗜碱性产脲酶菌的生长曲线以及通气和不通气情况下的脲酶活性,探索其与固化砂土的无侧限抗压强度、碳酸钙含量及均匀性之间的联系,并尝试从微观层面探讨微生物注浆固化砂土的主要影响机制。结果表明,通过此方法制得的砂柱强度最高可达586 k Pa。脲酶活性差异导致碳酸钙含量差异,碳酸钙含量则与砂土固化强度相关。而在碳酸钙含量相近的情况下,固化均匀性将进一步对强度造成影响。     

植物源脲酶诱导碳酸钙固化砂土试验研究

植物源脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉积胶结砂土是岩土工程领域的一种新型技术,相比目前广泛应用的微生物固化砂土技术具有很多优点。直接从大豆中提取脲酶,首先研究了温度及p H值对大豆脲酶活性的影响,然后控制胶凝液浓度、pH值、温度和反应时间进行了脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉积试验,在此基础上,采用循环灌注脲酶液和胶凝液的方法固化3种不同颗粒粒径范围的砂土,通过超声波测试、无侧限抗压强度测试及碳酸钙含量测试检测固化效果。结果表明:大豆脲酶最适pH值为8,15℃～75℃范围内脲酶活性随温度升高而增大。大豆脲酶诱导的沉淀产物为方解石型碳酸钙,随胶凝液浓度增大,碳酸钙产率先增大后减小,胶凝液浓度为0.75mol/L时,碳酸钙产率最大。胶凝液浓度一定时,pH值为8情况下碳酸钙产率最大,且产率随反应时间增加而增大。10℃～40℃范围内温度对碳酸钙产率影响较小。固化试样的抗压强度与碳酸钙含量呈正相关,随砂土颗粒粒径增大,试样的抗压强度先增大后减小,0.25～0.5mm砂土固化效果最好。     

营养盐对微生物加固可液化砂土效果的探讨

微生物诱导生成碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术是一项新兴的原位灌浆技术,通过微生物和钙盐作用形成碳酸钙沉淀可改善可液化砂土的抗液化特性。NH4+作为表征碳酸钙结晶过程的重要因子,可充分反映对可液化砂土的改良效果。选用巴氏芽孢八叠球菌,采用Ca(CH3COO)2、Ca(NO3)2和Ca Cl2三种钙盐与尿素混合溶液的营养盐,探讨采用NH4+来表征可液化砂土的微生物固化过程。结果表明:NH4+离子浓度变化能够表征MICP对可液化砂土改良的效果,其中Ca(CH3COO)2营养盐改善可液化砂土效果最佳;营养盐的用量也对可液化砂土的加固效果有明显的改善。通过对固化后试样的渗透性和超声波速的测定,也验证了加强效果。     

碳源对微生物固化砂土效果影响的试验研究

微生物固化砂土需要营养液提供所需的固化环境。营养液成分的不同,其固化效果可能也有所区别。针对营养液中的重要组成部分——碳源,选取无机碳源(碳酸氢铵和碳酸氢钠)、有机碳源(无水乙酸钠和葡萄糖)共4种碳源进行对比研究。通过砂柱试验,测定4种碳源在不同浓度下的物理力学指标,获取每种碳源固化砂土的最优浓度;然后以4种碳源的各自最优浓度,进行不同脲酶活性下的烧杯试验和砂柱试验,测定烧杯试验的SEM和砂柱试验的物理力学指标。试验结果表明:碳酸氢钠、乙酸钠和葡萄糖进行固化砂土的最优浓度为0.03 mol/L,碳酸氢铵固化砂土的最优浓度为0.02 mol/L,有机碳源的固化效果比无机碳源好;不同碳源固化砂土的效果在低脲酶活性下差异性更大;微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀中,脲酶活性高低是整个诱导固化过程的主导因素;不同碳源诱导产生的碳酸钙沉淀的形态不同。     

微生物固化纤维加筋砂土抗剪强度试验研究

微生物固化(MICP)技术能显著提高土体的抗剪强度,但微生物固化土体也存在脆性破坏特征显著的缺陷。向待固化砂土中掺入一定量的纤维,以改善微生物固化砂土的脆性破坏特性,并基于固结排水三轴试验研究了微生物固化纤维加筋砂土的抗剪强度特性,在此基础上探讨胶结次数、纤维含量、纤维长度以及试样初始相对密实度等参数对微生物固化纤维加筋砂土剪切特性的影响。最后,结合电镜扫描测试探究纤维加筋对微生物固化砂土剪切特性影响的内在机理。结果表明:MICP过程中,碳酸钙晶体能有效沉积在纤维表面,提高其表面粗糙度,且碳酸钙与砂的混合体能对纤维提供锚固作用,从而在一定程度上提高微生物固化砂土抗剪强度,并改善其应变软化特性,纤维具备改善微生物固化土体脆性破坏特征的潜力。     

纤维对微生物固化不同颗粒粒径砂土强度影响试验研究

针对颗粒粒径和纤维对微生物固化砂土性能的影响展开了研究,基于无侧限抗压强度试验和渗透系数、孔隙率、碳酸钙生成量的测定,从宏观角度分析颗粒粒径和纤维对微生物固化效果的影响;结合电镜扫描,从微观角度对其固化机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明:当颗粒粒径范围为0.25~0.5 mm时,微生物固化效果更好,强度更大;当颗粒粒径在0.25~0.5 mm范围内时,纤维对试样强度有增强作用,但在颗粒粒径范围为0.08~0.25 mm、0.5~1.0 mm、1.0~2.0 mm时,试样强度下降;碳酸钙在微生物固化过程中主要起填充和连接作用,连接作用与"有效沉积钙"的比例有着明显的关系,"有效沉积钙"比例越多,砂颗粒间的联系性越强,强度越高。纤维与颗粒间的孔隙共同影响着"有效沉积钙"的生成。     

MICP固化粉煤灰的强度效应与机制分析

粉煤灰具有颗粒细、相对质量密度小、孔隙比大的特点，为了实现粉煤灰的有效利用和粉尘污染控制，应用微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀（MICP）方法，考虑自然蒸发和湿缸养护两种条件，研究了微生物反应机理、强化特性及影响因素。结果表明：(1)微生物在粉煤灰中产生的碳酸钙为方解石，含量从7%最大增加到15.3%；(2)MICP湿缸固化条件下，无侧限抗压强度最大提高6.55倍，达97.63 kPa；(3)固化强度随营养物浓度的增加表现为先增大后降低，保湿缸和自然蒸发条件下的最佳营养浓度分别为0.5 mol/L和1.0 mol/L；(4)微生物固化粉煤灰可以减少内部水分损失，保水效果明显，还具有良好的抑尘应用前景。     

纤维加筋微生物固化砂土的力学特性

微生物固化能有效提高砂土的强度,但同样会导致土体破坏时呈现明显的脆性。为了平衡微生物固化砂土脆性破坏的不利影响,提出纤维加筋与微生物固化相结合的改性方法,即将质量分数为0%,0.05%,0.15%,0.25%和0.30%的聚丙烯纤维与石英砂均匀混合,然后基于微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积(MICP)技术对土样进行固化,并开展了一系列无侧限抗压试验,同时采用酸洗法测定了各组试样中的碳酸钙含量,进一步分析了试样的微观结构及纤维–土颗粒之间的界面作用特征。结果表明:①在微生物固化砂土中掺入纤维,能极大提高土样的无侧限抗压强度和残余强度,并能显著改善土样破坏时的韧性;②纤维掺量对微生物固化砂土的力学特性有重要影响,无侧限抗压强度随纤维掺量总体上呈先增加后减小的趋势,最优纤维掺量为0.15%,峰后残余强度与纤维掺量呈单调正相关关系;③纤维加筋使微生物固化砂土的峰后应力–应变曲线呈阶梯式下降模式,局部存在波浪式起伏特征;④纤维加筋能够提高微生物诱导碳酸钙的沉积效率和产量,与此同时,碳酸钙的胶结作用对纤维加筋效果具有促进作用。纤维加筋技术与MICP技术相结合能够实现优势互补,对提高工程结构的安全性与稳定性具有积极意义。     

Erosional behavior of gravel-sand mixtures stabilized by microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP)

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) for improving internal erosion resistance of gravel-sand mixtures. Two gravel-sand mixtures with 25% sand/75% gravel and 50% sand/50% gravel were used; the former was susceptible to suffusion whereas the latter was internally stable. The MICP treatment was conducted by either mixing a urea-calcium solution with the tested soils prior to bacteria injection (the pre-mixing method) or injecting the bacteria prior to the urea-calcium solution injection (the injection method). A series of pressure-controlled erosion tests was performed on specimens placed inside a column erosion test apparatus under different levels of axial stress. During the erosion test, the erosion rate, axial deformation, and hydraulic conductivity were measured. Without the MICP treatment, the specimens with 25% sand/75% gravel exhibited much faster backward erosion and suffusion. In contrast, the specimens with 50% sand/50% gravel showed slow backward erosion only. Within the tested conditions, MICP was very effective in mitigating internal erosion for the soil with 25% sand/75% gravel. However, for the soil with 50% sand/50% gravel, the MICP treatment was only successful when the injection method was applied and the erosion test was performed at a low axial stress.     

Rock-like behavior of biocemented sand treated under non-sterile environment and various treatment conditions

Microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a recently developed technique for microbiological ground improvement that has been applied for mitigating various geotechnical challenges. However, the major challenges, such as calcite precipitation uniformity, presence of different bacteria, cementation solution optimization for cost reduction, and implementation under non-sterile and uncontrolled field environment are still not fully explored and require detailed investigation before field application. This study aims to address these challenges of MICP to improve the geotechnical properties of sandy soils. Several series of experiments were conducted using poorly graded Narmada River (India) sand, which were subjected to various biotreatment schemes and tested for unconfined compressive strength (UCS), split tensile strength (STS), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), hydraulic conductivity (after 6 d, 12 d, and 18 d of treatment), and calcite content. The microstructure of sand was examined through a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Initially, the sand was individually augmented with two non-pathogenic bacterial strains, i.e. Sporosarcina (S.) pasteurii and Bacillus (B.) sphaericus. The stopped-flow injection method was adopted to provide cementation solutions at three different durations (treatment cycle) of 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h and three different pore volumes (PVs) of 1, 0.75, and 0.5. The pore volume here refers to the porosity which is expressed as a ratio, i.e. a porosity of 50% was used as 0.5. The results showed rock-like behaviors of biocemented sand with the UCS, STS, and UPV enhancement up to 2333 kPa, 437 kPa, and 2670 m/s, respectively. The hydraulic conductivity reduction of 96.6% was achieved by 12% of calcite formation after 18 d of treatment using Sporosarcina pasteurii, 12-h treatment cycle, and one pore volume of cementation media in each cycle. Overall, a 24-h treatment cycle and 0.5-pore volume cementation solution were found to be the optimal treatment which was effective and economical to achieve heavily cemented, rock-type biocemented sand using both bacteria.     

Improving settlement and reinforcement uniformity of marine clay in electro-osmotic consolidation using microbially induced carbonate precipitation

This study explored the effect of microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), a natural bio-geotechnical process, on mitigating the uneven settlement in electro-osmotic consolidation of soft soil. The real-time drainage and settlement were measured, and the control behavior of drainage to settlement was discussed. MICP solution components were also selected as the different additives to determine the control mechanism of MICP in improving settlement and reinforcement uniformity of clay. After the tests, the chemical properties and microstructure were analyzed according to pH, conductivity, and SEM. The addition of MICP solution in clay significantly even reduced the coefficient of settlement variation by 53.2%, and the upper surface profile tended to be uniform. Contrary to control, the coefficient of settlement variation of MICP-treated soil decreased gradually with drainage volume, mainly due to the filling of solid substances such as calcium carbonate, biofilm, and/or calcium hydroxide produced within soil pores. MICP significantly improved the uneven soil reinforcement generated during the electro-osmotic consolidation but resulted in the lower strength near the anode due to the less drainage. The contribution of MICP solution components to the improvement of settlement and strength uniformity obviously varies. Bacterial cells improved the settlement uniformity but had no effect on the strength improvement of soil. The co-existence of Ca²⁺ and bacterial cells maximized the modification effect, which determined the production of mineral precipitation. Microstructure observation proved the formation of calcium carbonate. The results demonstrated that MICP is an effective technique to improve the settlement and reinforcement uniformity of marine clay in electro-osmotic consolidation.

     

Experimental study on mitigating wind erosion of calcareous desert sand using spray method for microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation

Wind erosion is one of the significant natural calamities worldwide, which degrades around one-third of global land. The eroded and suspended soil particles in the environment may cause health hazards, i.e. allergies and respiratory diseases, due to the presence of harmful contaminants, bacteria, and pollens. The present study evaluates the feasibility of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technique to mitigate wind-induced erosion of calcareous desert sand (Thar desert of Rajasthan province in India). The temperature during biotreatment was kept at 36 °C to stimulate the average temperature of the Thar desert. The spray method was used for bioaugmentation of Sporosarcina (S.) pasteurii and further treatment using chemical solutions. The chemical solution of 0.25 pore volume was sprayed continuously up to 5 d, 10 d, 15 d, and 20 d, using two different concentration ratios of urea and calcium chloride dihydrate viz 2:1 and 1:1. The biotreated samples were subjected to erosion testing (in the wind tunnel) at different wind speeds of 10 m/s, 20 m/s, and 30 m/s. The unconfined compressive strength of the biocemented crust was measured using a pocket penetrometer. The variation in calcite precipitation and microstructure (including the presence of crystalline minerals) of untreated as well as biotreated sand samples were determined through calcimeter, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDX). The results demonstrated that the erosion of untreated sand increases with an increase in wind speeds. When compared to untreated sand, a lower erosion was observed in all biocemented sand samples, irrespective of treatment condition and wind speed. It was observed that the sample treated with 1:1 cementation solution for up to 5 d, was found to effectively resist erosion at a wind speed of 10 m/s. Moreover, a significant erosion resistance was ascertained in 15 d and 20 d treated samples at higher wind speeds. The calcite content percentage, thickness of crust, bulk density, and surface strength of biocemented sand were enhanced with the increase in treatment duration. The 1:1 concentration ratio of cementation solution was found effective in improving crust thickness and surface strength as compared to 2:1 concentration ratio of cementation solution. The calcite crystals formation was observed in SEM analysis and calcium peaks were observed in EDX analysis for biotreated sand.     

微生物矿化碳酸钙改良土体的进展、展望与工程应用技术设计

利用微生物矿化碳酸钙（Microbial Induced Calcium carbonate Precipitation,简称MICP）沉积出具有胶结功能的碳酸钙,填充土内孔隙、胶结土颗粒,能够提高土体强度、降低渗透性,具有很好的土体改良作用,在微生物注浆、加固土坝、防风固砂、库底防渗、坝体防渗、污染土壤（地下水）修复等方面具有工程应用前景。对MICP土体改良研究进行了总结、分析和展望：利用MICP技术能够将砂土的无侧限抗压强度提高到20MPa以上,渗透系数降低到处理前的1%,剪切波速提高4倍,能够胜任岩土工程任务;认为下一步应重点对处理效果的均匀性、适用的地基土范围、处理土的全面性能开展系统研究,如耐久性、动力性能和防腐性能等。MICP技术已经在砂砾体稳定、地下室堵漏中得到了少量应用,工程应用施工技术是MICP应用的瓶颈。对MICP在岩土工程领域应用的施工技术进行了设计,包括地基加固、液化地基改良、污染土壤（地下水）修复、坝体防渗堵漏和加固砂桩,以推动MICP技术的实际工程应用为盼。     

微生物温控加固钙质砂动强度特性研究

利用微生物温控加固技术对南海某岛钙质砂进行了MICP加固砂柱试验,并通过循环三轴试验开展了MICP加固钙质砂的动强度特性试验研究,探讨了不同MICP加固程度、相对密实度以及有效围压对钙质砂动强度与液化特性的影响。研究发现,经过MICP加固后松散钙质砂的动力液化特性由"流滑"逐渐演变为"循环活动性";相较于未加固中密砂试样,MICP加固中密钙质砂试样表现出更加明显的"循环活动性"特点。MICP加固钙质砂的动强度随着MICP加固程度、相对密实度以及有效围压的提高表现出不同程度的提高。针对MICP加固钙质砂提出了优化动强度经验公式,建立了MICP加固钙质砂的统一动强度准则。该研究成果将为MICP加固技术在南海岛礁建设发展和应用中提供重要的理论基础。     

基于MICP的珊瑚砂砂浆裂缝自修复新型细菌载体

用以石膏为细菌载体及以乳酸钙、尿素为底物的自修复剂,基于微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术实现了珊瑚砂砂浆裂缝的自修复,验证了石膏作为细菌载体修复珊瑚砂砂浆裂缝的可行性,探讨了自修复剂配比和养护方式对自修复效果的影响,分析了裂缝区生成物的矿物成分及形态.结果 表明:掺入石膏为细菌载体的自修复剂后,试样裂缝自修复效果良好;裂缝生成物主要是方解石和球霰石型碳酸钙;当含菌载体和底物掺量均为3.0％时,试样裂缝有较好的自修复效果,同时对珊瑚砂砂浆强度影响相对较小.     

微生物加固路基强度及稳定性

微生物诱导沉积碳酸钙沉积技术(MICP,Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation)是利用岩土层中的细菌微生物,在人为诱导作用下,生成具有胶结作用的碳酸盐沉淀,附着于岩土层间隙内,用于改善岩土层的强度,增强地基稳定性。利用MICP技术加固福建标准砂,进行不同围压下的三轴试验,结果表明,标准砂加固前后黏聚力的提高值为60.1kPa。利用Plaxis软件模拟高速公路路基加固技术,通过MICP诱导碳酸钙沉淀技术对高速公路路基加固,改变岩土体基本性能,利用强度折减法模拟在MICP技术加固前后路基的强度及稳定性变化,稳定性系数由1.096增大为1.827,高速公路路基经过MICP加固后,稳定性大大提高,边坡破坏面由坡脚移动至坡面。     

Strength-increase mechanism and microstructural characteristics of a biotreated geomaterial

Microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a recently proposed method that is environmentally friendly and has considerable potential applications in artificial biotreated geomaterials. New artificial biotreated geomaterials are produced based on the MICP technology for different parent soils. The purpose of this study is to explore the strength-increase mechanism and microstructural characteristics of the biotreated geomaterial through a series of experiments. The results show that longer mineralization time results in higher-strength biotreated geomaterial. The strength growth rate rapidly increases in the beginning and remains stable afterwards. The calcium ion content significantly increases with the extended mineralization time. When standard sand was used as a parent soil, the calcium ion content increased to a factor of 39 after 7 days. The bacterial cells with attached calcium ions serve as the nucleus of crystallization and fill the pore space. When fine sand was used as a parent soil, the calcium ion content increased to only a factor of 7 after 7 days of mineralization. The nucleus of crystallization could not normally grow because of the limited pore space. The porosity and variation in porosity are clearly affected by the parent soil. Therefore, the strength of the biotreated geomaterial is affected by the parent soil properties, mineralization time, and granular material pore space. This paper provides a basis for theory and experiments for biotreated geomaterials in future engineering practice.     

Recycling of dredged river silt reinforced by an eco-friendly technology as microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP)

A large amount of river silt is continuously dredged and usually dumped in landfills or oceans, resulting in land occupation and environmental pollution. Traditionally, cement-based materials are used to cement dredged river silt as building materials, which not only increases carbon dioxide emissions but also uses very little dredged silt. In order to realize the resource utilization of dredged river silt, microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology, which has the advantages of lower energy consumption, less environmental pollution and lower carbon emissions, is adopted to solidify the dredged river silt as roadbed materials in this paper. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) content test and microstructure test are carried out to analyze the mechanical properties of the solidified dredged river silt. The test results show that the MICP mixing method can be employed to solidify loose dredged river silt into high-strength construction materials. The concentration of the cementation solution has a significant effect on the solidification effect, and the most reasonable concentration of the cementation solution is 1.5 mol/L. With the increase of treatment times, the pores in the soil are filled with CaCO₃, and the UCS of the specimens after 10 times of treatment can reach 6.75 MPa with a relatively uniform CaCO₃ content of 27.8 %. The main crystal form of CaCO₃ is calcite, which can fill the pores and make the river silt particles cement as a whole, which is the main reason for the improvement of mechanical properties of dredged river silt.