真空热处理下沥青基碳微球向石墨化球转变的研究

本文以脱油沥青的高附加值利用为研究目的,采用化学气相沉积和真空热处理相结合的方法,宏量制备得到粒度均一、高的石墨化程度和高的热稳定性石墨微球(Graphitic Spheres,GSs).通过SEM、HRTEM、XRD和TGA等测试手段对比碳微球和石墨碳球,高温热处理得到的碳球石墨化程度高,热稳定性好.在热动力作用下,无序结构的碳微球结构逐步向有序的石墨碳结构过渡,形成了石墨球.     

真空热处理下沥青基碳微球向石墨化球转变的研究

本文以脱油沥青的高附加值利用为研究目的，采用化学气相沉积和真空热处理相结合的方法，宏量制备得到粒度均一、高的石墨化程度和高的热稳定性石墨微球（GraphiticSpheres，GS5）。通过SEM、HRTEM、XRD和TGA等测试手段对比碳微球和石墨碳球，高温热处理得到的碳球石墨化程度高，热稳定性好。在热动力作用下，无序结构的碳微球结构逐步向有序的石墨碳结构过渡，形成了石墨球。     

消除壳型铸造球铁曲轴局部石墨球偏大缺陷

为消除壳型铸造球铁曲轴局部石墨球偏大的缺陷,观察并对比了同一曲轴缺陷部位和正常部位的显微组织,分析了曲轴连杆出现局部探伤磁痕的原因,对造型、化学成分、熔炼过程、球化和孕育处理及浇注时间等工艺进行了调整和改进。试生产结果表明,工艺改进后曲轴连杆处的石墨数量增加,石墨球明显减小,完全消除了曲轴局部石墨球偏大的缺陷。     

球墨铸铁的石墨球数及其影响因素

球铁生产中希望获得球形圆整、分布均匀、球径较小和数量较多的石墨球。国标GB9441－88“’对球化级别（球化率）和石墨大小作了分级，但没有石墨球数的评定级别。美国铸造师学会（AFS）编写的《球墨铸铁金相图谱）t”（以下简称AFS图谱）中把石墨球数由25个／mm’到300个／mm’，分为7个级别。在球化良好和石墨分布均匀的球墨铸铁中，石墨球数与石墨大小（球径）有一近似的对应关系，如表1。由表1可见，用石墨球数来评价球铁组织中石墨的均匀程度要比用石墨大小（或球径）作评价参数，更为详实和精确。目前，国内对石墨球数的研究较少…     

低蠕化率蠕铁与球化不良及衰退球铁的区别

详细介绍了低蠕化率蠕铁、球化不良球铁及球化衰退球铁的区别。金相组织的区别是:低蠕化率蠕铁的球状石墨圆整,蠕虫状石墨粗短,只有极少量的团絮状石墨,没有片状石墨,基体组织细密;球化衰退的球铁石墨形态恶化,开花状石墨和团絮状石墨较多,严重时有片状石墨,组织粗大;球化良好的铸铁,球墨圆整,极少团絮状和蠕虫状石墨,没有片状石墨,组织细密。力学性能的区别是:球化衰退球铁的力学性能已明显下降,低蠕化率蠕铁的力学性能则远高于规定要求,如果采用适当的热处理方法,在冷热交变环境下服役能显示优异性能,因此,不能笼统地将其判为废品。     

石墨球数对球铁反白口生成的影响

以不同的孕育工艺浇注了球铁反白口试块,通过金相观察分析了石墨球数与反白口组织的关系,指出石墨球数少是形成球铁反白口的直接原因,强化孕育增加石墨球数可有效地防止或减少反白口生成。此结果在生产中也得到了证实。     

复合稀土球化剂对球铁石墨形态和球数的影响

研究了两种球化剂及其加入量对球墨铸铁石墨形态和球数的影响,分析了复合稀土的作用机理。结果表明:含有稀土元素的球化剂加入量为1.5%时,铸态组织中形成了大量的蠕虫状石墨;加入量为1.8%时球化良好,同时球状石墨数量达到极值,圆整度高;继续增加球化剂加入量对于提高石墨球数没有明显作用,当加入量达到2.2%时局部区域出现了变态石墨。与单独加入镁球化剂相比,含RE等元素的球化剂使石墨球数增加,圆整度提高,石墨球平均直径减小。EDX分析表明石墨球中心富集了S、Y、Mg、Ca、Ce等元素,并可作为石墨形核的有效基底。     

低温热处理对球铁中不同原始石墨组织的影响

利用原料的遗传性制成化学成分基本相同但组织不同的球墨铸铁,研究了低温热处理对球铁中不同原始石墨组织的影响.结果表明,经低温热处理后,铸态石墨化程度低且球化效果较差的石墨组织,球化率和球化级别显著提高,石墨的平均球径增加;铸态石墨化程度高且球化效果比较理想的石墨组织中出现了部分点状石墨,石墨球的平均球径减小,且点状石墨群和球状石墨群有规律地交替分布,而石墨的球化等级和球化率没有明显变化.     

稀土球铁中Ce的分布及作用

用定向凝固和电解萃取—放射性同位素测量技术,分析了球化剂Ce在球铁各相中的分布;配合测量石墨球化率,确定了球铁含Ce量与石墨球化程度的关系,结果表明:Ce在球铁中主要以合金化Ce的形式存在,但石墨相Ce含量是石墨球化程度的表征值;只有当石墨相Ce含量高于一定值时,石墨才能完全球化。     

单体铸造球铁活塞环石墨球近似计数法

在为长春汽车研究所S6110发动机研制了简体铸造珠光体球墨铸铁活塞环后,为探索球铁活塞环批量生产的可能性,又进行了单体铸造工艺的试验。在试验过程中,遇到了石墨球计数问题。按照新的概念,石墨球数——单位平方毫米中的石壁球数量为衡量孕育效果的主要指标之一,也是衡量产品质量的重要指标之一,国外制造厂商往往以此作为商品宣传的重要项目。国内一般球铁铸件的石墨球数,采用炉前孕育时为150个/mm~2左右,采用瞬时孕育时为240～250个/mm~2,国外菲亚特公司的曲轴采用型内球化工艺,石墨球数达400～500个/mm~2。美国的小模数汽车另件的石墨球数为1550个/mm~2。国内某厂试制的单体铸造球     

Effect of bismuth on refinement of graphite in thin wall spheroidal graphite cast iron

Abstract

Although it is known that the addition of bismuth refines the graphite nodule in spheroidal graphite cast iron, the refinement mechanism has not yet been clarified. In this research, the effect of bismuth on the refinement has been investigated by examining the microstructure of the spheroidal graphite cast iron containing a small amount of bismuth. Bismuth was added at 0˙01 mass% to the spheroidal graphite cast iron melt containing 3˙5–3˙7 mass% carbon and 2˙0– 2˙8 mass% silicon, then the melt was poured into the mould to obtain the stepped test bar with 2, 3, 5 and 10 mm thicknesses. The graphite nodule increased as the bismuth content increased. The diameter of the graphite nodule decreased as the thickness decreased, namely, as the cooling rate increased. The graphite nodule was further refined by the addition of bismuth. The increase in silicon content increased the graphite nodule count and the ferrite in the matrix. It postulated that bismuth exists as simple substance or a compound in the vicinity of the nucleus of the graphite.     

石墨直径对等温淬火球铁水脆化行为的影响

研究石墨直径对等温淬火球铁(ADI)水脆化的影响。水附着条件下不同石墨直径的ADI均发生抗拉强度和伸长率显著降低的脆化行为，但随石墨直径的减小，ADI的水脆化程度明显降低。ADI水脆化是由于水分解的氢使ADI基体组织中的应力诱变产生马氏体引起氢脆而导致的。细化石墨可减少共晶边界的未转变残余奥氏体量，减少拉伸变形时的应力诱变马氏体，从而抑制ADI的水脆化。     

Precipitation and evolution of nodular graphite during solidification process of ductile iron

The quantity and morphology of spheroidal graphite have an important effect on the properties of ductile iron,and the characteristics of spheroidal graphite are determined by the solidification process.The aim of this work is to explore the precipitation and evolution of graphite nodules in hypoeutectic,eutectic,and hypereutectic ductile irons by thermal analysis,liquid quenching and metallographic technique.Results show that hypoeutectic ductile iron has the longest solidification time and the lowest eutectic temperature;eutectic ductile iron has the shortest solidification time;hypereutectic ductile iron has the highest eutectic temperature.After solidification is completed,hypoeutectic ductile iron has the lowest nodule count,nodularity and graphite fraction;eutectic ductile iron has the highest nodule count,nodularity and the smallest nodule diameter;hypereutectic has the highest nodule diameter and graphite fraction.The nucleation and growth of graphite nodules in hypereutectic ductile iron starts before bulk eutectic crystallization stage,however,the precipitation and evolution of graphite nodules of hypoeutectic and eutectic ductile irons mainly occur in the eutectic crystallization stage.The graphite precipitated in eutectic crystallization of hypoeutectic,eutectic,and hypereutectic ductile irons,are 61%,68% and 43% of total graphite volume fraction,respectively.Simultaneously,there are plenty of austenite dendrites in hypoeutectic and hypereutectic ductile irons,which are prone to shrinkage defects.Therefore,the eutectic ductile iron has the smallest shrinkage tendency.     

铁神一号净化剂对铸态球铁金相组织和力学性能的影响

采用中频感应电炉熔炼球墨铸铁,水玻璃砂造型,浇注Y型试块及热分析试样,研究了铁神一号净化剂对球墨铸铁组织和力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,加入净化剂可以获得理想的球化效果,使石墨球数增加,石墨球直径减小,改善石墨球分布状态,力学性能有所提高;可以降低磷含量,钒钛含量有所增加。净化剂对球墨铸铁的共晶过冷度和白口倾向影响不大。     

球铁QT900-5和QT900-2微观组织与断口形貌观察

采用扫描电镜分析了QT900-5(1#试样)和QT900-2(2#试样)的微观组织及断口形貌.结果表明,1#试样石墨球细小,且形状较为圆整;2#试样石墨球数量较少,比较粗大.对断口的扫描结果发现,1#试样的微观断裂特征为石墨球与基体形成圆整的韧窝;而2#试样石墨球表面粗糙,且极不规整,断口处出现部分团絮状的硅酸盐.对两组试样的湿化学分析结果表明,1#和2#试样残留Mg含量分别为0.056%和0.035%;而P含量分别为0.036%和0.051%.2#试样较低的Mg残留量和较高的P含量是其韧性较低的原因之一.     

Effect of nodule count and cooling rate on As-Cast matrix of a Cu-Mo spheroidal graphite

The transformation of austenite to ferrite and graphite or to pearlite in spheroidal graphite cast iron depends on a number of factors, among which are the nodule count and the cooling rate. In this study, the pearlite fraction decreased as the nodule count increased for a given cooling rate. Furthermore, as the cooling rate increased, the fraction of pearlite increased. Both effects were more sensitive at low nodule count. The effects of altering these parameters on the relative amount of pearlite and ferrite in the matrix of a copper-molybdenum (Cu-Mo) spheroidal graphite cast iron were addressed using heats carried out in an induction furnace, and the melts were treated with magnesium ferrosilicon in a ladle. To vary the nodule count, the melts were inoculated with two different amounts of ferrosilicon. Pouring was performed into sand molds of cylindrical cavities with different section size in order to achieve various cooling rates. Both the nodule count and the cooling rate affected the relative amount of ferrite and pearlite in the matrix.     

Numerical simulation of microstructure evolution on near eutectic spheroidal graphite cast iron

A multiphase cellular automaton model was developed to simulate microstructure evolution of near eutectic spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGI) during its solidification process, and both dendritic austenite and spheroidal graphite growth models were adopted. To deduce the mesh anisotropy of cellular automaton method, the composition averaging and geometrical parameter were introduced to simulate the spheroidal graphite growth. Solute balance method and decentered square algorithms were employed to simulate austenite dendrites growth with different crystallographic orientations. The simulated results indicate that the graphite nodule grows in a spherical morphology when the surrounding environment of a single graphite nodule is same. However, for two adjacent graphite nodules, the environment is different. The higher the carbon concentration, the faster the growth of graphite. By comparison with experimental results, it is found that the microstructure evolution of near eutectic spheroidal graphite cast iron during solidification process can be reproduced quantitatively by numerical simulation with this model.     

Microstructure and properties of austempered ductile cast iron with refined graphite nodules

Abstract

The present study examined the influence of refinement of graphite nodules on microstructure and tensile properties of austempered ductile cast iron (ADI). A casting technique using deoxidation treatment enabled manufacture of thin walled castings made of ductile cast iron without ledebulite. The thin walled casting (t=2 mm) was subjected to extreme refinement of graphite nodules, where the number of graphite nodules was 1750 mm^?2. Decrease in graphite nodule diameter resulted in refinement of ausferrite and γ-pool structures in ADI and rapid reaction of austempering. The significant increase in the number of graphite nodules resulted in a remarkable drop in the tensile strength and elongation of ADI. These results can be explained by the graphite nodule distance.     

球墨铸铁低温冲击韧性的研究

研究了球墨铸铁基体组织中珠光体率和石墨数量对其硬度以及低温 (-20℃) 冲击韧性的影响.研究结果表明,随着珠光体率的增加,球墨铸铁硬度增加,但低温冲击韧性下降;对于铸态和正火态球铁,石墨数量对基体硬度和U形缺口低温 (-20℃) 冲击韧性几乎没有影响.对于退火态球铁,随着石墨数量的增加,-20℃冲击韧性值显著增加;当石墨数量达到400个/mm~2时,其U形缺口冲击韧性达29.0 J/cm~2,是铸态的3倍.     

加S-O-Ce孕育剂对球铁组织和性能的影响

对采用普通孕育剂和采用添加S-O-Ce的孕育剂生产厚壁球墨铸铁件进行了对比,结果显示：采用加S-O-Ce的孕育剂能增加球墨数量、提高球墨圆整度,提高力学性能以及降低缩松倾向.分析了加S-O-Ce孕育剂的孕育机理,认为加S-O-Ce的孕育剂对力学性能的影响是组织改善与抑制有害元素作用的综合结果.