2003-2012年间白令海峡断面淡水构成的时空变化

通过对2003-2012年间白令海峡64.3°N断面海水氧同位素组成的分析,应用海水δ18 O值和盐度的质量平衡关系区分出淡水中河水和海冰融化水组分的贡献,探讨白令海峡淡水组成的分布特征及其年际变化。研究表明,断面东侧阿拉斯加沿岸水影响区呈现低δ18 O值、低盐、高温、高河水组分的特征,西侧阿拉德尔水具有高δ18 O值、高盐、低海冰融化水的特征,中部白令陆架水的δ18 O值、盐度和淡水组成则居于上述二者之间。阿拉斯加沿岸水影响区河水组分的份额约为阿拉德尔水和白令陆架水的2倍,并呈现出2010年2012年2003年2008年的时间变化规律,受控于育空河入海径流量的时间变化。白令陆架水和阿拉斯加沿岸水影响区的海冰融化水份额较为接近,均比阿拉德尔水影响区的海冰融化水份额高约45%。海冰融化水的年际变化表现出2003年2008年≈2012年2010年的规律,受控于白令海海冰的年际变动。从断面淡水构成看,通过白令海峡的淡水平均由46%的河水和54%的海冰融化水构成,且阿拉德尔水、白令陆架水和阿拉斯加沿岸水影响区河水组分与海冰融化水组分的比值自2003年至2012年间呈增加趋势,证明太平洋入流中淡水构成的变化对北冰洋海冰的融化也起着一定的作用。     

楚科奇海海冰周年变化特征及其主要关联因素

利用1999年美国国家冰雪资料中心的各种卫星遥感综合分析数据对楚科奇海海冰周年变化进行详细分析，将全年的海冰变化过程分成密集冰封期、东岸融化期、单湾结构期、双湾结构期、三湾结构期、全线北撤期、南进封闭期、全面冻结期8个阶段。海冰冻结期仅2个月，海冰融化期持续4～5个月，说明融冰过程的吸热是个漫长的过程。太平洋与北冰洋海面高度差形成的正压压强梯度力是白令海水进入北冰洋的主要动力，白令海水进入冰下形成的暖水海冰边缘区是海冰融化的重要机制。白令海水在楚科奇海扩散过程受到海底地形产生的Taylor柱效应的显著影响，使其产生绕过浅滩，沿海谷流动，在海谷的方向上输送更多的水体和热量的现象，形成海冰融化的湾状结构。楚科奇海的局地风场也是海冰形态变化的重要因素之一。局地风场在冬季阻碍白令海水的入流，而在夏季促进白令海水的入流。     

北冰洋西部表层沉积物中生源组分及其古海洋学意义

通过对中国首次和第二次北极科学考察在北冰洋西部所采取的66个表层沉积物中生源组分的分析,探讨了该海区表层生产力变化与水团的相互关系。楚科奇海西南部呈现出高的有机碳和生源蛋白石含量,而中部和东部哈罗德浅滩至阿拉斯加沿岸,以及楚科奇海台、北风脊和加拿大海盆表现出低的有机碳和生源蛋白石含量。楚科奇海陆架区表层沉积物以底栖有孔虫为主,丰度低;而楚科奇海台、北风脊和加拿大海盆则以浮游有孔虫占绝对优势,丰度较高。生源组分的分布特征显然与通过白令海峡进入楚科奇海的三股太平洋水和大西洋次表层水相关。楚科奇海西侧沿富营养的阿纳德尔流方向的区域呈现出高的表层生产力。而东侧受寡营养的阿拉斯加沿岸流及阿拉斯加西北沿岸陆源物质输入的影响,呈现出低的表层生产力。北纬75°以北及加拿大海盆受海冰覆盖影响,也表现出最低的表层生产力。而受北大西洋次表层水的影响,楚科奇海陆架外侧高纬海域表现出较高的钙质生物生产力。表层沉积物中Corg/N比值及其分布反映楚科奇海表层沉积物中的有机碳以海洋自身来源为主,且主要受生物泵过程控制。有机碳和生源蛋白石含量呈现高的正相关关系,说明硅藻等浮游植物的初级生产力可能控制着生物泵对碳的吸收和释放。     

西北冰洋楚科奇海台P31孔晚第四纪的陆源沉积物记录及其古海洋与古气候意义

通过对北冰洋西部楚科奇海台P31孔沉积物进行岩性特征和颜色旋回分析、XRF元素扫描、AMS14 C测年、有孔虫丰度统计、筏冰碎屑(IRD)(250和154μm)含量分析以及粒度组成的综合研究,建立了该孔的地层年代框架,其沉积物被划分为MIS 3-MIS 1的沉积序列。自MIS 3以来,楚科奇海台P31孔可以识别出5个IRD事件,它们分别出现在晚MIS 1、MIS 2和早中MIS 3期。这些IRD主要被来自加拿大北极群岛的冰山或者大块冰所携带,随波弗特环流搬运至楚科奇海台并卸载到海底,这不仅反映了晚第四纪冰期-间冰期旋回中北美冰盖的崩塌事件,还反映了波弗特环流的变化历史。粒度组分变化表明,细砂级组分主要来自于冰山或大冰块的搬运,因为其高值对应于IRD的高值,粉砂级组分可能主要来自于海冰的搬运,而黏土级组分主要由波弗特环流和雾状层所搬运。两个敏感组分(5～13和110～176μm)含量的变化呈现明显对称性分布,后者的变化对应于IRD的变化,前者可能指示了物源和沉积作用后期的影响。该孔MIS3-MIS1的沉积速率分别为2.2、0.16和1.6cm/ka,平均沉积速率约为1.2cm/ka。与北冰洋其他海区沉积速率资料对比显示,海冰边缘地区沉积速率较高,而永久性海冰覆盖区沉积速率低较。水深越浅,越靠近陆架物源区,沉积速率越高,纬度越高的门捷列夫-阿尔法脊和加拿大海盆区,沉积速率越低。     

西北冰洋楚科奇海台晚第四纪以来陆源沉积物搬运机制及其古环境意义

通过对西北冰洋楚科奇海台的ARC7-P12岩心的沉积物颜色旋回、XRF-Ca和Mn元素相对含量,有孔虫丰度,粗组分含量,粒度组成及其端元的综合分析,并与该地区其他沉积物岩心对比,将ARC7-P12岩心划分为深海氧同位素(Marine Isotope Stages,MIS)5期以来的沉积序列。该岩心的粒度端元分析结果显示,该岩心峰态中值2和9μm组分的端元分别代表由雾状层和底流搬运的沉积物;峰态中值为30以及110μm组分的端元代表海冰以及冰山搬运的沉积物。MIS 5以来的冰消期和间冰期,由于海冰和冰山融化以及海域开阔,沉积物主要由海冰以及冰山搬运,粗组分含量显著升高。冰期由于海冰覆盖,冰盖的生长和阻挡,以及表层洋流减弱,底流和雾状层搬运相对增强,细颗粒沉积物增加。     

西北冰洋表层沉积物中的底栖有孔虫组合及其古环境意义

通过对中国第1~4次北极考察在西北冰洋采集的表层沉积物中底栖有孔虫丰度及其优势种分布特征与环境因素关系的综合研究发现,楚科奇海区低的底栖有孔虫丰度主要受较高的陆源物质输入的稀释作用影响;楚科奇海台和阿尔法脊较高的底栖有孔虫丰度主要受到暖而咸的大西洋中层水的影响;受碳酸钙溶解作用影响的门捷列夫深海平原和加拿大海盆底栖有孔虫丰度较低,并且水深3 597 m的站位出现了似瓷质壳的Pyrgo williamsoni和Quinqueloculina orientalis,说明该区的CCD深度大于3 600 m。根据底栖有孔虫7个优势属种的百分含量分布特征可以划分出5个区域组合:南楚科奇海陆架-白令海峡组合以优势种Elphidium excavatum和Buccella frigida为特征,可能反映受白令海陆架水影响的浅水环境;阿拉斯加沿岸-波弗特海组合以优势种Florilus scaphus和Elphidium albiumbilicatum为特征,可能反映受季节性海冰融化,低盐的阿拉斯加沿岸流以及河流淡水输入的低盐环境;大西洋中层水组合以优势种Cassidulina laevigata为特征,可能反映高温高盐的大西洋中层水影响的环境;北极深层水组合以优势种Cibicides wuellerstorfi为特征,可能反映水深大于1 500 m低温高盐的北极深层水环境;门捷列夫深海平原组合以优势种Oridorsalis umbonatus为特征,可能反映低营养的底层水环境。     

西北冰洋表层沉积物中生源和陆源粗组分及其沉积环境

通过中国第1至第3次北极科学考察在北冰洋西部所采集的99个表层沉积物中生源与陆源粗组分的分析,研究了该海域表层生产力的变化,有机质来源以及陆源粗颗粒物质的输入方式和影响因素.研究区域生源组分所反映的表层生产力变化与通过白令海峡进入楚科奇海的3股太平洋洋流密切相关.楚科奇海西侧高盐高营养盐的阿纳德尔流流经区域,表层生产力...     

北冰洋西部沉积物黏土的Sm-Nd同位素特征及物源指示意义

通过对北冰洋西部(楚科奇海及北部边缘地带、加拿大海盆)34个表层沉积物样品中黏土组分的Sm-Nd同位素分析,结果表明:(1)黏土组分的Sm-Nd同位素分异明显,可将沉积物划分为北部、西部、南部和东部等多个同位素物源区;(2)在楚科奇海,太平洋入流的向北输运自西向东形成了3个不同的同位素物源区,沉积物的c(147Sm)/c(144Nd)比值、ε_Nd(0)值和T_DM年龄自西向东呈递减趋势;(3)在研究区北部,顺时针方向流动的波弗特涡流将马更些河物质向西搬运至加拿大海盆和楚科奇高地,使该区沉积物ε_Nd(0)值明显偏低,T_DM偏大;(4)在楚科奇海北部外陆架、海台和陆坡区,太平洋水、大西洋水和波弗特涡流的相互作用使该区沉积物T_DM年龄的标准偏差大,同时出现了南-北源和西-南源等同位素混合类型。     

1979-2012年北极海冰运动学特征初步分析

利用美国冰雪数据中心(NSIDC)发布的海冰速度和范围数据,本文分析了1979—2012年间北极海冰的运动学特征,以及北极海冰运动与分布范围演变之间的关系。结合欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)发布的2007和2012年高分辨率的气压场、风场数据,探讨了北极风场和气压场与海冰运动、辐散辐合和海冰面积的关系。结果表明,在1979-2012年间北极海冰平均运动速度呈显著增强的趋势,冬季海冰平均运动速度增加趋势明显强于夏季;北极、波弗特-楚科奇海域和弗拉姆海峡的冬、夏季海冰平均运动速度的增加率分别为2.1%/a和1.7%/a、2.0%/a和1.6%/a以及4.9%/a和2.2%/a。1979-2012年北极海冰平均运动速度和范围的相关性为-0.77,二者存在显著的负相关关系。北极冬季和夏季风场的长期变化趋势与海冰平均运动速度的变化趋势一致,冬季和夏季的相关系数分别为0.50和0.48。风场和气压场对海冰的运动、辐散及重新分布发挥着重要作用。2007年夏季,第234~273天波弗特海域一直被高压系统控制,波弗特涡旋加强,使得波弗特海域海冰聚集在北极中央区;顺时针的风场促使海冰向格陵兰岛和加拿大北极群岛以北聚合。2012年,白令海峡和楚科奇海域处于低压和高压系统的交界处,盛行偏北风,海冰从北极东部往西部输运,加拿大海盆的多年海冰因离岸运动而辐散,向楚科奇海域的海冰输运增加,受太平洋入流暖水影响,移入此区域的海冰加速融化,从而加剧海冰的减少。     

南极普里兹湾邻近海域海冰生消发展特征分析

利用美国冰雪数据中心发布的2003-2008年高分辨率海冰密集度数据,分6个阶段对普里兹湾区域海冰季节性变化的空间分布特征进行了研究,并根据普里兹湾海区的地形和环流对这些特征的成因进行了分析.结果表明,普里兹湾海冰冻结过程和融化过程分别经历7个月和5个月,海冰融化速度最快月份是10月和11月,主要表现形式为海冰密集度的减少;海冰冻结速度4月和6月最快,海冰外缘线向北扩展.由于普里兹湾近岸达恩利角冰间湖、普里兹湾冰间湖和Barrier湾冰间湖的存在,海冰的融化呈现大洋区由北向南、近岸区由南向北的双向融化特征;而在普里兹湾口、弗拉姆浅滩和四女士浅滩均存在不易融化的冰舌,两者之间的低密集度海冰区,则对应于暖水侵入普里兹湾的通道.南极绕极流在流经凯尔盖朗海台中部时向北偏转,造成此处在盛冰期较其它经度的海冰外缘更靠北,可达57°S.南极辐散带的表层流场和上升暖流抑制海冰冻结和聚集,形成了低海冰密集度区域.     

Contrasting patterns of river runoff and sea-ice melted water in the Canada Basin

The fractions of river runoff and sea-ice melted water in the Canada Basin in summer 2003 were determined by the salinity-18O system. The fraction of river runoff(fR) was high in the upper 50 m of the water column and decreased with depth and latitude. The signals of the river runoff were confined to water depths above 200 m. The total amount of river runoff in the Canada Basin was higher than that in other arctic seas, indicating that the Canada Basin is a main storage region for river runoff. The penetration depth of the sea-ice melted water was less than 50 m to the south of 78°N, while it was about 150 m to the north of 78°N. The total amount of sea-ice melted water was much higher to the north of 78°N than to the south of 78°N, indicating the sea-ice melted waters accumulated on the ice edge. The abundant sea-ice melted water on the ice edge was attributed to the earlier melted water in the southern Canada Basin and transported by the Beaufort Gyre or the reinforced melting of sea ice by solar radiation in the polynya.     

2008年夏季加拿大海盆永久冰区的淡水累积现象

A combination of δ~(18)O and salinity data was employed to explore the freshwater balance in the Canada Basin in summer 2008.The Arctic river water and Pacific river water were quantitatively distinguished by using different saline end-members.The fractions of total river water,including the Arctic and Pacific river water,were high in the upper 50 m and decreased with depth as well as increasing latitude.In contrast,the fraction of Pacific river water increased gradually with depth but decreased toward north.The inventory of total river water in the Canada Basin was higher than other arctic seas,indicating that Canada Basin was a main storage region for river water in the Arctic Ocean.The fraction of Arctic river water was higher than Pacific river water in the upper 50 m while the opposite was true below 50 m.As a result,the inventories of Pacific river water were higher than those of Arctic river water,demonstrating that the Pacific inflow through the Bering Strait is the main source of freshwater in the Canada Basin.Both the river water and sea-ice melted water in the permanent ice zone were more abundant than those in the region with sea-ice just melted.The fractions of total river water,Arctic river water,Pacific river water increased northward to the north of 82°N,indicating an additional source of river water in the permanent ice zone of the northern Canada Basin.A possible reason for the extra river water in the permanent ice zone is the lateral advection of shelf waters by the Trans-Polar Drift.The penetration depth of sea-ice melted waters was less than 30 m in the southern Canada Basin,while it extended to 125 m in the northern Canada Basin.The inventory of seaice melted water suggested that sea-ice melted waters were also accumulated in the permanent ice zone,attributing to the trap of earlier melted waters in the permanent ice zone via the Beaufort Gyre.     

Origin of freshwater and polynya water in the Arctic Ocean halocline in summer 2007

Extremely low summer sea-ice coverage in the Arctic Ocean in 2007 allowed extensive sampling and a wide quasi-synoptic hydrographic and δ¹⁸O dataset could be collected in the Eurasian Basin and the Makarov Basin up to the Alpha Ridge and the East Siberian continental margin. With the aim of determining the origin of freshwater in the halocline, fractions of river water and sea-ice meltwater in the upper 150 m were quantified by a combination of salinity and δ¹⁸O in the Eurasian Basin. Two methods, applying the preformed phosphate concentration (PO^*) and the nitrate-to-phosphate ratio (N/P), were compared to further differentiate the marine fraction into Atlantic and Pacific-derived contributions. While PO^*-based assessments systematically underestimate the contribution of Pacific-derived waters, N/P-based calculations overestimate Pacific-derived waters within the Transpolar Drift due to denitrification in bottom sediments at the Laptev Sea continental margin.Within the Eurasian Basin a west to east oriented front between net melting and production of sea-ice is observed. Outside the Atlantic regime dominated by net sea-ice melting, a pronounced layer influenced by brines released during sea-ice formation is present at about 30–50 m water depth with a maximum over the Lomonosov Ridge. The geographically distinct definition of this maximum demonstrates the rapid release and transport of signals from the shelf regions in discrete pulses within the Transpolar Drift.The ratio of sea-ice derived brine influence and river water is roughly constant within each layer of the Arctic Ocean halocline. The correlation between brine influence and river water reveals two clusters that can be assigned to the two main mechanisms of sea-ice formation within the Arctic Ocean. Over the open ocean or in polynyas at the continental slope where relatively small amounts of river water are found, sea-ice formation results in a linear correlation between brine influence and river water at salinities of about 32–34. In coastal polynyas in the shallow regions of the Laptev Sea and southern Kara Sea, sea-ice formation transports river water into the shelf’s bottom layer due to the close proximity to the river mouths. This process therefore results in waters that form a second linear correlation between brine influence and river water at salinities of about 30–32. Our study indicates which layers of the Arctic Ocean halocline are primarily influenced by sea-ice formation in coastal polynyas and which layers are primarily influenced by sea-ice formation over the open ocean. Accordingly we use the ratio of sea-ice derived brine influence and river water to link the maximum in brine influence within the Transpolar Drift with a pulse of shelf waters from the Laptev Sea that was likely released in summer 2005.     

基于卫星和无人机的后石电厂温排水分布研究

本研究采用Landsat 8热红外数据反演后石电厂营运期的排水口区域水体温度,并尝试采用无人机携带热红外传感器对该区域的水温分布细节特征进行遥感探测。结果表明,后石电厂排水口区域水温自北向南递减,温水团自排水口排出后沿岸南下,向南扩散约3500 m,东西扩散约1000 m。利用Pix4Dmapper软件对无人机航拍热红外照片进行拼接并绘制排水口区域温度剖面图可知,后石电厂排水口南侧300~500 m处的水温呈现西岸较低、东岸较高的特点,温水团从排水口排出后并不是均匀向南扩散,而是先沿东岸向南扩散,然后部分从东岸向西扩散后再向南扩散。     

On the total geostrophic circulation of the pacific ocean: flow patterns, tracers, and transports

The large-scale circulation of the Pacific Ocean consists of two great anticyclonic gyres that contract poleward at increasing depth, two high-latitude cyclonic gyres, two westward flows along 10° to 15° north and south that are found from the surface to abyssal depths, and an eastward flow that takes place just north of the equator at the surface and at about 500m, but lies along the equator at all other depths.This pattern is roughly symmetric about the equator except for the northward flow across the equator in the west and the southward flow in the east.As no water denser than about 26.8 in σ₀ is formed in the North Pacific, the denser waters of the North Pacific are dominated by the inflow from the South Pacific. Salinity and oxygen in the deeper water are higher in the South Pacific and the nutrients are lower. These characteristics define recognizable paths as they move northward across the equator in the west and circulate within the North Pacific. Return flow is seen across the equator in the east. Part of it turns westward and then southward with the southward limb of the extended cyclonic gyre, and part continues southward along the eastern boundary and through the Drake Passage.The important differences from earlier studies are that the equatorial crossings and the deep paths of flow are defined, and that there are strong cyclonic gyres in the tropics on either side of the equator.     

北冰洋与邻近海区海洋-海冰模式的试算与校验

本文将目前先进的大尺度海洋、海冰模式(NEMO3.6和LIM3)应用于北大西洋–北冰洋–北太平洋(简称NAPA)，并进行了试验后报模拟。所建立的模式NAPA1/4和NAPA1/12的水平分辨率分别为(1/4)°和(1/12)°经、纬度，计算范围覆盖太平洋45°N以北海区、整个北冰洋及北大西洋；其中，NAPA1/4和NAPA1/12在北大西洋的边界分别为26°N和7°N。目前，已利用NAPA1/4完成了1993–2015年的后报模拟。本文基于观测数据和已发表文献对模拟结果中的北冰洋海冰变化、环流结构以及水文特征进行了校验。结果表明，NAPA1/4能够再现北冰洋的主要热力与动力过程，可以用来分析海冰、水团、大西洋/太平洋入/出流等的季节与年际变化规律。利用NAPA1/12进行了1993–1996年的模拟计算。初步结果分析表明，提高分辨率可更为精细地刻画北冰洋的海冰、水团和环流的结构。     

Circulation of Intermediate and Deep Waters in the Philippine Sea

The circulation of intermediate and deep waters in the Philippine Sea west of the Izu-Ogasawara-Mariana-Yap Ridge is estimated with use of an inverse model applied to the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Hydrographic Program data set. Above 1500 m depth, the subtropical gyre is dominant, but the circulation is split in small cells below the thermocline, causing multiple zonal inflows of intermediate waters toward the western boundary. The inflows along 20°N and 26°N carry the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) of 11 × 10⁹ kg s⁻¹ in total, at the density range of 26.5σ_θ–36.7σ₂ (approximately 500–1500 m depths), 8 × 10⁹ kg s⁻¹ of the NPIW circulate within the subtropical gyre, whereas the rest is conveyed to the tropics and the South China Sea. The inflow south of 15°N carries the Tropical Salinity Minimum water of 35 × 10⁹ kg s⁻¹, nearly half of which return to the east through a narrow undercurrent at 15–17°N, and the rest is transported into the lower part of the North Equatorial Countercurrent. Below 1500 m depth, the deep circulation regime is anti-cyclonic. At the density range of 36.7σ₂, – 45.845σ₄ (approximately 1500–3500 m depths), deep waters of 17 × 10⁹ kg s⁻¹ flow northward, and three quarters of them return to the east at 16–24°N. The remainder flows further north of 24°N, then turns eastward out of the Philippine Sea, together with a small amount of subarctic-origin North Pacific Deep Water (NPDW) which enters the Philippine Sea through the gap between the Izu Ridge and Ogasawara Ridge. The full-depth structure and transportation of the Kuroshio in total and net are also examined. It is suggested that low potential vorticity of the Subtropical Mode Water is useful for distinguishing the net Kuroshio flow from recirculation flows. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A numerical model investigation of the residual circulation in Hauraki Gulf,New Zealand

The homogeneous residual circulation in Hauraki Gulf arising from the tides, steady winds, and oceanic inflows is considered by use of a depth‐averaged 2‐dimensional numerical model. Vertical current structure of the wind‐driven circulation is derived by using the computed wind‐induced sea surface slopes, the wind stress, and a prescribed vertical eddy viscosity. Tidal residual circulation is weak, less than 0.01 ms^‐1 over most of the Gulf. The response of the Gulf to wind‐forcing indicates a preference for north‐west/south‐east directed winds, the flow through the Gulf being more than 3 times as strong as for winds from other directions. Surface currents are mainly in the wind direction, but subsurface currents reveal closed circulation cells in near‐coastal areas. Simple oceanic inflows give rise to water movements which penetrate to the inner part of the Gulf.     

The westward intrusion of south Pacific water at the western tip of the New Guinea Island

From the eastern Indonesian cruise from November 14 to 23, 2007, CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth profiler) /ADCP (acoustic Doppler current profiler)casting and seawater sampling were done at 25 stations around Waigeo Island near New Guinea Island. It was found overall westward intrusion of the south Pacific waters into the Seram Sea and southward spreading of the north and south Pacific waters into the Seram Sea. There is westward residual flow along the channel between Waigeo and New Guinea within upper 200 m with the maximum speed up to 50 cm/s, and much weaker eastward flow in the lower layer (< 10 cm/s) due to blocking by the shallow sill at the west of the Dampier Strait. The abrupt change of bottom topography induces active horizontal and vertical mixing which results in a three-layered current system with a major through-flow of -0.99 Sv (Sv = 10 6 m 3 /s) into the Seram Sea; the transports in the upper and the lower layers are -1.14 Sv and -0.24 Sv (westward), respectively, and in the middle there is a return flow with the transport of +0.39 Sv (eastward).