转基因作物在农业生产中的应用

把人们所需要的外源基因(如高产、抗病虫害优质基因)定向导入作物细胞中,使其在新的作物中稳定遗传和表现,产生转基因作物新品种,是大幅度提高作物产量的一项新技术。它给农业生产带来了希望和奇特的景观。 科学家们创造的第一种转基因作物始于12年前,目前已有数十种转基因作物相继问世。外源基因导入作物的方法,一般有以下几种:一、滴注引进,即将外源DNA滴进或微量注射入受体,二、离体培养,即在花粉、种胚等诱导、分化培养基中加入外源DNA;三、射击穿入,即利用基因枪、电击法等将外源DNA直接导入受体;四、     

外源基因1Dx5在转基因小麦后代中的表达

采用PCR和SDS-PAGE技术,分析研究了转基因小麦后代外源品质基因1Dx5的遗传分离及表达规律,结果显示:转基因小麦后代的遗传分离完全符合孟得尔遗传分离规律,转基因植株都达到了纯合状态,1Dx5基因在转基因植株中已经稳定整合并稳定遗传,并发现了超表达的差异表达现象,在转基因植株中没有发现基因沉默现象.     

农杆菌介导法的植物遗传转化

农杆菌介导的基因转化是一种使外源DNA转移到目的植株的天然系统,通过植物表达载体上DNA的加工与转移将外源DNA转运到植物细胞中。因其具有易操作、低费用、高效率、插入片段确定性好和转基因拷贝数低等独特优点,已经成为转基因策略中的首选方法,在植物的遗传转化中得到广泛应用。     

花粉管通道法转基因技术在甜瓜品种河套蜜瓜上的应用

为建立甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)简便易行转化频率高的转基因技术,以甜瓜品种河套蜜瓜为受体材料,以含gus基因的植物双元表达载体pPZP221为外源基因供体,进行了花粉管通道法转基因研究.自交授粉后分别于1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10 h,切去柱头上端1/3部分,立即滴加质粒DNA溶液,果实成熟后收获转化种子.对T0代植株进行PCR检测,结果表明不同时间处理所得到的T0代植株均具有较高的转化频率,其中授粉后7 h滴加DNA溶液所获得的转化率为28.3%.对一部分PCR阳性的T0代植株基因组DNA进行Southern杂交分析,结果表明所有样品均出现特异性杂交条带,证明外源基因已整合到受体植物基因组中.     

转几丁质酶基因烟草后代的遗传分析

本论文采用分子检测(PCR扩增、PCR-Southern杂交)与表型检测(接真菌实验、酶活力测定)相结合的手段，对花粉管通道法及载体法导入几丁质酶基因烟草后代的遗传表现进行研究。结果证明通过不同方法导入受体细胞基因组中的外源基因均能遗传给后代，并能在转化受体当代及后代中高效表达。但采用花粉管通道法导入的外源基因虽然能够遗传给后代，但分离比复杂，遗传规律性较差。而载体法导入的外源基因T1代x^2检测符合3：1的遗传分离比，遗传稳定性要好于DNA直接导入。因此，建立良好的遗传转化系统是外源基因稳定遗传和表达的前提。     

小鼠转基因及传代研究

综述了湖北省农科院生物技术研究所近年来有关转基因小鼠的主要研究进展。应用原核注射技术 ,将POMT PGH、hDAF、pBHSA、pSHSA、PT HBV 1 3、Bcl xL、hCD5 9、hCD5 9+hMCP等 8种外源基因 ,注入并移植 4 874枚小鼠的受精卵 ,得到 5 5 6只小鼠 ;经PCR和Southern杂交检测 ,确认原代转基因小鼠 10 8只。基因整合率平均 19.4 % ,转基因效率平均 2 .2 %。应用混合注射的方法得到了转双基因小鼠 ,双基因共整合率 2 2 .2 %。表达外源蛋白的转基因小鼠在 5 0 %～ 10 0 %之间。研究了小鼠的超数排卵和影响转基因效率的几个因素。通过转Bcl xL小鼠与非转基因小鼠连续五个世代的传代交配和检测 ,研究了转基因小鼠外源基因的遗传规律 ,表明四只原代小鼠中 ,只有一只能稳定地将外源基因传递给后代。并非所有的转基因小鼠都具有遗传的稳定性 ,欲建立小鼠的转基因品系 ,尚需对原代转基因小鼠进行筛选。     

褐飞虱喂养试验显示表达GNA的转基因水稻纯系抗褐飞虱

利用基因枪法将含有3个不同基因（hpt,gus和gna）的质粒pWRG1515和pRSSGNA1共同转化粳稻品种鄂晚5号成熟胚诱导的愈伤组织。共再生出35株独立转基因植株。PCR／Southern印迹法分析发现,83％的转基因植株含有所有3个外源基因。Western印迹法分析发现79％的含gna基因的转基因植株以不同水平表达GNA。遗传分析证实外源基因在转基因植株后代中以孟德尔方式遗传。从其R1代亲本为孟德尔3：1方式遗传的R2代中,鉴定出2个含有所有3个外源基因的独立转基因植株纯系。这些纯系具有相似的外源基因表达量。褐飞虱喂养试验表明,这些纯系对褐飞虱具有显著的抑制作用。这些褐飞虱抗性提高的转基因纯系将应用于水稻抗虫育种中。实验证明,通过遗传转化和筛选可获得含在农业上有应用价值基因的转基因水稻纯系。     

基于Gene-Deletor系统的安全复合性状转基因烟草研究

本研究利用农杆菌介导法将带有水稻花粉特异启动子籼稻花粉过敏原基因(OSIPA)启动子驱动的Gene-Deletor外源基因清除系统,水稻Os GA3ox2(D18)启动子驱动水稻Os GA2ox1基因,玉米Ubiquitin启动子驱动BAR::GUS融合基因为筛选标记基因以及水稻Actin1启动子驱动驱动抗虫Cry1Ab基因复合性状植物表达载体p GM626-D18-Os GA2ox1遗传转化三星烟草。通过GUS组织化学染色及PCR分子鉴定,获得了43株转基因烟草植株。结果表明,水稻OsGA2ox1基因在烟草中表达能降低转基因烟草植株高度,但不影响植株生殖生长。转基因烟草对烟草斜纹夜蛾幼虫具有抗性,可抑制烟草斜纹夜蛾幼虫的取食与发育。以50 mg/L的除草剂Basta处理野生型和转基因烟草离体叶片,发现BAR基因提高了烟草抗除草剂的能力。对12株转基因烟草T0代花粉外源基因清除效率进行研究,发现部分烟草株系外源基因清除可达到100%,其他未完全清除外源基因株系的清除效率介于42.84%~99.97%之间。     

转基因——从实验动物开始的一种生物工程技术

１转基因技术的历史背景转基因是指通过重组ＤＮＡ技术，将外源基因导入生物体内，外源基因能稳定整合在染色体基因组上并遗传给下一代。众所周知，实验动物在二十世纪曾作出过许多伟大的贡献，其中之一就是生物的转基因，它是首先在实验动物小鼠上获得成功的。由于转基因...     

共转化CBF4和bar基因蒙农杂种冰草植株的分子检测

在获得转CBF4和bar基因蒙农杂种冰草植株的基础上,应用PCR和Southern杂交技术检测外源基因在转基因蒙农杂种冰草植株中的整合及拷贝数.确定外源基因CBF4和bar基因已经整合到冰草基因组中,并且是以多拷贝的整合方式插入受体细胞的染色体上.说明外源基因对蒙农杂种冰草成功地进行了转化,可以作为后期转基因冰草植株研究及培育转基因冰草新品种的材料.     

Multiple transgenes Populus xeuramericana ''''Guariento'''' plants obtained by biolistic bombardment

A JERF36 regulation gene, a selection marker gene (NPT-II), and the foreign genes levansucrase (SacB), Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (vgb), and Binary coleopterus insect resistance (BtCry3A OC-I) were co-transferred into Populus xeuramericana 'Guariento' using biolistic bombardment; 25 kanamycin resistant plants were obtained. The results of PCR and Southern hybridization showed that the foreign genes had been integrated into the genome of P. xeuramericana 'Guariento' and 5 genes were all transferred into 7 poplar plants. The results of a BtCry3A ELISA experiment indicated that the BtCry3A gene was expressed in the 7 transgenic poplar plants, and these plants grew well on coastal saline land.     

Transformation of japonica rice with RHL gene and salt tolerance of the transgenic rice plant

Overexpression of the yeast HAL2 gene increases salt tolerance of yeast and plant. Rice HAL2-like (RHL) gene was introduced into a japonica rice cultivar HJ19 with Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Transgenic plants in R0 generation were selected on the principle of GUS-positive, RHL gene PCR-positive and normal growth. Hygromycin-resistant plants of some transgenic lines in R1 generation increased salt tolerance during the seedling and booting stage, being less damaged in the cytomembrane and stronger in leaf tissue viability under salt stress during booting period. Southern analysis of transgenic lines tolerant to salt in R1 generation showed that the RHL gene expression cassette had been successfully integrated into rice genome. Moreover, gene engineering breeding methodology and really salt-tolerant rice cultivar were discussed.     

Rice transformation with a senescence-inhibition chimeric gene

A senescence-inhibition chimeric gene containing the specific promoter of SAG₁₂ and IPT gene was transferred into rice with the biolistic method. Results of PCR, Dot blotting and Southern blotting indicated that the chimeric gene had been integrated into rice genome. Analyses of GUS activity and cytokinin content in transgenic plants of rice and the observation of T₁ generation plant at grain formation stage indicated that the foreign gene was expressed.     

水稻基因整合平台系统供体质粒pURKMT的构建

提高水稻产量,改良稻米品质是育种学家广泛研究的课题．随着现代生物技术的发展,水稻已成为植物基因工程的重要研究对象．许多实验室已成功地建立了一系列供外源基因转化水稻的系统．但是这些转化系统主要应用Ｔｉ质粒衍生的载体,通过Ｔ－ＤＮＡ左右两端的序列将目的基...     

Maternal inhibition of hepatitis B surface antigen gene expression in transgenic mice correlates with de novo methylation

Differential modifications of the genome during gametogenesis result in a functional difference between the paternal and maternal genomes at the moment of fertilization. A possible cause of this imprinting is the methylation of DNA. The insertion of foreign DNA into transgenic mice allows the tagging of regions that are differentially methylated during gametogenesis. We describe here a transgenic mouse strain in which the expression of the hepatitis B surface antigen gene is irreversibly repressed following its passage through the female germ line. This inhibition is accompanied by the methylation of all the HpaII and HhaI sites within the foreign gene, which we have shown to be integrated into a site on chromosome 13. The irreversibility reported here contrasts with what is found with other transgenic mice sequences which are reversibly methylated after passage through the male or female germ line, though in both cases methylation appears to be important in the imprinting process.     

Production of transgenic rabbits, sheep and pigs by microinjection

Direct microinjection has been used to introduce foreign DNA into a number of terminally differentiated cell types as well as embryos of several species including sea urchin, Candida elegans, Xenopus, Drosophila and mice. Various genes have been successfully introduced into mice including constructs consisting of the mouse metallothionein-I (MT) promoter/regulator region fused to either the rat or human growth hormone (hGH) structural genes. Transgenic mice harbouring such genes commonly exhibit high, metal-inducible levels of the fusion messenger RNA in several organs, substantial quantities of the foreign growth hormone in serum and enhanced growth. In addition, the gene is stably incorporated into the germ line, making the phenotype heritable. Because of the scientific importance and potential economic value of transgenic livestock containing foreign genes, we initiated studies on large animals by microinjecting the fusion gene, MT-hGH, into the pronuclei or nuclei of eggs from superovulated rabbits, sheep and pigs. We report here integration of the gene in all three species and expression of the gene in transgenic rabbits and pigs.     

用基因枪法将AGP基因导入水稻的初步研究

以水稻成熟种子的愈伤组织为受体，采用基因枪法将AGP基因导入水稻细胞，通过组织培养和抗性筛选，得到了转基因植株，转基因植株总DNA的PCR分析初步表明，目的基因已整合到水稻的基因组中。     

Ubi1 intron-mediated enhancement of the expression of Bt cry1Ah gene in transgenic maize (Zea mays L.)

The cry1Ah gene was one of novel insecticidal genes cloned from Bacillus thuringiensis isolate BT8. Two plant expression vectors containing cry1Ah gene were constructed. The first intron of maize ubiqutin1 gene was inserted between the maize Ubiquitin promoter and cry1Ah gene in one of the plant expressing vectors (pUUOAH). The two vectors were introduced into maize immature embryonic calli by microprojectile bombardment, and the reproductively plants were acquired. PCR and Southern blot analysis showed that foreign genes had been integrated into maize genome and inherited to the next generation stably. The ELISA assay to T1 and T2 generation plants showed that the expression of Cry1Ah protein in the construct containing the ubi1 intron (pUUOAH) was 20% higher than that of the intronless construct (pUOAH). Bioassay results showed that the transgenic maize harboring cry1Ah gene had high resistance to the Asian corn borers and the insecticidal activity of the transgenic maize containing the ubi1 intron was higher than that of the intronless construct. These results indicated that the maize ubi1 intron can enhance the expression of the Bt cry1Ah gene in transgenic maize efficiently     

Integration and inheritance stability of foreignBt toxin gene in the bivalent insect-resistant transgenic cotton plants

Genetic and expressional stability of Bt toxin gene is crucial for the breeding of insect-resistant transgenic cotton varieties and their commercialization. Genomic Southern blot analysis of R₃, R₄ and R₅ generations of bivalent transgenic insect-resistant cotton plants was done in order to determine the integration, the copy number and the inheritance stability of Bt toxin gene in the transgenic cotton plants. The results indicated that there was a 4.7 kb positive band in the Southern blot when the genomic DNA of the bivalent transgenic insect-resistant cotton plants and the positive control (the plasmid) were digested with HindⅢ respectively. This result proved that the Bt toxin gene had been integrated into the genome of the cotton in full length. There is only one XhoⅠ restriction site in the Bt toxin gene. Southern blot analysis indicated that many copies of Bt toxin gene had been integrated into the genome of the cotton when the genomic DNA of transgenic plants was digested with XhoⅠ. Among them, there were four copies (about 17.7, 8, 5.5 and 4.7 kb in size) existing in all the tested plants of ₃, R₄ and R₅ generations. The preliminary conclusion was that there were more than four copies of Bt toxin gene integrated into the genome of the cotton, among them, more than one copy can express and inherit steadily. This result provides a scientific basis for the breeding of the bivalent insect-resis- tant transgenic cotton plants and its commercialization.