布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白OMP10间接ELISA检测方法的建立及免疫原性评估

目的 建立布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白OMP10间接ELISA检测方法,评价OMP10在小鼠体内的免疫效果。方法 本研究表达和纯化了布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白OMP10,通过Western Blot进行验证,建立了OMP10间接ELISA检测方法,然后将OMP10与弗氏佐剂和LDH佐剂配伍成2种亚单位疫苗,免疫小鼠后检测抗体水平、脾脏淋巴细胞的增殖水平、CD4⁺和CD8⁺T细胞比值以及细胞因子分泌,最后通过攻毒试验评估OMP10的免疫保护效果。结果 OMP10作为诊断抗原的特异性和符合率均高于70%;免疫小鼠后2种亚单位疫苗均能产生高滴度的IgG抗体,CD4⁺/CD8⁺T的比值均高于PBS对照组,IFN-γ高于PBS对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),但IL-4未发生明显变化,表明OMP10能够诱导很好的体液免疫及Th1型免疫应答。免疫保护结果显示,2种亚单位疫苗免疫组小鼠脾脏指数和脾脏载菌量低于布鲁氏菌M5感染组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),表明OMP10蛋白配伍的亚单位疫苗对布鲁氏菌M5感...     

IL-12、IL-18对单纯疱疹病毒2型DNA疫苗的免疫增强效果

目的分析白细胞介素-12(IL-12)、白细胞介素-18(IL-18)对单纯疱疹病毒2型(HSV-2)DNA疫苗的免疫增强效果。方法选取60只雌性BALB/c小鼠,按照随机数字表法分为观察组、对照组,各30只,分别运用IL-12、IL-18基因联合HSV-2 DNA疫苗或单独应用HSV-2 DNA疫苗免疫,末次免疫3周后,使用致死剂量攻毒试验炎症疫苗的保护作用,并检测两组小鼠脾脏T细胞增殖能力、抗HSV-2 Ig G抗体水平、调节活化正常T细胞表达与分泌的趋化因子(RANTES)、CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞百分比、分泌干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)和白细胞介素-4(IL-4)的T细胞百分比等指标,分析IL-12、IL-18对HSV-2 DNA疫苗的免疫增强效果。结果观察组Con A、灭活单纯疱疹病毒的SI、抗HSV-2 Ig G抗体水平、RANTES含量、抗CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞百分比、分泌IFN-γ的T淋巴细胞百分比均高于对照组,其分泌IL-4的T淋巴细胞百分比低于后者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。HSV-2病毒攻毒实验2周后,观察组存活9只,保护率为90.00%,对照组存活4只,保护率为40.00%,两组保护率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 IL-12、IL-18基因能够明显增强HSV-2 DNA诱导小鼠产生特异性抗HSV-2的体液免疫、细胞免疫功能,是理想的免疫佐剂,值得进一步研究。     

恶性疟原虫复合抗原DNA疫苗诱导小鼠的细胞免疫及体液免疫应答

目的　观察用恶性疟原虫复合抗原基因 HGFSP构建的 DNA疫苗 pc- HGFSP免疫小鼠诱导的细胞及体液免疫应答。　方法　用 pc- HGFSP肌注免疫 C5 7BL/6小鼠并加强免疫 2次 ,取小鼠脾淋巴细胞及血清测定 :脾淋巴细胞增殖活性 (MTT法 ) ;NK细胞活性和 CTL活性 (L DH法 ) ;脾脏 CD4 +及 CD8+ T细胞亚群 (免疫荧光法 ) ;血清 pc- HGFSP抗原特异性抗体 (EL ISA法 )及一氧化氮 (NO)含量。　　结果　与 pc DNA3对照比较 ,pc- HGFSP免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖活性增高 2 4 %～ 37% ;NK细胞活性增高 38%～ 90 % ;CTL 活性增高 6 5 %～ 15 3% ;CD8+ T细胞亚群增加。免疫血清产生HGFSP抗原特异性 Ig G抗体 ;NO含量也有所增高。　结论　恶性疟 DNA疫苗 pc- HGFSP有一定的诱导小鼠细胞免疫和体液免疫应答的作用。     

结核杆菌磷酸烯醇型丙酮酸羧基酶诱导小鼠细胞和体液免疫应答

目的检测结核杆菌磷酸烯醇型丙酮酸羧激酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase,PEPCK)对BALB/c小鼠的免疫保护作用。方法选清洁级BALB/c小鼠60只,随机分为两组,实验组和对照组。实验组每只小鼠用表达的PEPCK融合蛋白10μg加弗氏不完全佐剂进行腹腔免疫注射,对照组小鼠仅用弗氏不完全佐剂注射。每隔2w免疫1次,共免疫3次。末次免疫2w后,分别取小鼠脾脏、血清,流式细胞仪检测CD4+和CD8+T细胞,MTT法检测淋巴细胞对刺激的应答水平,ELISA检测血清各种细胞因子及抗PEPCK抗体。结果实验组小鼠的脾脏明显大于对照组小鼠的脾脏,且粘连严重,CD4+T细胞增殖明显(73.5±3.69),CD4+/CD8+比值显著升高(5.1±0.98)(P<0.01);且淋巴细胞的应答能力明显强于对照组小鼠;实验组小鼠血清中IFN-γ、IL-12和TNF-α明显高于对照组,血清抗体滴度随免疫次数逐步增高。结论结核杆菌PEPCK能够有效的刺激机体产生细胞免疫反应和体液免疫反应,尤以细胞免疫反应为主,是很好的抗结核候选疫苗分子之一。     

布鲁氏菌omp25重组BCG的构建及其疫苗作用检测

目的构建分泌性表达布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白OMP25基因重组卡介苗（rBCG-omp25），并免疫BALB／c小鼠，观察其免疫作用。方法利用分子生物学技术构建重组穿梭分泌载体pMV261-Ag85B-omp25．电穿孔技术导人卡介苗（BCG）。通过抗生素筛选、重组卡介苗基因组PCR扩增、测序，以及Western blot对重组卡介苗进行鉴定。分别用rBCG-omp25、BCG腹腔接种BALB／c小鼠，于免疫后第10、20、30、40和50d称重，尾部采血，用表达纯化的融合蛋白OMP25—32a检测免疫小鼠抗体的生成情况，用流式细胞仪（FCM）检测CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞百分率，并计算CD4^＋／CD8^＋T细胞比值。制作小鼠肝组织切片，HE染色观察病理学变化。结果重组卡介苗rBCG-omp25含有Ag85B-omp25序列，大小为745hp；Western blot表明rBCG-omp25可分泌表达布鲁氏菌OMP25。rBCG-omp25免疫小鼠后第20d，用Western blot检测到布鲁氏菌OMP25特异性抗体；rBCG—omp25免疫组和BCG免疫组的CD4^＋、CD8^＋T细胞百分率分别为38．68％、11．32％和、48．44％、14．01％，PBS组为33．24％、9．81％，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。免疫后50d内rBCG-omp25组、BCG组与PBS组小鼠体重差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；各实验组小鼠肝组织均未见明显病理改变。结论构建的rBCG-omp25能够表达特异性蛋白OMP25。该蛋白能刺激小鼠产生特异性抗体，能刺激小鼠外周血CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞增殖。rBCG-omp25毒力弱，可作为预防布鲁氏菌病的疫苗候选株之一。     

HIV-1CN54合成gp120基因(syngp120)的DNA疫苗鼻内免疫小鼠诱导全身的和粘膜的免疫应答

目的 初步探讨HIV-1CN54合成gp120基因的DNA疫苗（pcDNA3.1-syngp120）鼻内接种小鼠是否诱发免疫应答。方法　DNA疫苗免疫后,制备脾和肠系膜淋巴结（MLN）淋巴细胞,在体外测其增殖应答和CD8+CTL应答。间接ELISA法测血清和粘膜洗液抗原-特异的IgG和IgA抗体滴度。中和实验测免疫血清和阴道洗液是否中和 HIV-1SF33。结果 在 DNA疫苗未次免疫后,小鼠第 1周检测到脾和 MLN CD8+CTL应答较弱,而第 5周未检测到。另外,在末次免疫后的第1、5周检测到MLN而未检测到脾淋巴细胞发生增殖应答。并且检测到特异的血清IgG抗体和粘膜的（包括粪便和阴道洗液）IgA抗体,但未检测到血清的IgA抗体和粘膜的（包括粪便和阴道洗液）IgG抗体。中和实验发现末次免疫后第5周的血清能中和实验室毒株HIV-1SF33（B亚型）,而阴道洗液则没有。结论 该DNA疫苗鼻内免疫小鼠可诱导粘膜免疫应答,包括 MLN淋巴细胞增殖应答和 CD8+CTL应答,同时诱导较弱的粘膜IgA抗体应答。此外,能诱导脾CD8+CTL应答和血清IgG抗体应答。免疫血清中和HIV-1S F33,而阴道洗液不能。     

微小隐孢子虫CP23 DNA疫苗免疫保护作用研究

目的研究微小隐孢子虫表面抗原CP23 DNA疫苗产生的免疫反应及对小鼠的免疫保护作用。方法选BALB/c小鼠60只,随机分为3组,即疫苗免疫组、PBS对照组及空质粒对照组。疫苗免疫组用构建的真核表达质粒pcDNA 3.0-23每隔2周免疫1次小鼠,共免疫3次。PBS对照组肌注等量PBS,空质粒对照组肌注pcDNA3.0,免疫方法及次数同疫苗免疫组。末次免疫2周后,分别取小鼠脾脏、血清,检测CD4+和CD8+T细胞、细胞因子IFN-γ及抗CP23特异性抗体IgG和IgA滴度;用微小隐孢子虫攻击感染被免疫小鼠,收集小鼠粪便,计算小鼠排出的卵囊量。结果 PBS对照组及空质粒组比较,疫苗免疫组小鼠的CD4+T细胞、CD4+/CD8+比值及脾细胞培养上清中IFN-γ滴度均显著升高(P0.05),小鼠血清抗CP23特异性抗体IgG及IgA滴度随免疫次数增加显著升高(P0.05),攻击感染后小鼠排卵囊量显著减少(P0.05),且排出时间缩短。结论构建的微小隐孢子虫表面抗原CP23真核表达质粒能够诱导小鼠产生细胞及体液免疫反应,对小鼠有较好的免疫保护作用。     

结核分枝杆菌MPT64抗原DNA疫苗在小鼠体内诱导的免疫应答

目的研究结核分枝杆菌MPT64抗原DNA疫苗在小鼠体内诱导的免疫应答。方法用表达MPT64的真核表达质粒pcDNA-M免疫BALB/c小鼠,ELISA法检测免疫小鼠的特异性抗体滴度和抗体亚类。分离免疫小鼠的脾淋巴细胞,检测淋巴细胞增殖、IFN-γ和IL-12产生水平、流式细胞仪计CD4+细胞和CD8+细胞数、脾淋巴细胞特异性CTL杀伤效应。结果MPT64基因免疫可诱导小鼠高水平的体液免疫应答,免疫小鼠脾淋巴增殖显著,IFN-γ和IL-12含量增加,CD4+细胞和CD8+细胞百分比明显增加,CTL杀伤效应明显。结论MPT64 DNA疫苗可诱导小鼠有效的体液和细胞免疫应答,有可能作为新型TB疫苗的组分。     

SARS冠状病毒E蛋白DNA疫苗的构建及其实验免疫研究

目的构建SARS冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)小囊膜蛋白(E蛋白)的DNA疫苗pVAC-E,观察其在小鼠中诱导的免疫应答。方法采用PCR方法体外扩增SARS冠状病毒E蛋白的基因片段,克隆入真核表达载体pVAC,构建pVAC-E重组质粒。通过脂质体介导瞬时转染非洲绿猴肾(Vero)细胞,Western-blot鉴定E蛋白在细胞中的表达。以基因枪方式免疫小鼠,ELISA检测小鼠血清特异性抗体,MTT法测定淋巴细胞转化率,流式细胞仪检测小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞亚群分布。结果成功构建SARS-CoVDNA疫苗pVAC-E。Western-blot结果示,转染后的Vero细胞可表达一约9kD大小能被SARS病人血清特异识别的蛋白条带。免疫小鼠中未检测到明显的抗体滴度升高。淋巴细胞转化率在免疫组和对照组间无差别(P>0.05)。脾脏T淋巴细胞亚群分析示免疫组小鼠CD4+细胞显著升高(P<0.05),CD8+细胞与对照组相比无显著差异。结论构建的真核表达质粒pVAC-E能在Vero细胞中表达,表达产物具免疫活性,免疫小鼠后能诱导一定的细胞免疫应答。     

弓形虫P30乳酸球菌口服疫苗诱导小鼠的细胞免疫反应及抗体生成的动态过程

目的　观察弓形虫P30乳酸球菌口服疫苗诱导小鼠产生的细胞免疫效果和抗体IgG的动态发生过程。方法　口服免疫BALB/c小鼠 ,一个月后 ,取鼠脾细胞作ConA刺激淋转试验 (MTT法 )及T细胞亚群的测定 ;不同免疫时间段内 ,收集实验鼠血清 ,ELISA法检测抗体水平的变化。结果　P30乳酸球菌口服免疫组脾淋巴细胞ConA刺激后增殖能力比两对照组显著提高 ,CD+ 4 和CD+ 8的百分数均明显升高 ;第 12周 (即最后一次免疫结束一个月 ) ,P30乳酸球菌口服免疫组检测到特异性抗体IgG。结论　P30乳酸球菌口服疫苗有效地激发了小鼠细胞免疫反应 ,特异性抗体IgG在免疫结束一个月后生成明显。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.