供给侧结构性改革与资源型产业转型发展

由于资源性产品价格形成机制改革长期滞后,加之国有经济占比高,资源型产业普遍市场化程度相对较低,导致供给与需求错配严重,难以适应工业4.0下生产方式和商业模式变革的需要。目前,受经济周期和矿业周期叠加的共同影响,20世纪头十年全球矿业发展黄金期告一段落,国际市场大宗商品价格低位波动,总体需求持续低迷。随着中国经济进入新常态,国内资源性产品供求关系发生了一系列新的变化,迫切需要加快资源型产业转型升级,从而更好地满足加速工业化和城镇化的要求。本文在供给侧结构性改革的背景下,分析资源型产业转型发展的动因及其面临的障碍,指出经济下行导致资源领域供给与需求的矛盾进一步凸显,在国家继续严格实行强制性节能减排的情况下,主要能源和矿产品消费规模有可能提前达峰,这有助于实现中国向国际社会承诺到2030年碳排放总量达标的承诺。同时,由于在资源型产业"去产能"过程中,僵尸企业处置、人员安置等方面仍面临诸多方面的障碍和制约因素,资源领域淘汰落后产能不可能一蹴而就,甚至会出现多轮反弹,进一步增加了行业推进供给侧结构性改革的阻力和风险。在以上结论基础上,本文设计资源型产业转型发展的路径,提出加快绿色化、智能化转型,推动资源型产业与非资源型产业融合发展的转型路径。本着"有进有退、以退促进"的原则,发挥市场机制在配置资源中的决定性作用,促进有效市场与有为政府更加兼容,建立完善进入衰退阶段的资源型产业有序退出的机制,切实降低供给侧结构性改革的社会成本。     

基于双标分类与要素演化的油气资源城市“资源诅咒”情景模拟

随着区域转型创新战略的持续推进,如何实现资源型城市可持续发展的重要性日益凸显。油气资源城市是中国资源型城市的重要组成部分,既承载了资源型城市转型创新重要任务,又面临资源枯竭、转型停滞等问题,需要用"进化"的思想做指引,秉持发展与稳定的统一,才能逐步破除城市发展已存在的"诅咒"陷阱,真正实现城市可持续发展。研究主要运用情景分析方法,通过对中国油气资源城市特征分类分析,明确油气资源城市的发展环境与趋势,基于要素演化分类构建情景分析的计量回归模型,从高情景、标准情景和低情景出发,分析物质资本投资、人力资本水平、技术创新投入、制造业发展等中介要素演化对城市"资源诅咒"的影响。结果显示:①油气资源型城市所存在的"资源诅咒"并非普适性现象,仅存在于一高一低和一低一高型城市。②在上述两类城市中,通过提升物质资本投资和技术创新投入,调整制造业产业结构,增加居民储蓄等方式,可以有效抑制"资源诅咒"现象,为油气资源型城市可持续发展的实现创造条件。③关于人力资本水平这一要素,研究发现具有"资源诅咒"现象的两类城市均存在人力资本错配,从而可能致使资源的福音演变为资源的诅咒。通过分析提出破解中国油气资源城市"资源诅咒"、实现可持续发展的建议:一是通过完善利益分配机制和人才培育机制,不断提升城市科技创新能力,发挥科技创新引领作用;二是合理配置资源,优化产业结构,践行绿色发展理念,打破油气资源产业的"挤出效应"。     

资源型城市绿色转型内涵的理论探讨

科学发展观要求资源型城市探索出一条可持续发展的新路,实现绿色转型.本文构建了绿色转型三维结构模型,在比较分析一般经济转型与绿色转型差异的基础上,对资源型城市绿色转型内涵进行了初步探讨.分析表明:绿色转型在经济、社会、资源、环境、企业、产业、政府七方面与一般经济转型存在显著不同.相较而言,资源型城市绿色转型强调绿色经济的实现而非仅为避免"矿竭城衰";强调产业内劳动力质量的挖掘提升而非产业间劳动力数量的转移安置;强调资源的高效利用而非脱资源化发展;强调生产过程对环境的保护而非生产过后对污染的治理;绿色转型注重企业绿色运营制度和绿色创新体系的构建;注重资源型产业的绿色改造及产业体系整体的绿色重构;注重转型过程中政府角色的转换及其自身的绿色约束和监管.总之,绿色转型明确了资源型城市转型的目标及方向,是更加切合实际的先进转型模式,值得我国资源型城市参考并推广.     

要素错配:解开资源型城市转型困境之谜北大核心CSCDCSSCI

促进资源型城市产业转型升级,是解决区域之间经济发展差异扩大及生态资源破坏严重的困境,实现区域协调发展战略的重要条件。该研究从要素错配的新视角,探讨了资源型城市的经济转型问题。理论上,构建了描述资源型城市要素投入的增长模型,考察了要素错配对城市产出效率、环境效率及能源效率的影响机制。实证方面,基于2005—2018年面板数据,利用改进后的方向距离函数(DDF),分别从劳动、资本、能源投入、期望产出和非期望产出五个维度对全国114个资源型城市的转型效率加以测算,进而检验了要素错配对资源型城市转型的确切影响。结果表明,无论是配置过度还是配置不足,要素错配对资源型城市的经济转型效率均存在明显的抑制作用,且劳动错配的抑制作用尤为明显;在处理内生性问题、更换分析样本、替换被解释变量和改变回归方法后,研究结论依然具有较强的稳健性。在产出增长、能源消耗和环境友好三个方向上将转型效率进一步分解,研究发现各要素错配均会阻碍能源效率和环境效率的提升,但是不同于劳动错配和能源错配,资本错配对产出效率的负面影响并不显著。按资源型城市所处的不同地理区域进行分类,研究发现要素错配对转型效率的影响会因地理区域不同而产生明显差异。该研究根据资源型城市转型中的问题,从国家、城市和产业三个层面提出政策建议,并强调要注重提高劳动要素的配置效率。该研究不仅能够为解释资源型城市面临的转型困境提供一个新思路,而且为新时期推动资源型城市高质量发展的战略制定和政策调整提供有益参考。     

制度激励视阈下的产业升级、区域经济发展与企业价值提升

我国东南沿海地区在经历改革开放30余年快速发展后,区域经济转型升级面临结构性瓶颈。针对这一问题,本文构建了区位经济发展、制造业升级与企业网络价值增值三维演进模型,指出当地经济在经历劳动、资本和技术驱动之后,未来转型升级的动力是制度要素,区域经济重点是战略决策中心,而企业价值增值的关键环节在于管理决策的理论思想。而针对现有增长模型中内生要素不包含制度因素的不足,本文构建了纳入制度要素的增长模型,并运用仿真模拟方法,指出在资本产出弹性、储蓄率和有效折旧率完全相同时,制度促进环境下均衡状态时人均资本存量为制度抑制环境下的3倍,实体经济产出是制度抑制环境下的5倍,从数理上证实了制度对实体经济发展的关键作用。最后,依据国外经验,考虑制度在国家、产业和企业层面的差异性与配套性,论文提出促进产业升级、区域经济发展与企业价值提升的制度激励体系,包括:宏观层面的政府购买促进高端产业发展、公共金融支持企业全球并购、专项研究基金服务产业转型升级、法律与外交政策保护等政府治理政策;中观层面的产业金融支持、综合服务平台、创新文化氛围、人才培养与公共事业提供等产业治理环境;以及微观层面的控制网络价值核心、整合资源提升产业链价值、加强运营控制塑造精益供应链等企业治理机制,以期对相关政策的顶层设计与制度推进提供借鉴。     

中国资源型城市经济转型问题与战略探索

资源型城市经济性转型正面临着重大的经济、社会和资源环境问题：①城市产业结构属于资源型、粗放型的传统初级产业结构。技术水平与效益低下；②就业和社会保障压力巨大；③资源濒临枯竭。环境污染和生态问题严重；④机制体制问题突出。创新能力不足。资源型城市的经济成功转型需要战略创新。具体战略包括：发展目标创新——社会福利均等化、经济持续发展、生态环境整治与社会经济协调发展的三大效益目标；循环经济发展战略一多元化产业结构优化。构建生态产业体系。转变传统增长方式；资源替代与产业替代战略；科技创新战略——依靠高新技术的后发优势战略；生态城市战略；机制体制创新战略等。     

武汉城市圈城市用地扩张对经济增长贡献度的动态研究——“两型社会”试验区设置前后的比较

运用索洛余值法量化测度武汉城市圈"两型社会"试验区设置前后(2000~2006年和2007~2012年)各县区的TEP以及资本、劳动、土地、中间投入品等生产要素供给对经济增长的贡献度,为促进武汉城市圈供给侧结构性改革及提升土地要素产出效率提供参考。结果显示:武汉城市圈经济发展主要依靠资本、劳动等生产要素的投入以及技术进步,土地扩张对经济增长的影响相对较低,中间投入品的影响微弱;武汉城市圈"两型社会"实验区的规划设置提升了土地要素供给对经济发展的贡献率,城市土地扩张的产出效率有所增强,但在要素投入中仍显微弱、增幅较小,ΔES与ΔTEP的差距与对应区域产业结构对土地投入的依赖性呈反比。研究发现:武汉城市圈在经济发展中需要继续推进技术革新,加大对劳动力素质的培训及优质人才的吸引,促进经济增长方式由粗放转向集约;大力推行政策扶持以提高土地对经济的参与程度,以城市圈为整体统筹规划城市用地的供给,根据区域产业结构和资源优势制定差别化的土地供给与经济发展政策,从"供给侧改革"出发在作用原理及机制上集约利用土地。     

资源型城市的可持续发展路径——以太原市创建国家可持续发展议程示范区为例

推进2030可持续发展议程,实现可持续发展目标(SDGs)已经成为全球共识,城市是实现可持续发展的重要空间载体。中国城市中有超过200个资源型城市,这些城市的产业、能源结构单一,随着城市资源的日渐枯竭,普遍面临着产业转型难,接续替代产业发展滞后、生态环境破坏严重等问题,面临着实现可持续发展的多重挑战。文章构建了综合评估模型,通过厘清城市"驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应"系统之间多元互动反馈关系,构建可持续发展综合能力评价指标体系,基于驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应(DPSIR)模型构建了资源型城市可持续发展综合评估模型,并以太原市国家可持续发展议程创新示范区为案例进行研究。研究结论表明,通过发展理念、关键技术、政策体制、服务体系等方面的创新,可驱动资源型城市经济、社会与环境的全面转型。同时提出了"增长、生态、低碳、宜居、幸福"的五维太原市可持续发展路径。     

资源型城市可持续发展保障的策略转换与制度构造

随着资源型城市转型发展进入新阶段,资源型经济强大的挤出效应和传统上采纳的以政策为中心的发展策略逐渐成为资源型城市现代转型的障碍。这一制度难题表明,对资源型城市可持续发展的制度保障路径的研究和选择应当成为破解这些难题的首要问题。为了减少设置消除这些问题,本文从资源型城市可持续发展保障的策略转换这个视角出发,以政策性保障路径带来的沉淀成本为切入点,采用比较分析和建构的方法,指出了资源型城市持续发展的保障策略应当改变传统的以政策为导向的传统路径,代之以法律为主导的法制化路径。在厘清资源型城市的社会结构、制度结构、利益结构、资本结构的基础上,尝试以资源开发与补偿、资源产业衰退与援助、新旧产业接续、民生与经济发展、投入与模式转型、发展和生态环境等关键性矛盾为核心建构《资源型城市可持续发展条例》,并对《条例》的建构提出8个方面的建议,即内容上,建立包括资源开发补偿、产业衰退援助救济、资源性产品价格形成、发展规划、责任追究以及激励手段等诸多制度在内的长效机制。     

创新驱动发展战略与中国的未来城镇化建设

在科技发展日新月异的今天,科技创新进一步成为经济和社会发展的主导力量。而城市既是经济社会发展的重要载体,也是创新要素的主要聚集地,科技创新在城市发展中的作用和意义愈加凸显。中国改革开放以来,城镇化快速发展,已经取得举世瞩目的成就,并开始进入初级城市型社会阶段。但是在城镇化过程中由于长期以来的粗放型外延型发展模式,产生了巨大的资源和环境压力,社会矛盾增多,这些都困扰着中国城镇化的进程。把科技创新融入到城镇化,积极探索资源节约、集约高效、环保低碳的绿色城镇化之路,有利于突破中国城镇化道路所面临的瓶颈,实现城镇化的战略转型。本文在简要分析和阐述中国进入城市化社会新时代的现状和中国城镇化面临的困境的基础上,以北京市为例,从4个方面分析了科技创新对城镇化建设的驱动作用:创新驱动产业结构升级,推动城市经济绿色化;创新驱动产业布局优化,促进城市空间和能源、资源高效集约利用;创新驱动信息通讯技术发展,推进城市智慧化;创新驱动文化、制度和社会管理进步,提升城市内涵。基于以上分析,针对当前城镇化建设中发展创新型经济、建设创新型城市存在一些问题,提出建议:拓展和深化科技创新服务体系;促进区域间城镇化协调发展,以产城融合推动城市化建设;加强智慧城市顶层设计、宏观统筹;促进城市文化与科技融合;创新城乡一体化社会管理机制。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.