中国淡水生态系统甲烷排放基本特征及研究进展

本文基于中国境内的湖泊、水库、河流等淡水系统CH₄排放研究的相关成果,对203个湖泊（595个样点）、46个水库（221个样点）、112条河流（441个样点）,总计1257个样点的CH₄通量数据进行统计分析,探讨了中国淡水系统（湖泊、水库、河流）CH₄排放的一般特征,总结了当前研究进展,并进一步估算和评估了中国淡水系统CH₄排放总量水平.结果表明：1）中国湖泊CH₄排放通量平均为（1.17±1.87） mg/（m²·h）,蒙新湖区（（3.84±0.57） mg/（m²·h））和东北湖区（（2.62±3.54） mg/（m²·h））较高,青藏湖区（（1.94±4.13） mg/（m²·h））次之,东部湖区（（0.81±0.90） mg/（m²·h））较低,云贵湖区（（0.19±0.26） mg/（m²·h））最低;湖泊CH₄排放通量呈显著的纬度模式,高纬度地区湖泊CH₄排放高于低纬度地区;2）水库CH₄排放通量（（1.25±1.78） mg/（m²·h））与湖泊相似,水库消落带较高的排放通量（（4.34±4.45）mg/（m²·h））对水库CH₄排放具有重要贡献;3）河流CH₄排放（（0.82±1.14） mg/（m²·h））略低于湖库,长江水系CH₄排放通量（（0.98±2.38） mg/（m²·h））和黄河水系（（0.85±0.75） mg/（m²·h））相近,高于海河水系（（0.54±0.93） mg/（m²·h））,辽河、珠江水系研究较少,数据变异性极大;4）受降水、温度、径流稀释等影响,淡水系统CH₄排放呈显著的季节变化,其中湖库排放夏季高于秋季,冬春季较低,而河流则春秋季高于夏冬季;5）基于外推法估算全国湖泊、水库、河流CH₄排放总量分别约为0.96,0.29,0.76Tg/a,相当于全国湿地系统排放的75%.由于较大的时空变异性以及监测数据分布的不均匀性,目前估算存在较大的不确定性,但淡水系统CH₄排放在全球气候变化中的贡献仍不容小觑.     

滨海沼泽湿地转化为养殖塘对其碳储量的影响

以闽江河口为研究区域,配对采集芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地、短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)湿地和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)湿地的植物、土壤(0～100cm)及由其围垦而成的水产养殖塘沉积物(0～100cm)样品,测定其有机碳含量,计算生态系统碳储量...     

快速城市化区河流温室气体排放的时空特征及驱动因素

河流是大气温室气体重要的排放源,近十多年来全球城市化导致河流生态系统各要素发生改变,对河流水体温室气体排放产生影响.为研究快速城市化区不同土地利用方式下河流温室气体排放的时空特征及其影响因素,采用薄边界层模型法,于2014年9月(秋季)和12月(冬季)及2015年3月(春季)和6月(夏季)的晴天对重庆市区内梁滩河干、支流水体pCO_2、CH_4、N_2O溶存浓度进行监测.结果表明,梁滩河干、支流水体pCO_2范围为(23. 38±34. 89)～(1395. 33±55. 45) Pa、CH_4溶存浓度范围(65. 09±28. 09)～(6 021. 36±94. 36) nmol·L~(-1)、N_2O溶存浓度范围为(29. 47±5. 16)～(510. 28±18. 34)nmol·L~(-1); CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量分别为-6. 1～786. 9、0. 31～27. 62和0. 06～1. 08 mmol·(m~2·d)~(-1);流域水体温室气体浓度空间格局与快速城市化带来的污染负荷空间梯度吻合,干流温室气体浓度与通量从上游向下游均呈先增加后降低,在城市化速度最快的中游出现峰值,其中城市河段CO_2和CH_4浓度约为非城市河段的2倍,同时支流水体自上游农业区向下游城市区呈显著增加;由于受到降雨、温度、外源输入的综合影响,河流CO_2排放通量呈秋季冬季夏季春季的季节模式,CH_4排放通量春季最高夏季最低,N_2O排放通量季节差异不显著.流域水体碳、氮含量均较高,水体CO_2的产生和排放不受生源要素限制,但受水温、pH、DO、叶绿素a等生物代谢因子影响; CH_4的产生和排放受水体碳、氮、磷含量和外源污水输入的共同驱动; N_2O的产生和排放主要受高N_2O浓度的城市污水排放影响.本研究认为流域快速城市化加快了河流水体温室气体排放,形成排放热源,因此城市河流温室气体排放对全球河流排放通量的贡献可能被忽视,在未来研究中应受到更多关注.     

Anthropogenic land use substantially increases riverine CO2 emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from inland waters to the atmosphere are a pivotal component of the global carbon budget. Anthropogenic land use can influence riverine CO₂ emissions, but empirical data exploring cause-effect relationships remain limited. Here, we investigated CO₂ partial pressures (pCO₂) and degassing in a monsoonal river (Yue River) within the Han River draining to the Yangtze in China. Almost 90% of river samples were supersaturated in CO₂ with a mean ± standard deviation of 1474 ± 1614 µatm, leading to emissions of 557 - 971 mmol/m²/day from river water to the atmosphere. Annual CO₂ emissions were 1.6 - 2.8 times greater than the longitudinal exports of riverine dissolved inorganic and organic carbon. pCO₂ was positively correlated to anthropogenic land use (urban and farmland), and negatively correlated to forest cover. pCO₂ also had significant and positive relationships with total dissolved nitrogen and total dissolved phosphorus. Stepwise multiple regression models were developed to predict pCO₂. Farmland and urban land released nutrients and organic matter to the river system, driving riverine pCO₂ enrichment due to enhanced respiration in these heterotrophic rivers. Overall, we show the crucial role of land use driving riverine pCO₂, which should be considered in future large-scale estimates of CO₂ emissions from streams. Land use change can thus modify the carbon balance of urban-river systems by enhancing river emissions, and reforestation helps carbon neutral in rivers.     

Divergence of carbon dioxide fluxes in different trophic areas of Taihu Lake,China

IntroductionCarbondioxide(CO2 )isaprincipalgreenhousegasandthereforetheirair waterexchangesareimportantproblemsinterrestrialecosystemsforclimatechangestudy(Frankignoulle ,1 998;Chimel,2 0 0 1 ) .ThedirectionofCO2 gasexchange(evasionorinvasion)isdependentonthedirectionoftheCO2concentrationgradientbetweentheairandthesurfacewater;themagnitudeoftheexchangedependsadditionallyonthegasexchangecoefficient,k.Alloflakesinland ,withitssmallareabutlargeatmosphericCO2 fluxrange ,playanimportantroleinev…     

喀斯特城市湖库pCO2及CO2通量空间格局研究

为探索典型喀斯特城市湖库二氧化碳分压（pCO₂）及其交换通量（F）空间格局,以我国贵阳市阿哈湖水库（AHa）、松柏山水库（SBS）、百花湖（BHH）和红枫湖（HFH）为对象,探索了区域气象水文基础数据、碳酸盐平衡参数及环境因子,进而评估表层水体pCO₂及其F空间变化.结果表明,受原位新陈代谢和水文调节,AHa的pCO₂为（861.6±462.8）μatm,显著高于SBS （223.6±213.1）μatm、BHH （139.3±63.6）μatm和HFH （126.2±50.9）μatm （P<0.05）,且各湖库水-气界面二氧化碳（CO₂）交换速率（k值）在（2.05~3.82） cm/h范围内.AHa的F值为（6.23±9.59） mmol/（m²·d）,具有向大气排放CO₂的潜力;SBS、BHH和HFH的F值分别为（-5.86±5.25） mmol/（m²×d）、（-8.63±1.03） mmol/（m²·d）和（-7.58±1.10） mmol/（m²·d）,表现为大气CO₂汇.湖库表层水体pCO₂与环境因子叶绿素a （Chla）和氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）具有显著相关性（P<0.05）,说明喀斯特湖库碳酸盐耦合光合作用和人为输入极大影响了水体CO₂量级.     

中国南方喀斯特地区碳循环研究进展

中国南方喀斯特地区碳循环路径与过程基本清晰,与其他陆地生态系统明显不同,呈现出鲜明的区域特色:雨热同季、地质构造背景与碳酸盐岩可溶性的耦合,导致碳酸盐岩中大量封存的碳重新进入生态系统碳的循环;二元三维结构中地下空间CO_2具体动态变化性,可视为次级碳库,影响生态系统碳的循环过程;陆生植物、水生植物均有利用HCO_3~-碳源进行光合作用的新途径;发现了碳酸盐岩快速的风化作用与水生植物生物碳泵的耦合机制,喀斯特作用碳汇效应得以确证。但是,中国南方喀斯特地区碳循环的研究还存在明显不足:喀斯特作用碳汇量的估算受到气候变化、土地利用变化的正负机制、外源酸等多因素的挑战,还具有很大的不确定性;植被、土壤与岩石、地下空间次级碳库、大气、大气降水存在复杂的多界面作用过程,碳的通量及迁移转化机制仍不明确。未来研究应重视:针对喀斯特地区特点的新研究方法、技术的研发;喀斯特关键带理念的统领;联网长期观测;模型的集成与创新。     

城镇化、居民生活能源消费与生活碳排放之间关系的实证研究

利用中国1995年－2012年居民生活能源消费数据,通过协整检验、格兰杰因果关系检验等方法对城镇化、居民生活能源消费与碳排放之间关系进行了实证研究,结果发现：城镇化、居民生活能源消费与碳排放存在长期均衡关系;城镇化程度的提高会降低CO2排放;生活能源消费的增加是CO2排放提高的重要原因。居民生活能源消费与CO2排放之间存在着双向格兰杰因果关系。提出稳步推进新型城镇化进程、合理进行生活能源消费、调控城乡居民生活能源消费等建议。     

河流-水库体系水体表层pCO_2时空变化特征及其扩散通量——以六冲河、洪家渡水库、红枫湖为例

为了了解筑坝后河流-水库体系CO2的释放特征,本研究于2011年5月至2012年5月调查了乌江流域的六冲河以及处于不同营养水平的洪家渡水库和红枫湖表层水体的基本物理、化学和生物参数及溶解无机碳碳同位素组成(δ13 CDIC),分析计算表层水体pCO2及水气界面的CO2交换通量(CO2flux)。六冲河、洪家渡水库和红枫湖表层水体的pCO2年平均值分别为684±195μatm、884±484μatm和592±596μatm,均大于大气中的pCO2,表现为大气CO2的源。红枫湖表层水体中的pCO2受到藻类等水生生物的作用最强,洪家渡水库次之,六冲河表层水体最弱,导致它们表层水体中的pCO2具有明显不同的时间分布特征,相应的CO2flux的时间分布也明显不同。红枫湖的初级生产力水平最高,在2011年5月至2011年9月时表现为大气CO2的汇,水气界面的交换通量平均为-5.70mmol.m-2.d-1。δ13 CDIC和pCO2同步变化揭示了水体表层pCO2时空变化受藻类等生物活动的影响。本研究表明,高频率的监测对于准确评估河流-水库体系CO2flux非常必要。     

Land use structure optimization based on carbon storage in several regional terrestrial ecosystems across China

Land use change is a main driver of carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems. Based on land use data, research results related to carbon densities in vegetation and soil as well as government policies related to development in different regions of China, this paper optimized land use structure in 2020 for different regions with the goal of increasing terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage. We defined seven types of land use: (1) cultivated land, (2) garden land, (3) woodland, (4) pasture land, (5) other agricultural land, (6) urbanized land, and (7) a mixture of other land which we call mixed land which included open water, swamps, glaciers and other land as defined below. We found: (1) For most eastern regions, woodland has the highest carbon (C) densities while C densities of pasture land and cultivated land did not differ widely. Both have C densities higher than urbanized land while urbanized land has higher carbon densities than the areas placed in the mixed land type. (2) Under an optimized land use structure projected for 2020, the area of cultivated land will decrease compared with 2005 for most regions. The areas of garden land, pasture land and other agricultural land are much smaller compared with the mixed land use type, and the changes there are not obvious and their contributions to increased carbon storage are not significant. The area of woodland will increase the most obviously and it will contribute the most to increased carbon storage. The increasing urbanization of land and the decreasing trend of other land types make it difficult to change carbon storage patterns since the Chinese economy is expanding rapidly. (3) The optimized land use structure presented here will have effects on the entire country though with regional differences. Some inland regions will always have a larger potential to increase carbon storage than other areas because the potentialities in some coastal regions are limited by social and economic development.     

CO2 emissions from tropical drained peat in Sumatra,Indonesia

With the increasing use of tropical peatland for agricultural development, documentation of the rate of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions is becoming important for national greenhouse gas inventories. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil-surface CO₂ fluxes from drained peat under different land-use systems in Riau and Jambi Provinces, Sumatra, Indonesia. Increase of CO₂ concentration was tracked in measurement chambers using an Infrared Gas Analyzer (IRGA, LI-COR 820 model). The results showed that CO₂ flux under oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantations ranged from 34?±?16 and 45?±?25 Mg CO₂ ha^–1 year^–1 in two locations in Jambi province to 66?±?25 Mg CO₂ ha^–1 year^–1 for a site in Riau. For adjacent plots within 3.2 km in the Kampar Peninsula, Riau, CO₂ fluxes from an oil palm plantation, an Acacia plantation, a secondary forest and a rubber plantation were 66?±?25, 59?±?19, 61?±?25, 52?±?17 Mg ha^–1 year^–1, respectively, while on bare land sites it was between 56?±?30 and 67?±?24 Mg CO₂ ha^–1 year^–1, indicating no significant differences among the different land-use systems in the same landscape. Unexplained site variation seems to dominate over land use in influencing CO₂ flux. CO₂ fluxes varied with time of day (p?<?0.001) with the noon flux as the highest, suggesting an overestimate of the mean flux values with the absence of night-time measurements. In general, CO₂ flux increased with the depth of water table, suggesting the importance of keeping the peat as wet as possible.     

流域土地利用变化的水生态响应研究

流域土地利用变化造成水体物理、化学条件变化,并对诸多水生生物产生影响,进而破坏水系的生态系统结构和功能.研究显示:① 流域土地利用变化将引起水文、底质、生境改变等物理响应,以及水体营养盐、细菌、有毒有害物含量、溶解氧变化等化学响应,分布式水文模型成为研究物理和化学响应的重要工具;② 流域土地利用变化的生物响应表现为水生生物与自然用地类型呈正相关,而与农业用地、城镇用地呈负相关,并且存在明显的尺度效应,统计学分析是主要的研究方法;③ 大尺度的土地利用变化在水文过程下造成河段尺度上的外源物质输入、水文条件、底质结构等物理化学因子变化,是影响水生生物生境的直接原因.存在主要问题:① 流域土地利用变化的生物响应关系机制尚不明晰;② 流域土地利用变化的生物响应是通过物理响应、化学响应来间接作用的,但三者之间的非线性关系十分复杂;③ 水生生物对环境因子变化的敏感性和适用性存在较大差异.因此,未来研究应关注流域水文过程驱动下的物质迁移转化过程及由此带来的物理、化学和生物响应以及三者之间的关系,加强流域水文规律总结和参数率定,构建符合流域特征的参数数据库,并着力构建以保护水生态系统结构与功能为核心的流域山水林田湖系统综合管控模式.      

Greenhouse gas emission factors for land use and land-use change in Southeast Asian peatlands

Tropical peat swamp forests, which are predominantly located in Southeast Asia (SEA) and play a prominent role as a global carbon store, are being intensively degraded and converted to agricultural lands and tree plantations. For national inventories, updated estimates of peat emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) from land use (LU) and land-use change in the tropics are required. In this context, we reviewed the scientific literature and calculated emission factors of peat net emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) in seven representative LU categories for SEA i.e. intact peat swamp forest, degraded forest (logged, drained and affected by fire), mixed croplands and shrublands, rice fields, oil palm, Acacia crassicarpa and sago palm plantations. Peat net CO₂ uptake from or emissions to the atmosphere were assessed using a mass balance approach. The balance included main peat C inputs through litterfall and root mortality and outputs via organic matter mineralization and dissolved organic carbon. Peat net CO₂ loss rate from degraded forest, croplands and shrublands, rice fields, oil palm, A. crassicarpa and sago palm plantations amounted to 19.4?±?9.4, 41.0?±?6.7, 25.6?±?11.5, 29.9?±?10.6, 71.8?±?12.7 and 5.2?±?5.1 Mg CO₂ ha^?1 y^?1, respectively. Total peat GHG losses amounted to 20.9?±?9.4, 43.8?±?6.8, 36.1?±?12.9, 30.4?±?10.6, 72?±?12.8 and 8.6?±?5.3 Mg CO₂-equivalent ha^?1 y^?1 in the same LU categories, respectively. A single land-clearing fire would result in additional emissions of 493.6?±?156.0 Mg CO₂-equivalent ha^?1.     

2000~2018年长三角土地利用变化对农田生态系统氨排放的影响

根据Landsat卫星遥感影像解译了2000~2018年长江三角洲（Yangtze River Delta,YRD）城市群历史土地利用变化,结合氮肥施用变化情况,研究了由于土地利用变化带来的农田生态系统氨（NH₃）排放变化.结果表明,伴随着快速的城市化进程,YRD耕地面积逐渐减少,耕地面积从2000年的276269 km²（占总面积的49%）减少到2018年的244001 km²（占总面积的44%）.土地利用变化和氮肥施用变化对农田生态系统NH₃排放的影响主要包括土壤本底和氮肥施用两部分.2000~2018年,YRD氮肥施用产生的NH₃排放量从690 kt·a^-1减少到541 kt·a^-1（减少22%）;土壤本底产生的NH₃排放量从32 kt·a^-1减少到29 kt·a^-1（减少9%）.结果表明,近20年来,YRD城镇化进程加快,耕地面积显著减少,进一步带来氮肥施用量降低,使得农田生态系统NH₃排放量减少.     

千岛湖大气氮磷干湿沉降特征及周年入库负荷

大气氮磷沉降是湖库营养盐输入的重要途径,深刻地影响着湖库水体营养盐平衡及生态系统演化进程. 为了解山区大型水库大气氮磷沉降对水体的贡献,于2020年11月—2021年10月在千岛湖街口和淳安县城2个监测站点开展了大气氮磷干湿沉降周年观测,分析千岛湖大气氮磷沉降特征及入库负荷. 结果表明:千岛湖街口监测点大气总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)沉降量分别为1 774.83和34.11 kg/(km2·a),淳安县城监测点大气TN、TP沉降量分别为1 799.73和34.44 kg/(km2·a). 大气TN沉降以湿沉降为主,街口和淳安县城监测点TN湿沉降分别占总沉降的92%和88%;两个监测点大气TP沉降的组成差异较大,其中街口监测点湿沉降占53%,淳安县城监测点干沉降占60%. 气象条件(降雨)叠加人类活动(施肥等农业活动和旅游等城市活动)能够显著增加大气营养盐沉降量,全年85%的TN沉降和71%的TP沉降集中在降雨期. 观测期间,千岛湖大气TN、TP干湿沉降入湖负荷分别估算为1 041.98和20.04 t/a,分别占千岛湖河道TN、TP输入的9.4%和8.3%. 研究显示,千岛湖大气氮磷沉降量显著低于长三角地区其他水体,但农耕、旅游等人类活动仍造成千岛湖大气营养盐沉降量明显升高.      

UV-B增强对土壤-大豆系统CO2排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定CO2排放通量,研究了人工模拟UV-B辐射增强对土壤-大豆系统CO2排放的影响.结果表明,在相同的气象条件和田间管理下,UV-B辐射增强对CO2排放的季节变化模式无明显影响.在植株结荚前,UV-B增强对CO2排放通量没有显著影响,但从植株结荚到成熟,CO2排放通量显著降低,2004和2006年分别降低了49.03%和48.13%;并显著降低了整个生育期的CO2累积排放量,2004和2006年分别降低了43.26%和44.79%.收割实验表明,在分枝开花期,UV-B增强降低了土壤CO2排放,但对植株地上部分的CO2排放没有明显影响;从结荚到成熟,UV-B增强主要通过降低植株地上部分CO2排放通量来降低土壤-大豆系统的CO2排放.UV-B辐射增强降低了大豆生态系统碳固定量,在分枝开花-结荚阶段的固定碳量减少了352.73g/m2CO2,在结荚-鼓粒阶段固定碳量减少了1456.25g/m2CO2.     

Greenhouse gas mitigation with scarce land: The potential contribution of increased nitrogen input

Agricultural lands have been identified to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions primarily by production of energy crops and substituting fossil energy resources and through carbon sequestration in soils. Increased fertilizer input resulting in increased yields may reduce the area needed for crop production. The surplus area could be used for energy production without affecting the land use necessary for food and feed production. We built a model to investigate the effect of changing nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates on cropping area required for a given amount of crops. We found that an increase in nitrogen fertilizer supply is only justified if GHG mitigation with additional land is higher than 9–15 t carbon dioxide equivalents per hectare (CO₂-eq._./ha). The mitigation potential of bioenergy production from energy crops is most often not in this range. Hence, from a GHG abatement point of view land should rather be used to produce crops at moderate fertilizer rate than to produce energy crops. This may change if farmers are forced to reduce their N input due to taxes or governmental regulations as it is the case in Denmark. However, with a fertilizer rate 10 % below the economical optimum a reduction of N input is still more effective than the production of bioenergy unless mitigation effect of the bioenergy production exceeds 7 t carbon dioxide (CO₂)-eq._./ha. An intensification of land use in terms of N supply to provide more land for bioenergy production can only in exceptional cases be justified to mitigate GHG emissions with bioenergy under current frame conditions in Germany and Denmark.     

Interannual variability of carbon cycle implied by a 2-d atmospheric transport model

A 2-dimensional atmospheric transport model is deployed in asimplified CO2 inverse study. Calculated carbon flux distribution for the interval from 1981 to 1997 confirms the existence of a terrestrial carbon sink in mid-high latitude area of North Hemisphere. Strong interannual variability exists in carbon flux patterns, implying a possible link with ENSO and other natural episodes such as Pinatubo volcano eruption in 1991. Mechanism of this possible link was investigated with statistic method. Correlation analysis indicated that in North Hemisphere, climatic factors such as temperature and precipitation, to some extend, could influence the carbon cycle process of land and ocean, thus cause considerable change in carbon flux distribution. In addition, correlation study also demonstrated the possible important role of Asian terrestrial ecosystems in carbon cycle.     

北京城市地区CO2通量特征

城市CO₂排放是全球大气CO₂的重要来源. 为探讨不同气象背景条件、土地利用方式和覆盖类型以及能源消耗方式对城市CO₂排放的影响,利用北京325m气象塔(39°58′N、116°22′E)上140m高涡动相关仪监测的湍流数据,对2009年6月26日—2011年12月31日气象塔周边区域共919d CO₂通量的时间变化及方向分布特征进行了研究,并计算了CO₂的年排放量. 结果表明:CO₂通量受交通因素影响明显,各季节CO₂通量日间早、晚峰值出现时间与车流量高峰时间一致,该特征在冬季表现尤为突出. 冬季取暖会显著增加CO₂排放量;受供暖排放和植物休眠的影响,冬季CO₂通量全天均高于其他季节,日均值为30.1μmol/(m2·s),显著高于春、夏、秋三季的15.2、17.9和15.8μmol/(m2·s) (t-test,P<0.001). CO₂通量在不同方向的分布特征表明,其值与源区内人工建筑面积所占比例成正比;而在植被覆盖比例较高的方位,其CO₂通量相应较小. 气象塔周边区域CO₂年均排放量达到30.0kg/(m2·a),但仍小于伦敦的35.5kg/(m2·a).      

中国碳排放及影响因素的市域尺度分析

评估区域碳排放及其与社会经济状况的关系对于制定碳减排措施至关重要.以中国339个地级及以上城市(不含新疆部分城市和港澳台地区)为研究对象,探究了非化石能源占比、土地开发度、常住人口城镇化率、第二产业占比、人均GDP和人均建设用地面积对人均CO₂排放量的影响.通过构建模拟人均CO₂排放量的贝叶斯信念网络,识别各因素对人均CO₂排放量的全局影响;采用多尺度地理加权回归模型,分析各因素对人均CO₂排放量的局部影响.结果表明：(1)2020年,中国地级及以上城市人均CO₂排放量呈现出由南向北递增,东部沿海向内陆递减的格局.(2)从全局来看,人均CO₂排放量对各因素的敏感性从高到低依次为：人均建设用地面积>人均GDP>常住人口城镇化率>土地开发度>第二产业占比>非化石能源占比.(3)从局部来看,各因素与人均CO₂排放量的空间关系方向与全局关系一致,关系强度上存在空间异质性.(4)清洁能源、脱碳技术、土地节约集约利用...