Design for volume optimization of packaging for durable goods

In the literature, there are several authors arguing for the optimization of the packaging volume as an important factor in distribution efficiency. Within the context of packaging of durable goods, these authors present significant economic savings, usually illustrated by qualitative examples of redesigns. So far, these papers are limited to: (a) the economic aspect of volume (b) packaging for which the main functionality is distribution‐related, and (c) mostly qualitative empirical data. This current paper aims to contribute to this literature by: (a) arguing that volume is also a significant factor from an environmental perspective (b) including packaging for which the main functionality is marketing‐related, and (c) presenting quantitative data of over 1000 packed durable goods, covering consumer electronics, domestic appliances, toys, power tools and furniture. Several strategies for volume optimization are discussed in relation to different packaging functionalities. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

船舶与集装箱用钢板预处理过程中所用磨料的对比

对船舶与集装箱用钢板涂装前预处理过程中，抛（喷）丸清理（除锈、刻蚀）用各种磨料的性质、磨料硬度与侵入性及耐久性（寿命）的关系、磨料的形状与清理效果的关系、磨料的粒度与覆盖率、冲击功的关系作了对比分析，提出了合理选用磨料的原则。     

Model for prediction of processing window for austempered ductile iron

Abstract

A computer model has been developed to predict the processing window (austempering window) for austempered ductile iron (ADI). The model is a modification of an existing model for the isothermal decomposition of austenite in bainitic steels. It was calibrated using experimental data from the literature. In order to validate the model, the processing window corresponding to a ductile iron of composition 3.41%C, 2.46%Si, 0.36%Mn, 0.18%Mo, and 0.25%Cu is predicted and compared to experimental data. Computer assisted image analysis was used to investigate the volume fraction of martensite at the lower boundary of the processing window. X-ray diffraction was used to calculate the normalised volume fraction of austenite at the upper boundary of the processing window. The results show that the model successfully predicts the processing window corresponding to the iron investigated in this study.     

符合产品再生利用的设计：未来创造价值过程的基础

降低当前不断增长的资源消耗，这要求未来的产品循环在材料和能源方面更为有效。这将在保证技术先进的同时延长产品使用寿命和耐用性的基础上藉产品再生利用来实现。符合再生利用的产品必须具备开放式的系统结构，并且具有适合几个生命周期的动态的产品结构。为了此类产品的构造和设计，本文以机床为例，制订了支持设计的特殊规则和提示。在再生利用能力方面的设计质量可以用来有评价标准的清单予以检验。     

Chemical methods for searching for evidence of extra-terrestrial life

This paper describes the chemical concepts used for the purpose of detecting life in extra-terrestrial situations. These methods, developed initially within the oil industry, have been used to determine when life began on Earth and for investigating the Moon and Mars via space missions. In the case of Mars, the Viking missions led to the realization that we had meteorites from Mars on Earth. The study of Martian meteorites in the laboratory provides tantalizing clues for life on Mars in both the ancient and recent past. Meteorite analyses led to the launch of the Beagle 2 spacecraft, which was designed to prove that life-detection results obtained on Earth were authentic and not confused by terrestrial contamination. Some suggestions are made for future work.     

Optimum policy for warrants for and design of guardrails

An optimum policy for the warrants for and the design of guardrails based on benefit maximizing criteria is presented. It is shown that the strength, the number of classes of standards, and the location of guardrails should be determined simultaneously with due consideration for the nation-wide distribution of roadside dangers and the impact of colliding vehicles. Dynamic programming is used for optimization.     

New VNIIM comparator for measurements of line scales for length

An interference comparator is described for measuring line scales and gratings in which total conformity is provided for the sections being compared, the effect of water vapor in the refractometer chamber is overcome, and a laser confocal microscope and digital processing of signals are used. In comparisons, the length-dependent divergence is 1·10⁻⁸L, and independent of length the standard divergence is 2 nm. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 5, pp. 31–35, May, 2007.     

A Framework for Systematic Classification of Assets for Security Testing

Over the last decade, a significant increase has been observed in the use of web-based Information systems that process sensitive information, e.g., personal, financial, medical. With this increased use, the security of such systems became a crucial aspect to ensure safety, integrity and authenticity of the data. To achieve the objectives of data safety, security testing is performed. However, with growth and diversity of information systems, it is challenging to apply security testing for each and every system. Therefore, it is important to classify the assets based on their required level of security using an appropriate technique. In this paper, we propose an asset security classification technique to classify the System Under Test (SUT) based on various factors such as system exposure, data criticality and security requirements. We perform an extensive evaluation of our technique on a sample of 451 information systems. Further, we use security testing on a sample extracted from the resulting prioritized systems to investigate the presence of vulnerabilities. Our technique achieved promising results of successfully assigning security levels to various assets in the tested environments and also found several vulnerabilities in them.     

汽车车身阴极电泳涂装工艺控制要点

论述了电泳涂装前处理、电泳涂装、电泳后清洗、电泳涂膜的烘干等汽车车身阴极电泳涂装工艺及正常生产时阴极电泳涂装生产现场和电泳槽液的控制要点.     

期货经纪公司的最优激励契约模型决策

基于委托代理理论,建立了一个激励契约模型,解释了我国期货经纪公司传统的激励机制,并基于长期效用函数建立了一个新的激励契约模型。通过比较,指出现实中所用传统激励契约的不足,建议制定激励契约时既要考虑交易成交量又要考虑客户成长率。     

Computer-aided process planning for fabrication of three-dimensional microstructures for bioMEMS applications

In recent years, there has been increasing interest from both academies and industries in developing micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) technology for biological applications, known as bioMEMS or biochips. Targeting at high throughput biomolecule analysis, drug compound screening, and reduction of reagent and sample volume, today's bioMEMS devices come with miniaturised design and increased complexity of microstructures. Fabrication of such a complex bioMEMS structure involves a number of layer fabrication cycles. Moreover, a two-dimensional (2D) mask is required for each process. Thus, manually generating such a complex process plan has become a difficult task. With recent advances in material technology, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silicone material has been widely applied in nowadays bioMEMS fabrication. This paper proposes a novel automated process planning approach for fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) microstructures in bioMEMS. This approach can handle both PDMS casting and traditional micro fabrication processes. It integrates a novel solid decomposition method and a feasibility search algorithm. Also, it can directly handle the solid model of an integrated microstructure with B-rep representation, and automatically generate the data of the fabrication process plan along with masks. A process planner prototype has been implemented. An application example is presented to demonstrate the functionality of the prototype.     

Optics Concept for a Pair of Undulator Beamlines for MX

We describe a concept for x-ray optics to feed a pair of macromolecular crystallography (MX) beamlines which view canted undulator radiation sources in the same storage ring straight section. It can be deployed at NSLS-II and at other low-emittance third-generation synchrotron radiation sources where canted undulators are permitted, and makes the most of these sources and beamline floor space, even when the horizontal angle between the two canted undulator emissions is as little as 1-2 mrad. The concept adopts the beam-separation principles employed at the 23-ID (GM/CA-CAT) beamlines at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), wherein tandem horizontally-deflecting mirrors separate one undulator beam from the other, following monochromatization by a double-crystal monochromator. The scheme described here would, in contrast, deliver the two tunable monochromatic undulator beams to separate endstations that address rather different and somewhat complementary purposes, with further beam conditioning imposed as required. A downstream microfocusing beamline would employ dual-stage focusing for work at the micron scale and, unique to this design, switch to single stage focusing for larger beams. On the other hand, the upstream, more highly automated beamline would only employ single stage focusing.     

解读玩具产品强制性认证标准

玩具是儿童最亲密的伙伴,是"人生的第一部教科书"。但玩具作为特殊商品,消费对象为特殊的弱势消费群体——儿童,由于儿童在智力、体力和行为等方面均不完全具备逃避危险的能力,玩具产品质量的优劣直接影响儿童的身心健康和使用安全。