铵梯油炸药低温混药工艺的研究

1 概述 我国岩石粉状铵梯炸药与铵梯油炸药是工业炸药的主体炸药,它的混药工艺一直是采用传统热法混药的生产工艺。该工艺存在三大问题。①生产不安全,在混药时,由于需要加热;且操作药者若对药温控制不严,或刮板翻动留有死角,或混入杂物,便很容易造成燃烧或爆炸事故;②炸药容易结块硬化,给用户使用带来不安全和使用不方便,同时,还会降低爆破效果,使单耗提高;③能耗高,提高了炸药的成本。针对上述问     

安全为天 生命至上

正安徽江南化工股份有限公司(简称江南化工)位于安徽省宁国市港口镇,是集研发、生产、销售于一体的民爆上市公司,工业炸药年生产许可能力5万t,现有4条工业炸药生产线,产品有粉状乳化炸药、胶状乳化炸药、现场混装乳化炸药和现场混装多孔粒状铵油炸药。多年来,江南化工锐意创新、不断进取,取得了一定的成绩,先后荣获"高新技术企业""安徽省安全文化示范企业""安徽省国防系统安全生产先进单位"等荣誉称     

安装电子监控系统提高生产本质安全

一、安装电子监控系统的必要性 工业炸药包括胶状乳化炸药、粉状乳化炸药、铵梯炸药、铵梯油炸药、膨化硝铵炸药、改性铵油炸药等.工业炸药生产通常是流水线作业,物料按照工艺流程,从上道工序向下道工序流动,在途物料多,涉及人员多,特别是装药、包装工序在岗人员更多,少则十几人,多则几十人.炸药在生产过程中往往因人的不安全行为、物的不安全状态、管理上的缺陷、环境不良等因素或各种因素的同时存在,引发炸药燃烧、爆炸事故.一旦某个工序发生爆炸事故,与之相邻的工序有可能受到强大的爆炸冲击波的作用发生殉爆,甚至引发生产线整体爆炸,造成重、特大爆炸事故.     

防止炸药装药和皮带输送药卷时发生传爆和殉爆的防范措施探讨

文章通过对三种工业炸药（乳化炸药、膨化硝铵炸药、改性铵油炸药）的径向殉爆距离的测试,提出了一种防止装药与包装工序皮带输送药卷发生传爆和殉爆的安全装置,并对影响殉爆距离的一些因素进行了讨论,对提高工业炸药装药与包装工序皮带输送药卷的本质安全条件,具有重要的现实意义。     

复合添加剂对多孔粒状铵油炸药抗水性的影响

为提高多孔粒状铵油炸药的抗水性能,通过引入复合添加剂对柴油进行改性,利用界面张力仪和全自动流变仪,分析了表面活性剂对柴油-水及柴油-硝酸铵界面作用的影响和交联剂对柴油黏温特性的影响。结果表明,加入表面活性剂,柴油-水界面张力降低83.8%,柴油-硝酸铵界面张力也明显下降;加入交联剂36 h后柴油的平均黏度比普通柴油提高6.4倍;加入复合添加剂,多孔粒状铵油炸药中硝酸铵的平均溶失率从99%降低至65.3%,降低了33.7%,抗水性显著增强。通过线性回归组分配比与硝酸铵溶失率,确定硝酸铵、柴油、表面活性剂与交联剂的最佳配比为94.0∶5.0∶0.4∶0.6。复合添加剂与炸药其他组分的相容性较好,且爆炸性能优于普通多孔粒状铵油炸药。     

粉状改性硝铵炸药生产过程中的安全技术措施

在生产改性硝铵炸药过程中，当工业硝酸铵加入表面改性剂后，改性硝酸铵具有了良好的使用感度和爆炸性能，但同时也加大了生产过程中的燃烧、爆炸危险性。为此，该文对改性铵油炸药生产过程进行了安全分析，并提出相应安全技术。这对指导安全生产具有一定的价值。     

固体推进剂危险性分级方法的探讨

探讨用50％爆轰的卡片隔板值24.1mm和TNT当量值1为标准,以区加紧推进剂的危险级别为爆炸级或燃烧级。本文主要从美国所发表的各种火药TNT当量试验结果资料中,推测用TNT当量值区别火药的燃烧和爆炸级,并应用于推进剂分级,再从我国对各种炸药的隔板值选择铸装TNT的隔板值作为区分推进剂的燃烧级和爆炸级。     

炮孔预装乳化炸药中使用含DDNP雷管的安全性

随着露天大区微差爆破规模的不断扩大,采用混药车混合炸药直接向炮孔中装入浆状或乳化炸药的装药方法也日益增加。目前,混药车混合的乳化炸药,出口处药温达72～76℃,因此对起爆器材的耐高温性能提出了新的要求。预装药的持续时间有的长达7～15昼夜。然而,按GB6722～86《爆破安全规程》的规定,在高温矿井爆破,孔底温度为60～80℃时,炸药应用沥青牛皮纸包装完好,不得与孔壁接触,向孔内装药至起爆时间不应超过1小时。据测定,用混药车直接装填的乳化炸药,药温高达70℃以上,     

压气裴药过程中静电的测量

一、概述在矿山爆破作业中粉状炸药的压气装填,炸药加工过程中的气流输送工艺,因炸药颗粒与输药管壁的摩擦而产生静电,给安全生产带来威胁,严重时会引起爆炸事故。     

改进乳化炸药冷却设备提高本质安全度

乳化炸药是以氧化剂水溶液为分散相，以碳氢燃料为连续相，通过乳化技术制备的油包水乳胶型抗水工业炸药。近几年来，生产技术和工艺水平有了很大的发展，由原来间断式生产工艺发展到现在的全连续全自动生产工艺，但无论采用哪种生产工艺生产乳化炸药都需要乳胶基质的冷却过程，目前常用的冷却方式有自然通风冷却、水冷却、强冷器冷却、钢带冷却等等。我公司于2006年引进湖南金能科技股份有限公司的AE—HLC型全连续化自动化生产技术工艺，     

提高铵梯炸药生产安全性的技术途径

本采用粗制TNT代替军工TNT应用于工业炸药中,不仅可减少环境的污染,而且可提高生产安全性。实验证明由粗制TNT制成的炸药,其性能可满足使用要求。     

火炸药、弹药工厂和企业中重大事故隐患的定量评估:爆炸危险源系统的现实危险度方程

火药、炸药、弹药工厂和企业存在着极大的燃烧爆炸危险性,对这类企业的重大事故隐患进行危险性评估是非常必要的。提出了危险源现实危险度(DAH)即事故隐患严重度的判据H的评估方程,而火炸药燃烧爆炸危险源系统的现实危险度H与下列因素有关,即与火炸药的危险指数W、系统的固有危险度B、未受控系数K、以及距该系统安全距离不足的建筑物和设施受危险源爆炸事故影响的破坏程度等因素有关。讨论了对这些因素的评估和计算。     

Influence of physical properties of ammonium nitrate on the detonation behaviour of ANFO

In order to obtain a better understanding of the non-ideal detonation behaviour of ammonium nitrate based explosives, detonation velocities of ANFO (ammonium nitrate and fuel oil) prepared with different kinds of ammonium nitrate (AN) were measured in steel tubes. In this series of test six kinds of AN were used and the influence of the pore diameter, the pore volume and the particle diameter of the AN particle on the detonation velocity of ANFO was investigated.

It was found that the pore diameter and the pore volume had a strong influence on the detonation velocities of ANFO. In the case of ANFO samples which were prepared with AN that had the same pore diameter and the pore volume, when tested the highest detonation velocity (3.85 km/s) was observed when the smallest particle diameter (<0.85 mm) was used. This value corresponded to 75% of the ideal detonation velocity, which was theoretically predicted by the CHEETAH code with the JCZ3-EOS.

The 12 months aging showed the change of the detonation velocities of ANFO and the reaction of ANFO was influenced both by the physical and the chemical properties of AN particles and oil during the storage period.     

温压炸药弹内爆轰特性试验研究

研究温压炸药爆炸初期弹内爆炸波作用过程,可以进一步分析温压炸药分散爆轰的作用机理,为温压炸药武器设计和系统优化提供可靠依据.设计了用测时法研究温压炸药爆轰波传播速度的试验装置,并用探针对相同组分和密度条件下、温压战斗部弹内爆炸初期的爆炸作用过程进行了对比试验,记录了触发时间信号,计算并分析了温压炸药弹内爆炸波的传播特性,得到了波阵面与弹径方向夹角α的变化规律.试验结果表明,温压炸药的爆轰波传播速度为4.632km/s,其弹内爆轰波的传播特性与中心高能分散药的爆轰波有密切联系,通过合理设计弹体结构和比药量,可以实现温压炸药的分散爆轰,提高温压炸药的爆炸威力.     

变燃速发射药连续化生产模糊综合评价模型研究

变燃速发射药连续化生产过程属于易燃、易爆、有毒系统,稍有不慎,均可能引起恶性事故.为了减少和避免事故的发生,发现生产过程中的关键危险环节从而引起注意,提高检查力度尤为重要.采用模糊综合评价法针对此系统建立数学模型,对系统中各主要生产环节的生产材料、加工机械及工艺过程进行权重分析,应用模糊数学多目标决策分析法进行安全评价,旨在找出系统发生事故的关键原因.结果表明,变燃速发射药连续化生产系统事故影响因素中工作人员所占的权重最大,其次为生产工艺、原料物质、机械设备、作业环境.     

Quantitative assessment in safety reports of the consequences from the detonation of solid explosives

Safety reports are mandatory documents in member states of European Union whenever any threshold limits of amounts of either stored or processed hazardous substances are exceeded. After a short introduction to EU Seveso Directives on major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances and to the transposition and implementation by member states, with a brief comment on last 2012/18/EU Directive (also known as Seveso III directive), the paper focuses on drafting of safety reports for industrial activities involving solid explosives. Specifically, the quantitative assessment of consequences from detonation is tackled respect to the side-on overpressure and the debris production. Both direct and inverse problems are illustrated to determine respectively the overpressure value at a given distance, and the explosive amount that allows respecting the regulations. Their solution is based on either analytic or numerical techniques and being based on recent scientific publications on the matter either evaluates or zeroes nonlinear algebraic equations. The availability of these equations avoids grounding the consequences assessment on diagrams and nomograms that otherwise would lead to interpretation and usage errors besides avoiding the automatic solution of the inverse problem. The paper focuses also on details such as embankment, crater, munitions, rocket propellant, building structure, and wall material that, at different levels, play a role in the assessment of detonation consequences. A discussion on debris formation, the available literature, and the evaluation of the impact probability of fragments on both fixed and moving targets closes the paper.     

Minimum propagation diameter and thickness of high explosives

The critical diameter and critical thickness of two heterogeneous explosives were measured experimentally. By comparing these experimentally determined values of critical diameter and critical thickness, the role of front curvature in the failure of the detonation can be investigated. Current theories of detonation based on front curvature would predict the critical diameter should be twice the critical thickness. Experimentally, the expected two-to-one ratio was only validated for the case of a heterogeneous explosive with very fine scale heterogeneities. The ratios of critical diameter to critical thickness (for the two selected explosives) are also compared to previously measured values for homogeneous (liquid) explosives in order to contrast the dominant failure mechanism in these different explosives.     

非均质炸药冲击起爆临界判据中起爆参数的研究

以引信传爆序列中传爆管——主装药界面间的爆轰传递为例,研究了非均值炸药的冲击起爆理论,推导了飞片起爆和透射冲击起爆过程中爆轰界面的关键参数ｐ 和τ的计算关系式,对临界起爆能量的计算以及传爆序列的安全设计具有一定的指导意义。     

农用改性硝酸铵拒爆机理及工业化可行性研究

对农用硝铵作改性处理,通过筛选和优化实验确定了改性硝酸铵配方。结果表明,当硝酸铵中添加3%的改性剂GXJ1,10%的改性剂GXJ2时,产品在1mm铁皮管约束下的雷管感度试验条件下具有拒爆特性。改性硝酸铵总养分与普通硝酸铵相当,并且颗粒强度高,不易粉化、结块和吸潮,具有优良的肥料品质。同时还利用X射线衍射分析、扫描电子显微镜分析对改性硝铵的拒爆机理作初步探讨。最终,建立了改性硝酸铵的脱水性能、流动性能、凝固性能、颗粒强度的评价方法,并进行了工业化可行性研究。     

Research on the critical temperature of thermal decomposition for large cartridge emulsion explosives

Emulsion explosives are one type of main industrial explosives. The emergence of the large cartridge emulsion explosives has brought new security incidents. The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and the accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) were selected for the preliminary investigation of the thermal stability of emulsion explosives. The results showed that the initial thermal decomposition temperatures were in the range of 232–239 °C in nitrogen atmosphere (220–232 °C in oxygen atmosphere) in DSC measurements and 216 °C in ARC measurements. The slow cook-off experiments were carried out to investigate the critical temperature of the thermal decomposition (T_c) of the large cartridge emulsion explosives. The results indicated that the larger the diameter of the emulsion explosives, the smaller the T_c is. For the large cartridge emulsion explosives with diameter of 70 mm, the T_c was 170 °C at the heating rate of 3 °C h⁻¹. It is a dangerous temperature for the production of the large cartridge emulsion explosives and it should cause our attention.