积雪覆盖对高寒草甸土壤温湿及地表能量收支的影响

利用青海玛沁微气象观测站降雪过程的观测数据,探讨了积雪覆盖对土壤温度,土壤体积含水量、土壤热通量及地表能量交换的影响。结果表明:积雪覆盖对浅层土壤温度的影响较为显著,而对深层土壤温度的影响十分微弱。地表有积雪覆盖时,浅层土壤温度日平均值升高,日变化幅度减小,日最低值升高,温度梯度绝对值减小。土壤完全冻结状态下土壤体积含水量几乎不受积雪覆盖影响,土壤融化状态下积雪覆盖会导致浅层土壤体积含水量日变化幅度减小,而对深层土壤体积含水量没有影响。积雪覆盖会减小浅层土壤热通量的日变化幅度。在总辐射相同的晴天条件下,当地表有积雪覆盖时,由于积雪的高反照率导致向上短波辐射增加,净辐射减小,同时感热通量减小而潜热通量增加,感热占比(H/Rn)下降,潜热占比(LE/Rn)升高。     

高寒草甸和高寒湿地土壤水热特征比较

利用青藏高原玛多地区高寒草甸和玉树隆宝地区高寒湿地的观测资料,比较分析了土壤水分、地表反照率和土壤热通量在土壤完全融化期、土壤逐渐冻结期、土壤完全冻结期和土壤逐渐融化期的变化情况,并计算了各月份的感热通量和潜热通量。结果表明:在10~50 cm深处,土壤完全融化期高寒湿地土壤含水量为0.66~0.82 m3·m-3,高寒草甸土壤含水量为0.15~0.18 m3·m-3,土壤完全冻结期高寒湿地土壤含水量为0.13~0.21 m3·m-3,高寒草甸土壤含水量为0.01~0.04 m3·m-3。高寒草甸和高寒湿地地表反照率在土壤冻结期间较高,融化期间较低。高寒草甸土壤热通量年变化幅度小,高寒湿地土壤热通量年变化幅度大。高寒草甸月平均感热通量均高于高寒湿地,高寒湿地月平均潜热通量均高于高寒草甸。     

青藏高原多年冻土区土壤冻融过程对地表能量通量的影响研究北大核心CSCD

利用国家重大科学研究计划项目"青藏高原沙漠化对全球变化的响应"北麓河站2014-2015年陆面过程观测资料,根据5 cm土壤日最高和最低温度将冻土分为融化过程、完全融化、冻结过程和完全冻结四个阶段,分析了地表感热通量Hs、潜热通量LE、地表土壤热通量G_0和波文比在不同冻融阶段的季节和日变化特征,并探讨了土壤冻融过程对地表能量及其分配的影响。结果表明,波文比和G_0的季节变化受土壤冻融阶段转变的影响显著,其中土壤完全融化使波文比减小,G_0变为正值;土壤冻结使波文比增大,G_0变为负值。冻结过程对Hs和LE变化趋势的影响不明显,但是使波文比显著增大;融化过程使Hs停止增长并出现减小趋势,使LE增大,从而使波文比显著减小。Hs的日变化在不同冻融阶段差异较小。LE的日变化主要与浅层土壤含水量的大小和日变化有关,其中完全融化和完全冻结阶段土壤含水量的日变化较小,土壤含水量越大,LE越大;在融化过程和冻结过程阶段,土壤含水量的日变化较大,且与R_(net)的日变化相反,限制了LE的增长。在冻结过程阶段,受冻融过程的影响,G_0的日变化小于其他阶段。     

青藏高原多年冻土区土壤冻融过程对地表能量通量的影响研究

利用国家重大科学研究计划项目"青藏高原沙漠化对全球变化的响应"北麓河站2014-2015年陆面过程观测资料,根据5 cm土壤日最高和最低温度将冻土分为融化过程、完全融化、冻结过程和完全冻结四个阶段,分析了地表感热通量Hs、潜热通量LE、地表土壤热通量G_0和波文比在不同冻融阶段的季节和日变化特征,并探讨了土壤冻融过程对地表能量及其分配的影响。结果表明,波文比和G_0的季节变化受土壤冻融阶段转变的影响显著,其中土壤完全融化使波文比减小,G_0变为正值;土壤冻结使波文比增大,G_0变为负值。冻结过程对Hs和LE变化趋势的影响不明显,但是使波文比显著增大;融化过程使Hs停止增长并出现减小趋势,使LE增大,从而使波文比显著减小。Hs的日变化在不同冻融阶段差异较小。LE的日变化主要与浅层土壤含水量的大小和日变化有关,其中完全融化和完全冻结阶段土壤含水量的日变化较小,土壤含水量越大,LE越大;在融化过程和冻结过程阶段,土壤含水量的日变化较大,且与R_(net)的日变化相反,限制了LE的增长。在冻结过程阶段,受冻融过程的影响,G_0的日变化小于其他阶段。     

青藏高原东部不同季节积雪过程对地表能量和土壤水热影响的观测研究

选取青藏高原(下称高原)东部玛曲、玛多和垭口3个野外站点的观测资料,针对不连续积雪过程,研究高原东部不同季节的积雪过程对地表能量和土壤水热的影响。结果表明:受积雪高反照率的影响,高原东部地区各季节降雪后净短波辐射减小,净辐射较降雪前减小60%～140%;积雪积累期内感热、潜热及土壤热通量均减小,感热通量和土壤热通量出现负值。春、秋两季积雪过程中,能量以感热、潜热和土壤热通量三种形式分配;冬季积雪过程中能量以感热和土壤热通量分配为主,潜热通量较小,日均值在10 W·m~(-2)左右;而夏季积雪消融期潜热通量较大,日均值可达80 W·m~(-2)左右。各季节积雪的反复积累和消融过程对大气及土壤均以降温作用为主。秋季降雪后,气温和浅层土壤温度降低,当土壤温度降到冰点以下时,土壤提前进入冻结期;而春季降雪后,则可能使得正在发生融化的土壤又再次冻结。冬季晴天积雪过程中,在积雪积累期,积雪对土壤起增温作用,0～20 cm土壤温度日均值升高1～2℃,导致浅层冻结土壤融化,土壤含水量略增加,在消融期,积雪对土壤仍起降温作用;而冬季阴天积雪对土壤均为冷却作用。夏季积雪积累期较短,降雪对土壤同样起明显的降温作用。     

黄河源区玛曲土壤冻融过程中地表水热交换特征分析

土壤冻融过程显著影响地表含水量和能量收支变化。利用玛曲2017年8月至2018年7月的土壤温度/湿度、涡动观测资料以及公用陆面模式(Community Land Model,CLM)最新版本CLM5.0的模拟资料,其中冻结过程阶段的辐射和能量通量使用模式模拟的数据,通过分析土壤冻融过程中土壤温湿度、地表能量平衡各分量的时间演变特征,探讨冻融过程中地表水热交换的特征。数据分析表明：(1)土壤冻融过程包括冻结过程、完全冻结、消融过程及完全消融四个阶段,各阶段中的土壤温度/湿度、辐射和能量通量存在明显的日变化,在冻结过程和消融过程阶段,土壤湿度随土壤温度变化显示出明显的日冻融循环。(2)冻融过程通过影响表层土壤水分影响地表辐射收支和能量分配。冻融过程中土壤中的水相变为冰,改变下垫面性质影响地表辐射收支。土壤中的液态水通过相变影响地表潜热通量,完全消融(冻结)阶段,地气之间能量交换以潜热(感热)通量为主。相比于以潜热通量为主的冻结过程阶段,消融过程阶段净辐射通量逐渐增大,地气之间能量交换主要受感热通量影响。土壤中水分的昼融夜冻导致频繁的潜热通量释放影响地表热通量。土壤热通量在冻结过程(G     

麻多高寒湿地冻结过程中土壤热通量变化特征分析

准确量化高寒湿地下垫面冻结过程中土壤热通量的变化特征,对认识高寒湿地—大气间水热交换过程有重要的科学意义。本文利用中国科学院麻多气候与环境综合观测站2014年5月至2015年5月的观测资料,分析了下垫面冻结过程中土壤热通量变化特征,探讨了冻结潜热对土壤热通量的贡献。基于温度积分计算土壤热通量的算法,指出在计算冻结过程中的土壤热通量时,需要同时考虑土壤热通量板以上的土壤热贮存及热通量板以上的冻结潜热。研究表明:（1）冻结锋面形成后,锋面所在深度土壤体积含水量迅速降低,锋面以下土壤热通量接近于零,土壤液态水开始冻结,冻结潜热向上穿过热通量板所在土壤层;降水下渗土壤后冻结所释放的潜热能使次日凌晨5 cm深度土壤热通量接近于零。（2）季节性冻结期,凌晨气温较高时穿过5 cm土壤层的向上土壤热通量很小,可能是由表层土壤发生了日冻融循环所致。土壤水释放的冻结潜热使土壤温度波动减弱并维持在冰点附近。高寒湿地下垫面仅在很浅的表层发生日冻融循环,无法通过5 cm土壤温度资料判断下垫面循环出现日期。（3）加入冻结潜热项,土壤热通量的计算值与实测值之间的均方根误差将会从11.5 W m-2下降到6.2 W m-2。以上研究结果对认识寒区陆面过程有重要的贡献。     

黄河源区多、少雪年土壤冻融特征分析

利用2011年10月至2017年12月黄河源区鄂陵湖野外观测数据,对比分析多雪年与少雪年土壤冻结与消融时间、土壤温湿度、地表能量分量的变化特征。结果表明:多雪年地表反照率偏高,净辐射偏低,地表感热输送偏低,土壤由热“源”转为热“汇”的时间晚于少雪年。积雪可减少土壤吸收辐射能量,减少地表感热通量,在土壤完全冻结期与消融期增大地表潜热通量,在完全冻结期,减少土壤向大气的热输送,在消融期,减少大气向土壤的热输送。积雪在冻结期有降温作用,使得多雪年土壤较早发生冻结,且同一时期土壤温度偏低;在完全冻结期有保温作用,使得土壤温度偏高;在消融期有保温(“凉”)作用,使得消融较晚,且同一时期土壤温度偏低。在整个积雪年内,多雪年浅层土壤湿度高于少雪年,积雪对浅层土壤有保湿作用。积雪使土壤开始冻结时间有所提前,开始消融的时间有所滞后,可延长该年土壤完全冻结持续天数。     

干旱区荒漠草原过渡带快速变化的陆面过程特征观测分析

干旱区荒漠草原过渡带下垫面受降水影响而变化,在短期内由沙漠转化为草地,因而其陆面过程特征快速变化十分显著,可能对区域天气或气候造成一定影响。本文利用2012年7~9月在腾格里沙漠南缘的荒漠草原过渡带开展的"微气象蒸发观测实验"的观测资料,通过分析强降水前后土壤温度、含水量、辐射及湍流通量,研究快速变化的陆面过程特征。结果表明:40 cm以上的浅层土壤温度在降水后降低,随着降水辐射效应的消失,土壤温度升高;而深层的土壤温度变化较小。土壤含水量对降水有明显的响应,20 cm以上的浅层土壤含水量迅速增大,而后缓慢减小;30、40 cm的土壤含水量先增大后迅速下降。7、8月的净辐射变化不大,在-50~450 W·m-2间变化。降水发生后,反射辐射和地表长波辐射较干旱荒漠有所降低,2~3 d后又恢复到干旱荒漠的量级。地表反照率在降水后先降后升,荒漠草地的地表反照率日均值较大,与地表含水量、太阳高度角及植被生长参数密切相关。感热和潜热在降水前后变化显著,潜热增大而后减小,感热减小而后增大,干旱荒漠地表能量传输以感热通量为主,强降水发生后,潜热通量占主导地位,而后由于蒸散发使土壤含水量减小,潜热的主导地位逐渐被感热代替。     

青藏高原两类下垫面地表能量分配对气候要素的响应研究

利用青藏高原北麓河观测站（退化高寒草甸）和玛曲观测站（高寒草原）2014年地面观测资料,通过组合分类法,对比分析了两类下垫面生长季土壤含水量、水汽压差和净辐射对地表能量分配的直接影响和间接影响,并且利用路径分析法研究了影响地表能量分配的关键气候因子。结果表明:北麓河站和玛曲站潜热占比（潜热通量与地表可利用能量的比值）对土壤含水量的响应分别处于土壤水分抑制阶段和能量抑制阶段。其中,北麓河站潜热占比在水汽压差较大时随土壤含水量增长较快,受净辐射的影响较小;而玛曲站潜热占比随土壤含水量的变化趋势受水汽压差和净辐射的影响均较小。北麓河站潜热占比随水汽压差的增大先减小后趋于不变,并且潜热占比对水汽压差的敏感性随土壤含水量的增大而减小;而玛曲站潜热占比随水汽压差的增大先增大后趋于不变,几乎不受土壤含水量和净辐射的影响。北麓河站和玛曲站潜热占比均随净辐射的增大趋于稳定,其稳定值分别与土壤含水量和水汽压差有关。路径分析结果显示,降水是影响北麓河站潜热占比的主要气候因子,而气温是影响玛曲站潜热占比的主要气候因子。     

黄河源高寒草原下垫面土壤冻融过程中陆-气间的水热交换特征分析

高寒草原水热交换的季节性特征显著,土壤冻融过程对地-气水热交换有着重要的影响.本文利用黄河源区汤岔玛小流域2014年5月至2015年5月陆面过程观测数据,将土壤冻融过程划分为完全融化(TT)和完全冻结(FF)两种状态与融冻(T-F)和冻融(F-T)两个过程,并分析了期间高寒草原下垫面净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量和地表热通...     

Improving CLM4.5 simulations of land–atmosphere exchange during freeze–thaw processes on the Tibetan Plateau

Soil is heterogeneous and has different thermal and hydraulic properties, causing varied behavior in heat and moisture transport. Therefore, soil has an important effect on land–atmosphere interactions. In this study, an improved soil parameterization scheme that considers gravel and organic matter in the soil was introduced into CLM4.5 (Community Land Model). By using data from the Zoige and Madoi sites on the Tibetan Plateau, the ability of the model to simultaneously simulate the duration of freeze–thaw periods, soil temperature, soil moisture, and surface energy during freeze–thaw processes, was validated. The results indicated that: (1) the new parameterization performed better in simulating the duration of the frozen, thawing, unfrozen, and freezing periods; (2) with the new scheme, the soil thermal conductivity values were decreased; (3) the new parameterization improved soil temperature simulation and effectively decreased cold biases; (4) the new parameterization scheme effectively decreased the dry biases of soil liquid water content during the freezing, completely frozen, and thawing periods, but increased the wet biases during the completely thawed period; and (5) the net radiation, latent heat flux, and soil surface heat flux of the Zoige and Madoi sites were much improved by the new organic matter and thermal conductivity parameterization.     

黄河源积雪期土壤温湿及冻融特征分析与模拟

利用2017~2018年黄河源地区野外观测站数据，对黄河源区两个积雪期内土壤温湿及冻融特征进行了分析，并与CLM4.5模式模拟的积雪期土壤温、湿度及辐射分量进行了对比，结果表明:CLM4.5能很好地模拟出整个积雪期土壤温度的变化趋势；对不同土壤层在不同冻结阶段土壤含水量的模拟有所差异:在完全冻结阶段，对5cm土壤层含水量模拟偏高，而80cm偏低，对10~40cm土壤层含水量的模拟偏差较小；由于降雪及土壤冻融过程主要发生在积雪期，积雪反照率使得净辐射模拟在降雪时段偏差较无降雪时段略大。      

Impact of the anomalous thawing in the Tibetan Plateau on summer precipitation in China and its mechanism

The impact of the anomalous thawing of frozen soil in the late spring on the summer precipitation in China and its possible mechanism are analyzed in the context of the frozen soil thawing date data of the 50 meteorological stations in the Tibetan Plateau, and the NCEP/NCAR monthly average reanalysis data.Results show that the thawing dates of the Tibetan Plateau gradually become earlier from 1980 to 1999,which is consistent with the trend of global warming in the 20th century. Because differences in the thermal capacity and conductivity between frozen and unfrozen soils are larger, changes in the freezing/thawing process of soil may change the physical properties of the underlying surface, thus affecting exchanges of sensible and latent heat between the ground surface and air. The thermal state change of the plateau ground surface must lead to the thermal anomalies of the atmosphere over and around the plateau, and then further to the anomalies of the general atmospheric circulation. A possible mechanism for the impact of the thawing of the plateau on summer (July) precipitation may be as follows. When the frozen soil thaws early (late) in the plateau, the thermal capacity of the ground surface is large (small), and the thermal conductivity is small (large), therefore, the thermal exchanges between the ground surface and the air are weak (strong). The small (large) ground surface sensible and latent heat fluxes lead to a weak (strong) South Asian high, a weak (strong) West Pacific subtropical high and a little to south (north) of its normal position. Correspondingly, the ascending motion is strengthened (weakened) and precipitationin creases (decreases) in South China, while in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River, the ascending motion and precipitation show the opposite trend.     

The impact of soil moisture availability upon the partition of net radiation into sensible and latent heat fluxes

The impact of soil moisture availability on the Bowen ratio and on the partition of net radiation flux into sensible, latent and soil heat fluxes was investigated by using one-dimensional primitive equations with a refined soil parameterization scheme. Simulation results presented that as soil moisture availability increases, the Bowen ratio and the partition of net radiation flux into sensible and soil heat fluxes decrease. The partition of net radiation flux in-to latent heat flux, however, increases. Quantitative relationships between Bowen ratio and the partitions with soil moisture availability were also given in this study.     

陆面模式CLM对若尔盖站冻融期模拟性能的检验与对比

陆面模式CLM(Community Land Model)是目前国际上发展较为完善并被广泛应用的陆面过程模式。本文使用中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所位于青藏高原东部的若尔盖高原湿地生态系统研究站的观测资料,对CLM3.0版本及CLM4.0版本在上述地区的模拟性能进行了检验与对比。通过比较观测值与模拟值,验证了模式在高原季节性冻土地区的适用性,发现CLM4.0较CLM3.0在模拟结果上有了一定提高。CLM4.0加入了未冻水参数化方案,使模式可以模拟到冬季土壤冻结后存留的未冻水,显著增加了冻融期间土壤含水量的模拟,同时减小了土壤含冰量的模拟值。并因此增大了模拟的冻土热容量,减小了热导率,使冻融期间土壤温度的模拟也有了一定改善。但是模拟中也发现对于较深层土壤,温度模拟值在冻融期间较观测显著偏低。另外,在消融(冻结)过程阶段CLM4.0模拟的土壤含水量骤增(骤降)的时间均较观测提前。消融过程、冻结过程阶段模拟时间偏短,而完全冻结、完全消融阶段模拟时间偏长。因此CLM对于高原冻土地区的模拟仍是其需要重点改进的地方之一。     

Energy balance comparison of sorghum and sunflower

Summary An understanding of the energy exchange processes at the surface of the earth is necessary for studies of global climate change. If the climate becomes drier, as is predicted for northern mid-latitudes, it is important to know how major agricultural crops will play a role in the budget of heat and moisture. Thus, the energy balance components of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), two drought-resistant crops grown in the areas where summertime drying is forecasted, were compared. Soil water content and evapotranspiration (ET) rates also were determined. Net radiation was measured with net radiometers. Soil heat flux was analyzed with heat flux plates and thermocouples. The Bowen ratio method was used to determine sensible and latent heat fluxes. Sunflower had a higher evapotranspiration rate and depleted more water from the soil than sorghum. Soil heat flux into the soil during the daytime was greater for sorghum than sunflower, which was probably the result of the more erect leaves of sorghum. Nocturnal net radiation loss from the sorghum crop was greater than that from the sunflower crop, perhaps because more heat was stored in the soil under the sorghum crop. But daytime net radiation values were similar for the two crops. The data indicated that models of climate change must differentiate nighttime net radiation of agricultural crops. Sensible heat flux was not always less (or greater) for sorghum compared to sunflower. Sunflower had greater daytime values for latent heat flux, reflecting its greater depletion of water from the soil. Evapotranspiration rates determined by the energy balance method agreed relatively well with those found by the water balance method. For example, on 8 July (43 days after planting), the ET rates found by the energy-balance and water-balance methods were 4.6 vs. 5.5 mm/day for sunflower, respectively; for sorghum, these values were 4.0 vs. 3.5 mm/day, respectively. If the climate does become drier, the lower soil water use and lower latent heat flux of sorghum compared to sunflower suggest that sorghum will be better adapted to the climate change.Contribution from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. F. Rachidi is now with the Département d'Écologie Végétale et Pastoralisme, École Nationale d'Agriculture, Meknès, Morocco, and E. T. Kanemasu is now with the Department of Agronomy, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, U.S.A.With 5 Figures     

青海南部高寒草地土壤冻融交替期水热特征分析

为进一步了解高寒草地土壤冻融交替过程及其对水热因子的响应机制,通过2014年8月1日至2015年8月1日不同土层土壤温度和水分观测资料的对比分析,较为系统地探讨了青南高寒草地土壤冻融期不同深度土层土壤温度和水分的变化特征。结果表明,青南高寒草地土壤冻融阶段大体可分为初冻期、稳定冻结中期、稳定冻结后期和消融期4个时期;不同土层土壤温度随气温的变化呈周期性波动,且随着土层的加深变幅减小;不同冻融期表层和亚表层土壤温度和水分波动幅度较大,下层土壤对水热因子的敏感性较小;土壤完全冻结的天数达44~115d,日冻融交替过程主要发生在表层和亚表层土壤。土壤冻融交替增强了土壤的保水性,对该区草地植被提前返青和初级生产力的提高具有促进作用。     

The Impact of Soil Freezing/Thawing Processes on Water and Energy Balances

A frozen soil parameterization coupling of thermal and hydrological processes is used to investigate how frozen soil processes affect water and energy balances in seasonal frozen soil. Simulation results of soil liquid water content and temperature using soil model with and without the inclusion of freezing and thawing processes are evaluated against observations at the Rosemount field station. By comparing the simulated water and heat fluxes of the two cases, the role of phase change processes in the water and energy balances is analyzed. Soil freezing induces upward water flow towards the freezing front and increases soil water content in the upper soil layer. In particular, soil ice obviously prevents and delays the infiltration during rain at Rosemount. In addition, soil freezingthawing processes alter the partitioning of surface energy fluxes and lead the soil to release more sensible heat into the atmosphere during freezing periods.