圆形自由射流冲击曲面的换热特性

采用直接表面温度测量的方法对水喷射高温曲面的传热过程进行实验研究.通过实验得到了驻点区及附壁射流区的对流传热系数的分布情况,并且系统地研究了射流出口速度、喷嘴至加热面的间距等参数对对流传热系数的影响.结果表明,圆形射流冲击曲面的局部传热系数沿传热面随X/D的增大而逐渐减小,驻点处的传热系数最大并且随射流速度的增大而增大,但是当射流速度增大到一定值时,驻点的对流传热系数的增大比较缓慢.在射流速度较低的情况下,喷距对局部传热系数的影响较为显著.     

微小菱形离散肋通道中R134a的冷凝换热实验研究

建立了采用空气射流冲击冷却方法的冷凝换热实验系统,对R134a在铝质微小菱形离散肋通道中的冷凝换热特性进行了实验研究。实验工况范围为制冷剂干度0~1、饱和压力0.50~1.50 MPa、制冷剂质量流率160~380 kg/(m²·s)、热通量10.1~59.8 kW/m²。实验获得了不同工况下的通道局部冷凝传热系数,分析了干度、饱和压力、质量流率以及热通量对冷凝换热的影响规律。实验结果表明：局部冷凝传热系数随干度、质量流率和局部热通量的减小而减小,随饱和压力的降低而增大,其中在干度x>0.4的区域内质量流率对于冷凝传热系数的影响效果更为明显。基于实验数据,提出了一个适用于本实验中微小菱形离散肋通道的冷凝换热计算公式。     

微尺度通道内R134a的冷凝传热实验研究

建立采用射流冲击进行制冷剂冷却的冷凝传热实验系统,对当量直径为0.63 mm矩形微尺度通道内制冷剂R134a的冷凝传热特性进行研究。实验参数范围是制冷剂干度0~1,质量流率115~290 kg/(m²·s）,饱和压力0.35~0.5 MPa,实验获得了不同工况下微尺度通道的局部冷凝传热系数,并分析了制冷剂各参数对冷凝传热的影响。实验结果表明：冷凝过程中沿制冷剂流动方向,局部冷凝传热系数会随着干度减小而减小;在一定饱和压力下,局部冷凝传热系数与局部热通量相对应;冷凝传热系数随着饱和压力减小而增大。基于实验数据,整理出适用于本实验工况下微尺度通道内R134a的冷凝传热计算公式。     

气体射流冲击传热系数试验研究

气体射流冲击干燥是一种新的干燥方法。由喷嘴喷出的具有极高速度的气体直接冲击到需干燥物料的表面．因气流与物料表面之间产生非常薄的边界层，所以传热系数比一般热风传热要高出几倍乃至一个数量级。介绍了气体射流冲击原理与技术特点，通过研制的实验样机，利用集总热容法进行了不同风速下射流冲击传热系数的试验研究。实验表明，对流传热系数随风速的升高而提高。     

纳米流体冲击射流换热特性实验

以纳米流体为工质对冲击射流冷却系统的综合性能进行实验,主要研究了添加纳米颗粒的纳米流体与水在不同流速、不同射流高度等条件下冲击射流的传热效率,同时也对不同种类的纳米流体的换热效率进行了对比。结果表明：对于添加了纳米颗粒的冲击射流冷却系统,传热效率得到显著提高,但当质量分数达到0.5%时,传热系数变化不明显。对于不同种类的纳米流体：Cu-水、Al₂O₃-水和Al-水纳米流体,其中Cu-水的换热效率最高,存在一个特定的射流高度,使传热系数达到最大值。研究结果对设计制造轻型紧凑的高效换热器有实用的工程价值。     

低传热“死区”异形孔板纵向流管壳式换热器传热研究

利用流体力学和传热学理论,对单弓形孔板、梅花孔板、矩形孔板、大圆孔-折流杆(以下简称“孔-杆”)式换热器的强化传热进行了机理分析和实验研究。找出了具有开发价值的三种结构的换热器:孔-杆式换热器(传热系数约为单弓形板的1.8倍)、梅花板式换热器(传热系数约为单弓形的1.8倍)、改良矩形板式换热器(传热系数约为单弓形板的1.5倍)。     

椭圆管矩形翅片空冷器流体流动与传热特性数值分析

对电站空冷器椭圆管矩形翅片空气侧的流动与传热特性进行了数值模拟,分析了翅片间距、翅片厚度、迎面风速以及环境温度对翅片侧流体与壁面之间的表面传热系数以及流动阻力的影响。数值模拟结果表明：随着迎面风速的增加,表面传热系数和流动阻力显著增加;翅片间距对表面传热系数影响不大,但对流动阻力和总散热量的影响显著;表面传热系数和流动阻力随翅片厚度的增加呈单调增加的趋势。本文数值模拟结果可为电站空冷器的设计与实验提供参考。     

竖直圆管内液氮流动沸腾传热特性的分析

实验研究了竖直圆管内液氮流动沸腾传热特性,分析壁面温度、流体温度、干度以及传热系数沿实验段管程的变化规律,考察热通量、质量流量和入口压力对液氮两相流动传热特性的影响。针对实验工况分别采用Chen、Klimenko、Shah以及Liu-Winterton关联式对传热系数进行预测,并将实验结果与预测结果进行比较,对不同传热系数区间内的相对误差进行了计算、分析,以评估实验工况范围内各关联式的准确性。结果表明,在传热系数较大的情况下,4个关联式的预测值普遍低于实验值,在整个实验工况范围内,采用Klimenko关联式预测时误差最小。     

叉排三维外肋管的传热特性

以纯净水为换热工质,空气为换热气体,搭建了换热实验台。对光管和叉排三维外肋管进行了传热实验研究。详细介绍了传热实验台的搭建以及实验步骤,并为求解传热系数进行了理论模型的推导。结果发现,由于叉排三维外肋管的特殊结构,相同条件下其传热系数是光管传热系数的3.1倍左右。对光管和外肋管的传热系数进行线性拟合,得到了各自的换热关联式,为叉排三维外肋管的工业应用提供了参考。最后对实验数据进行了误差分析,实验数据可信。     

水平管内含空气蒸汽流动冷凝局部换热特性

通过进行含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热实验,结合流型判断结果,详细分析了空气质量分数、混合气流速和压力以及换热管内壁面过冷度对局部冷凝传热系数的影响。结果表明:局部冷凝传热系数始终随空气质量分数的增加而减小,随混合气总压的增加而增大;在环状流下,局部传热系数主要受混合气流速影响;在波状流下,局部传热系数大小由局部空气含量和波状流的发展程度决定;在分层流下,局部传热系数受壁面过冷度影响。     

液体阵列射流冲击冷板工质与传热结构研究进展

液体阵列射流冲击冷却是解决高热流密度散热问题的最有效技术之一,能够有效地对目标表面进行散热,具有散热能力高、能效比高和噪声低的优点,在散热方面具有巨大优势。本文简述了国内外对阵列射流冲击的研究进展,从换热工质和射流冲击冷板的换热结构两个方面,指出了其对液体阵列射流冲击换热特性的影响,并介绍了倾斜射流和旋流射流两种新型阵列射流方式。综合分析了常用的液体换热工质和纳米流体换热工质在射流冲击过程中强化换热的原理,介绍了喷嘴孔型、喷嘴的排列方式和冲击表面结构三种阵列射流结构。分析表明,不同孔型的喷嘴会影响流体的射流速度和湍流特性,不同的喷嘴排列方式会对射流流体的相互作用和有效冲击面积产生影响,不同的冲击表面会影响射流工质的循环混合,这些都将对射流冷板的换热特性产生很大影响。指出了解影响液体阵列射流冲击效果的主要因素,是改善和提高射流换热性能的根本方法。     

Nanofluid impingement jet heat transfer

Experimental investigation to study the heat transfer between a vertical round alumina-water nanofluid jet and a horizontal circular round surface is carried out. Different jet flow rates, jet nozzle diameters, various circular disk diameters and three nanoparticles concentrations (0, 6.6 and 10%, respectively) are used. The experimental results indicate that using nanofluid as a heat transfer carrier can enhance the heat transfer process. For the same Reynolds number, the experimental data show an increase in the Nusselt numbers as the nanoparticle concentration increases. Size of heating disk diameters shows reverse effect on heat transfer. It is also found that presenting the data in terms of Reynolds number at impingement jet diameter can take into account on both effects of jet heights and nozzle diameter. Presenting the data in terms of Peclet numbers, at fixed impingement nozzle diameter, makes the data less sensitive to the percentage change of the nanoparticle concentrations. Finally, general heat transfer correlation is obtained verses Peclet numbers using nanoparticle concentrations and the nozzle diameter ratio as parameters.     

Pulsating Jet Impingement Heat Transfer Enhancement

This article presents results from a numerical study of pulsating jet impingement heat transfer. The motivation is to seek conditions offering a significant enhancement compared to steady flow impingement drying. The CFD software package FLUENT was used for simulating slot-type pulsating jet impingement flows with confinement. The parameter study included velocity amplitude ratio, mean jet velocity, and pulsation frequency. The distance from nozzle exit to surface was three times the hydraulic diameter of the nozzle. The Reynolds number based on the nozzle hydraulic diameter and jet temperature was 2,460 with a mean jet velocity of 30 m/s, which is the base case of the numerical experiments. Results showed that time-averaged surface heat transfer increased with increasing velocity amplitude for the same mean jet velocity. Large velocity amplitudes helped enhance heat transfer by two mechanisms: high jet velocity during the positive cycle and strong recirculating flows during the negative cycle. For the cases with different mean jet velocities but the same maximum velocity, time-averaged surface heat flux decreased with decreasing mean jet velocity. As for the effects of pulsation frequency, with high-velocity amplitude ratio, time-averaged surface heat fluxes were at the same level regardless of frequency. However, at low-velocity amplitude ratio, high frequency caused stronger recirculating flows resulting in greater heat transfer compared to the cases with a lower frequency.     

Pulsating Jet Impingement Heat Transfer Enhancement

This article presents results from a numerical study of pulsating jet impingement heat transfer. The motivation is to seek conditions offering a significant enhancement compared to steady flow impingement drying. The CFD software package FLUENT was used for simulating slot-type pulsating jet impingement flows with confinement. The parameter study included velocity amplitude ratio, mean jet velocity, and pulsation frequency. The distance from nozzle exit to surface was three times the hydraulic diameter of the nozzle. The Reynolds number based on the nozzle hydraulic diameter and jet temperature was 2,460 with a mean jet velocity of 30 m/s, which is the base case of the numerical experiments. Results showed that time-averaged surface heat transfer increased with increasing velocity amplitude for the same mean jet velocity. Large velocity amplitudes helped enhance heat transfer by two mechanisms: high jet velocity during the positive cycle and strong recirculating flows during the negative cycle. For the cases with different mean jet velocities but the same maximum velocity, time-averaged surface heat flux decreased with decreasing mean jet velocity. As for the effects of pulsation frequency, with high-velocity amplitude ratio, time-averaged surface heat fluxes were at the same level regardless of frequency. However, at low-velocity amplitude ratio, high frequency caused stronger recirculating flows resulting in greater heat transfer compared to the cases with a lower frequency.     

强润湿性液体在圆形断面喷嘴浸没射流冲击下沸腾的热滞后

系统地研究了液体在圆形断面喷嘴浸没射流作用下沸腾热滞后与射流冲击速度大小、液体流动方向、液体过冷度和喷嘴直径等因素的影响 .结果表明 :沸腾起始过热度随液体过冷度增加而减小 ,与其他因素无关 ,而温度过头值则随射流速度和液体过冷度减小而增加 .从强润湿性液体沸腾机理的角度对起始沸腾点的影响给出了相应的解释 .最后总结出了几种减小或消除沸腾热滞后的方法     

不凝气体对蒸汽射流冷凝的影响

对含不凝气体蒸汽射流在冷水中直接接触冷凝现象进行了实验研究,通过测量流场中的温度分布确定汽羽长度,进而推导其传热系数。实验使用直径为1.6 mm的圆形喷嘴,出口混合气体质量流量密度在100~330 kg·m^-2·s^-1之间,不凝气体的含量在0~15%之间,冷水温度在300~340 K之间。实验结果表明:不凝气体的加入,使喷嘴出口附近的温度下降减慢;汽羽长度随不凝气体含量的增加而变长,其受喷嘴出口质流密度和过冷度的影响规律与纯蒸汽射流一致;冷凝传热系数在0.7~2 MW·m^-2·K^-1之间,随过冷度的增大和不凝气体含量的增加而减小,受气体流量的影响较小。对实验数据进行拟合,获得了汽羽长度的关联式,并由此得到了冷凝传热系数关联式。     

Highly selective fluorescent chemosensor for Zn2+ derived from inorganic-organic hybrid magnetic core/shell Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles

Experimental investigation to study the heat transfer between a vertical round alumina-water nanofluid jet and a horizontal circular round surface is carried out. Different jet flow rates, jet nozzle diameters, various circular disk diameters and three nanoparticles concentrations (0, 6.6 and 10%, respectively) are used. The experimental results indicate that using nanofluid as a heat transfer carrier can enhance the heat transfer process. For the same Reynolds number, the experimental data show an increase in the Nusselt numbers as the nanoparticle concentration increases. Size of heating disk diameters shows reverse effect on heat transfer. It is also found that presenting the data in terms of Reynolds number at impingement jet diameter can take into account on both effects of jet heights and nozzle diameter. Presenting the data in terms of Peclet numbers, at fixed impingement nozzle diameter, makes the data less sensitive to the percentage change of the nanoparticle concentrations. Finally, general heat transfer correlation is obtained verses Peclet numbers using nanoparticle concentrations and the nozzle diameter ratio as parameters.     

IMPINGING JET DRYER

In coating and gravure printing, an impinging jet nozzle with high thermal efficiency for drying of coated film was developed.

Trial production 0f 40 kinds of nozzle enables to develop a high-performance impinging jet nozzle with heat transfer coefficient 1.5 times larger than that of current slit nozzle, through measurement of heat transfer coefficient, visualizations of air flow and heat transfer, and measuremenu of jet velocity and turbulence distribution. The purpose of the trial production was to expand a range of high heat transfer and promote turbulence compared with the current nozzle.

Paying attention to mass transfer within gravure ink coated film, drying characteristic of the film was analyzed by numerical solution of a set of equations governing the drying process in which concentration dependencies 0f the diffusion coefficient and the equilibrium vapor pressure were considered.

Applying these analyses. an industrial scale dryer with excellent drying efficiency has finally been developed.     

IMPINGING JET DRYER

ABSTRACT

In coating and gravure printing, an impinging jet nozzle with high thermal efficiency for drying of coated film was developed.

Trial production 0f 40 kinds of nozzle enables to develop a high-performance impinging jet nozzle with heat transfer coefficient 1.5 times larger than that of current slit nozzle, through measurement of heat transfer coefficient, visualizations of air flow and heat transfer, and measuremenu of jet velocity and turbulence distribution. The purpose of the trial production was to expand a range of high heat transfer and promote turbulence compared with the current nozzle.

Paying attention to mass transfer within gravure ink coated film, drying characteristic of the film was analyzed by numerical solution of a set of equations governing the drying process in which concentration dependencies 0f the diffusion coefficient and the equilibrium vapor pressure were considered.

Applying these analyses. an industrial scale dryer with excellent drying efficiency has finally been developed.     

Applying rotary jet heads for mixing and mass transfer in a forced recirculation tank reactor system

An approximation to an ideally mixed tank reactor can be obtained by vigorous stirring with mechanical mixers. For an aerated reactor the gas dispersion contributes to the mixing process. Mixing can also be achieved by recirculation of a portion of the liquid through either an internal or an external loop.In this study, we determine mixing times in water and CMC solutions and oxygen mass transfer coefficients in water for a tank reactor system where a small fraction of the total liquid volume is rapidly circulated through an external loop and injected through the nozzles of rotary jet heads at 1-9 bar gauge pressure into the bulk liquid. Liquid feed can be added to the bulk volume or it may be injected into the pressurized recirculation loop. Gas is always fed to the recirculation loop, and the heat of reaction is removed in a plate-type heat exchanger inserted in the recirculation loop. The system has a very simple design with no internal baffles or heat exchange area, and between batches the rotary jet heads are used for cleaning in place.Mixing time decreases and mass transfer increases with increasing circulation flow rate. For nozzle diameters between 5.5 and and with one or two rotary jet heads, it is shown that a remarkable saving in power input for a fixed mixing time or mass transfer coefficient can be obtained by using a large nozzle diameter and two rather than one rotary jet heads.At the experimental conditions of the study the system is scaleable by simple formulas, and the power input to achieve a certain mixing time is proportional to the bulk liquid volume.